Coca-Cola 6690 226167761 2008-07-17T03:24:19Z MosheA 300949 /* See also */ remove false info {{otheruses4|the beverage|its manufacturer|The Coca-Cola Company}} {{redirect|Coca-Cola Classic|the NCAA football game|Coca-Cola Classic (college football)}} {{infobox beverage | name = Coca-Cola | logo = [[Image:Coca-Cola logo.svg|200px]] | type = [[Cola]] | manufacturer = [[The Coca-Cola Company]] | origin = {{USA}} | introduced = 1886 | color = Caramel | related = [[Pepsi]]<br />[[RC Cola]]<br />[[Cola Turka]]<br />[[Zam Zam Cola]]<br />[[Mecca Cola]]<br />[[Virgin Cola]]<br />[[Parsi Cola]]<br />[[Qibla Cola]]<br />[[Evoca Cola]]<br />[[Corsica Cola]]<br />[[Breizh Cola]] }} [[Image:World-of-coca-cola.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Las Vegas Strip]] ''[[World of Coca-Cola]]'' museum in 2000]] '''Coca-Cola''' is a [[carbonation|carbonated]] [[soft drink]] sold in stores, restaurants and [[vending machine]]s in more than 200 countries. It is produced by [[The Coca-Cola Company]] and is often referred to simply as '''Coke'''. Originally intended as a [[patent medicine]] when it was invented in the late 19th century by [[John Pemberton]], Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman [[Asa Griggs Candler]], whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft drink market throughout the 20th century. The company actually produces [[concentrate]], which is then sold to various licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola in cans and bottles to retail stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include [[Coca-Cola Enterprises]], which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America and western Europe. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for fountain sales to major restaurants and [[food service]] distributors. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is [[Diet Coke]], which has become a major [[diet cola]]. However, others exist, including [[Diet Coke Caffeine-Free]], [[Cherry Coke]], [[Coca-Cola Zero]], [[Vanilla Coke]] and special editions with lemon and with lime and even with coffee. In response to consumer insistence on a more natural product, the company is in the process of phasing [[E211]] or [[Sodium Benzoate]], the controversial additive linked to DNA damage and hyperactivity in children, out of Diet Coke. The company has stated that it plans to remove the controversial additive from its other products - including [[Sprite]], and [[Oasis (drink)|Oasis]] - as soon as a satisfactory alternative is discovered.<ref>The Daily Mail [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1021820/Diet-Coke-drop-additive-DNA-damage-fear.html DNA Damage Fear] [[24 May]] 2008</ref> ==History== [[Image:- Coca-Cola - Old bottle opener -.jpg|left|thumb|Old [[Germany|German]] Coca-Cola bottle opener.]] The first Coca-Cola recipe was invented in [[Columbus, Georgia]] at a drugstore by [[John Pemberton|John Stith Pemberton]], originally as a [[cocawine]] called [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]] in 1885.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenparty.org/coke.html |title=A Green Party USA Perspective on the Coca-Cola Boycott |accessdate=2007-01-07 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/ourbrands/default.aspx?id=9 |title=Coca-Cola - Our Brands |accessdate=2007-02-11 |format= |work= }}</ref> He may have been inspired by the formidable success of [[Europe]]an [[Angelo Mariani]]'s [[cocawine]], [[Vin Mariani]]. In 1886, when [[Atlanta]] and [[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton County]] passed [[prohibition]] legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a carbonated, non-alcoholic version of French Wine Cola.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jack |last=Hayes |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colainvnt.html |work= |publisher=Nation's Restaurant News |date= |accessdate=2007-01-21 }}</ref> The first sales were at Jacob's Pharmacy in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], on [[May 8]], [[1886]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/heritage/chronicle_birth_refreshing_idea.html |title= The Chronicle Of Coca-Cola |accessdate=2007-11-28 |format= |work= }}</ref> It was initially sold as a patent medicine for five [[Cent (currency)|cents]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2165787/ |title=The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so hard for companies to raise prices |first=Tim |last=Harford |publisher=Slate |date=2007-05-11}}</ref> a glass at [[soda fountain]]s, which were popular in the [[United States]] at the time due to the belief that [[carbonated water]] was good for the health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colatime1.html |title=Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886-1999) |accessdate=2007-02-11 |format= |work= }}</ref> Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured many diseases, including [[morphine]] addiction, [[dyspepsia]], [[neurasthenia]], [[headache]], and [[impotence]]. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on [[May 29]] of the same year in the ''[[Atlanta Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~class/coke/coke1.html |title=Coca-Cola at Home |accessdate=2007-01-21 |format= |work= }}</ref> For the first eight months only nine drinks were sold each day.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola &mdash; sold by three separate businesses &mdash; were on the market. [[Asa Griggs Candler]] acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in 1887 and incorporated it as the [[Coca Cola Corporation|Coca Cola Company]] in 1888.<ref name=Pendergrast2000>Mark Pendergrast (2000). ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola''. [[Basic Books]]. ISBN 0-465-05468-4.</ref> The same year, while suffering from an ongoing addiction to [[morphine]], Pemberton sold the rights a second time to four more businessmen: [[J.C. Mayfield]], A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy and E.H. Bloodworth. Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic son [[Charley Pemberton]] began selling his own version of the product.<ref name=Pendergrast>{{cite book | author=Mark Pendergrast | title=For God, Country and Coca-Cola | publisher=Basic Books | year=2000 | pages=41 – 45 | id=ISBN 0-465-05468-4 }}</ref> In an attempt to clarify the situation, John Pemberton declared that the ''name'' Coca-Cola belonged to Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the ''formula''. So, in the summer of 1888, Candler sold his beverage under the names Yum Yum and Koke. After both failed to catch on, Candler set out to establish a legal claim to Coca-Cola in late 1888, in order to force his two competitors out of the business. Candler purchased [[exclusive right]]s to the formula from John Pemberton, [[Margaret Dozier]] and [[Woolfolk Walker]]. However, in 1914, Dozier came forward to claim her signature on the bill of sale had been forged, and subsequent analysis has indicated John Pemberton's signature was most likely a forgery as well.<ref name=Pendergrast1>{{cite book | author=Mark Pendergrast | title=For God, Country and Coca-Cola | publisher=Basic Books | year=2000 | pages=45 – 47 | id=ISBN 0-465-05468-4 }}</ref> In 1892, Candler incorporated a second company, [[The Coca-Cola Company|''The'' Coca-Cola Company]] (the current corporation), and in 1910, Candler had the earliest records of the company burned, further obscuring its legal origins. Regardless, Candler began marketing the product, although the efficacy of his concerted [[advertising campaign]] would not be realized until much later. By the time of its 50th anniversary, the drink had reached the status of a national icon for the USA. In 1935, it was certified [[kosher]] by Rabbi [[Tobias Geffen]], after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ajhs.org/publications/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=270 | title=Beyond Seltzer Water: The Kashering of Coca-Cola | publisher = American Jewish Historical Society |accessdate=2007-02-26}}</ref> Coca-Cola was sold in [[bottle]]s for the first time on [[March 12]], [[1894]]. [[aluminum can|Cans]] of Coke first appeared in 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.comcast.net/~collectiblesodacans/Cokepg1.htm |title=Coke Can History |accessdate=2007-01-21 |format= |work= }}</ref> The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]], [[Mississippi]], at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Its proprietor was Joseph A. Biedenharn. The original bottles were [[Biedenharn bottles]], very different from the much later hobble-skirt design that is now so familiar. Asa Candler was tentative about bottling the drink, but the two entrepreneurs who proposed the idea were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure. However, the loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for the company for decades to come. Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies&mdash;in effect, becoming parent bottlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/historybottling.html |title= History Of Bottling |accessdate=2007-02-23 |format= |work= }}</ref> Coke concentrate, or Coke syrup, was and is sold separately at pharmacies in small quantities, as an over-the-counter remedy for nausea or mildly upset stomach. ===New Coke=== {{main|New Coke}} <!-- Commented out: [[Image:Newcoke.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[New Coke]] stirred up a controversy when it replaced the original Coca-Cola in 1985. Coca-Cola Classic was reinstated within a few months of New Coke's introduction into the market.]] --> On [[April 23]], [[1985]], Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the [[Coca-Cola formula|formula]] of the drink with "New Coke." Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi. Coca-Cola management was unprepared, however, for the nostalgic sentiments the drink aroused in the American public. The new Coca-Cola formula caused a public [[backlash]]. Protests caused the company to return to the [[Coca-Cola formula|old formula]] under the name Coca-Cola Classic on [[July 10]], [[1985]]. ===21st century=== On [[February 7]], [[2005]], the Coca-Cola Company announced that in the second quarter of 2005 they planned a launch of a [[Diet Coke]] product sweetened with the [[Sugar substitute|artificial sweetener]] [[sucralose]] ("Splenda"), the same sweetener currently used in [[Pepsi One]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.coca-cola.com/presscenter/newproducts_dietcoke_splenda.html |title=Diet Coke Sweetened with Splenda® |accessdate=2007-01-06 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepsi.com/help/faqs/faq.php?category=pepsi_brands&page=pepsi_one |title=Pepsi Brands - Pepsi One |accessdate=2007-01-06 |format= |work= }}</ref> On [[March 21]], [[2005]], it announced another diet product, "[[Coca-Cola Zero]]", sweetened partly with a blend of [[aspartame]] and [[acesulfame potassium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7257920/ |title=Coke to launch new no-calorie soda |accessdate=2007-11-28 |format= |work= }}</ref> Recently Coca-Cola has begun to sell a new "healthy soda" Diet Coke with Vitamins B6, B12, Magnesium, Niacin, and Zinc, marketed as "Diet Coke Plus". On [[July 05]], [[2005]], it was revealed that Coca-Cola would resume operations in [[Iraq]] for the first time since the [[Arab League]] boycotted the company in 1968. <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jul/05/iraq.rorycarroll Cola wars as Coke moves on Baghdad - The Guardian]</ref> In April 2007, in Canada, the name "Coca-Cola Classic" was changed back to "Coca-Cola". The word "Classic" was truncated because "New Coke" was no longer in production, eliminating the need to differentiate between the two.<ref>According to a Coca-Cola customer-service representative.</ref> The formula remained unchanged. ==Use of stimulants in formula== When launched Coca Cola's two key ingredients were [[cocaine]] (benzoylmethyl ecgonine) and [[caffeine]]. The cocaine was derived from the [[coca]] leave and the caffeine from [[kola nut]]s - Coca-Cola (the 'K' in Kola was replaced with a C for marketing purposes).<ref>http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0204.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coca_cola.htm |title=The History of Coca Cola |accessdate=2007-01-23 |format= |work= }}</ref> ===Coca - Cocaine === Pemberton called for five [[ounce]]s of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose, whereas, in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca Cola did once contain an estimated nine [[milligram]]s of [[cocaine]] per glass, but in 1903 it was removed.<ref>Liebowitz, Michael, R. (1983). ''The Chemistry of Love''. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.</ref> Coca Cola still contains coca flavouring. After 1904, Coca Cola started using, instead of fresh leaves, "spent" leaves - the leftovers of the [[cocaine]]-extraction process with [[cocaine]] trace levels left over at a molecular level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_033.html|title=Is it true Coca Cola once contained cocaine? |format= |work= |accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/jarvis/jarvis17.html |title=The Rise and Fall of Cocaine Cola |format= |work= |accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> To this day, Coca Cola uses as an ingredient a [[cocaine]] free [[coca]] leaf extract prepared at a [[Stepan Company]] plant in [[Maywood, New Jersey]]. In the United States, [[Stepan Company]] is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the Federal Government to import and process the [[coca]] plant.<ref>May, Clifford D. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6D7123BF932A35754C0A96E948260 "How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[July 1]], [[1998]]. Accessed [[December 4]], [[2007]]</ref> Stepan laboratory in Maywood, N.J., is the nation's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves, which it obtains mainly from [[Peru]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Bolivia]]. Besides producing the coca flavouring agent for Coca Cola, [[Stepan Company]] extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to [[Mallinckrodt Inc]], a St. Louis [[pharmaceutical]] manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use.<ref>{{cite news |first=Drew |last=Benson |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears. |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Food/2004/Kdrink-Coca-Drink19apr04.htm |quote=</ref> N.J. Stepan buys about 100 metric tons of dried Peruvian coca leaves each year, said Marco Castillo, spokesman for Peru's state-owned National Coca Co. <ref>|publisher=[[The Washington Times]] |date=[[April 20]], [[2004]] |accessdate=2008-04-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/9_3%20The%20Legal%20Importation%20of%20Coca%20Leaf.htm |title=The Legal Importation of Coca Leaf |accessdate=2007-02-11 |format= |work= }}</ref> ===Kola Nuts - Caffeine=== [[Kola nut]]s act as a flavouring in Coca Cola, but is also the beverage's source of [[caffeine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coca_cola.htm |title=The History of Coca Cola |accessdate=2007-01-23 |format= |work= }}</ref> In Britain, for example, the ingredient label states "Flavourings (Including Caffeine)".<ref>http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/yourhealth/what_our_labels_tell_you/</ref> Kola nuts contains about 2 to 3.5 percent caffeine, is of bitter flavour and is commonly used in [[cola]] [[soft drinks]]. In 1911 The US government initiated [[United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola]], hoping to force Coca Cola to remove caffeine from its formula. The case was decided in favour of Coca Cola. Subsequently, in 1912 the US Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, adding [[caffeine]] to the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label.<ref>[[Kola Nut]]</ref> Coca Cola contains 46 mg/12 fl oz of [[caffeine]], while [[Diet Coke Caffeine-Free]] contains 0 mg.<ref>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WxmBmvhsoZ8C&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363&dq=caffeine+coca+cola&source=web&ots=W6fAOUX04Z&sig=qz-hOHFVuOBx94EcFpvPF6x_sAc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result</ref> [[Caffeine]] may be used by athletes as [[ergogenic aid]] - to increasing the capacity for mental or physical labor. The ergogenic qualities of caffeine are contested, although there is strong evidence that it may significantly enhance endurance performance. For this reason, caffeine is listed as a restricted substance by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC). Nevertheless Coca Cola was the leading sponsor of the 1996 summer Olympic games.<ref>Gene A. Spiller, "Caffeine" CRC Press, 1997, pg.234 and 363</ref> ==Production== [[Image:Bottles ofCoca-Cola.jpg|thumb|right|150 px|Bottles of Coca-Cola Zero and Coca-Cola Light]] ===Formula=== {{main|Coca-Cola formula}} The exact formula of Coca-Cola is a famous [[trade secret]]. The original copy of the formula is held in [[SunTrust Bank]]'s main vault in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]. Its predecessor, the [[Trust Company]], was the [[underwriter]] for the Coca-Cola Company's [[initial public offering]] in 1919. A popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula, with each executive having only half the formula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/ |title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore |accessdate=2007-02-10 |format= |work= }}</ref> The truth is that while Coca-Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each knows the entire formula and others, in addition to the prescribed duo, have known the formulation process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/formula.asp|title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore (Have a Cloak and a Smile) |accessdate=2007-02-22 |format= |work= }}</ref> ===Franchised production model=== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Mexicoke!.JPG|right|thumb|200px|A Large [[Mexico|Mexican]] bottle of Coca-Cola. The Mexican formula still uses cane sugar, and not high-fructose corn syrup.]] --> The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to various bottlers throughout the world who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sugar (or artificial sweeteners) and then carbonate it before filling it into cans and bottles, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/aboutbottling.html |title=Coca-Cola - Our Company - About Bottling |accessdate=2007-02-22 |format= |work= }}</ref> The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, like [[Coca-Cola Enterprises]], [[Coca-Cola Amatil]], [[Coca-Cola Hellenic|Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company]] (CCHBC) and [[Coca-Cola FEMSA]], but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world. Since independent bottlers add sugar and sweeteners, the sweetness of the drink differs in various parts of the world, to cater for local tastes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cokecce.com/pages/allContent.asp?page_id=84#q1 |title=What Is the Difference Between Coca-Cola Enterprises and the Coca-Cola Company |accessdate=2007-02-22 |format= |work= }} </ref> ==Brand portfolio== {| class="wikitable" say cuz6+52*129+ |- ! Name !! Launched !! Discontinued !! Notes !! Picture |- | [[Coca-Cola]] | align="center"| 1886 | | |[[Image:Coca-cola 50cl white-bg.jpg|55px]] |- |[[Coca-Cola Cherry]] | align="center"| 1985 | | |[[Image:CherryCokeBottle.jpg|55px]] |- |[[Coca-Cola with Lemon]] | align="center"| 2001 | align="center"| 2005 |Still available in: [[American Samoa]], [[Austria]], [[Australia]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Iceland]], [[Korea]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Philippines]], [[Reunion]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Taiwan]], [[Tunisia]], [[United States]], and [[West Bank]]-[[Gaza]] | align="center"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Coca-Cola with Lemon.jpg|55px]] --> |- | rowspan=2| [[Coca-Cola Vanilla]] | align="center"| 2002 | align="center"| 2005 | Still available in: [[Austria]], [[Australia]], [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Hong Kong]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]] (600ml and 350 ml only) and [[Russia]] |rowspan=2|[[Image:CokeVanilla.png|55px]] |- | align="center"| 2007 | |It was reintroduced in June 2007 by popular demand |- |[[Coca-Cola C2]] | align="center"| 2004 | align="center"| 2007 | Was only available in [[Japan]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]]. |[[Image:CocaCola C2.jpg|55px]] |- |[[Coca-Cola with Lime]] | align="center"| 2005 | | Still available in [[Belgium]],[[Singapore]]. |[[Image:Lg coca-cola lime 12oz.jpg|55px]] |- |[[Coca-Cola Raspberry]] | align="center"| June 2005 | align="center"| End of 2005 | Was only available in [[New Zealand]]. |[[Image:RaspberryCokeNewZealand.jpg|55px]] |- |[[Coca-Cola M5]] | align="center"| 2005 | |Only available in [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Mexico]] and [[Brazil]] |<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Cokebottlesm5.jpg|55px]] --> |- |[[Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla]] | align="center"| 2006 | align="center"| Middle of 2007 |Was replaced by Vanilla Coke in June 2007 |[[Image:Cc-bcv.jpg|55px]] |- |[[Coca-Cola Blāk]] | align="center"| 2006 | align="center"| Beginning of 2008 |Only available in the [[United States]], [[France]], [[Canada]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Lithuania]] | |- |[[Coca-Cola Citra]] |align="center"| 2006 | |Only available in [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Japan]]. | |- |[[Coca-Cola Light Sango]] |align="center"| 2006 | |Only available in [[France]] and [[Belgium]]. | |- |[[Coca-Cola Orange]] |align="center"| 2007 | |Only available in [[United Kingdom]] |[[Image:CokeOrange2007.jpg|55px]] |} ===Bottle and logo design=== The famous Coca-Cola [[logo]] was created by John Pemberton's bookkeeper, [[Frank Mason Robinson]], in 1885.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/advertisingmedia/ss/Coca_Cola_Comp_2.htm |title=Coca Cola Company - Red Spencerian Script |accessdate=2007-01-11 |format= |work= }}</ref> It was Robinson who came up with the name, and he also chose the logo’s distinctive cursive script. The [[typeface]] used, known as [[Spencerian Script|Spencerian script]], was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the [[United States]] during that period. [[Image:Bottle sketch lowRes wiki.jpg|97px|left|thumb|Earl R.Dean's original 1915 concept drawing of the contour Coca-Cola bottle]][[Image:Modern coca cola bottle.jpg|right|thumb| Dean reduced the middle diameter...and the famous Contour Coca-Cola Bottle was born.]] [[Image:1915 proto hiRes.jpg|97px|left|thumb|The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base. This would make it unstable on [[conveyor belt]]s. ]] The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the "[[contour bottle]]" within the company, but known to some as the "[[hobble skirt]]" bottle, was created in 1915 by bottle designer, [[Earl R. Dean]]. In 1915, the [[Coca-Cola Company]] launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for the beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles... "a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was".<ref name = "yqozzm">{{cite news |first= |last=|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=History of Coca-Cola Bottles|url=http://www.sodamuseum.bigstep.com/generic.jhtml?pid=19 |work= |publisher=Soda Museum.com |date= |accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> [[Chapman J. Root]], president of [[the Root Glass Company]], turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent [[Alexander Samuelsson]] and [[Earl R. Dean]], bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle’s design on one of the soda’s two ingredients, the [[coca leaf]] or the [[cola nut]], but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the [[Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library]] and were unable to find any information about coca or cola. Instead they were inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped [[cocoa pod]] in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] which Chapman Root approved as the model for the [[prototype]].<ref name = "yqozzm"/> Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold-making machinery, over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out and created the mold for the bottle. Dean then molded a small number of bottles before the glass-molding machinery was turned off. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a [[design patent]] was issued on the bottle in November, 1915. The bottle was chosen over other entries at the [[bottler’s convention]] in 1916 and was on the market the same year. By 1920, Dean’s contoured bottle became the standard for the [[Coca-Cola Company]]. Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet...''"even in the dark!"''<ref>{{cite news |first= |last=|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=1916 … Birth of the Contour Bottle|url=http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/historybottling.html |work= |publisher=The Coca-Cola Company |date= |accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref> As a reward for his efforts, Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime job at [[the Root Glass Company]]. He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the [[Owens-Illinois Glass Company]] bought out [[the Root Glass Company]] in the mid 1930s. Dean went on to work in other Midwestern glass factories. Although endorsed by some, this version of events is not considered authoritative by many who cite its implausibility as difficult to believe. One alternative depiction has [[Raymond Loewy]] as the inventor of the unique design, but although Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years, he was in the [[French Army]] in the year the bottle was invented and did not migrate to the United States until 1919. Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cacao pod, but to a [[Victorian fashion|Victorian]] [[Hoop skirt|hooped dress]].<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/bottle.asp Snopes urban legend of the Coca-Cola bottle shape.]</ref> In 1997, Coca-Cola also introduced a "contour can", similar in shape to their famous bottle, on a few test markets, including [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]], [[Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beverage-digest.com/editorial/970221.html |title=Coke Debuts Contour Can }}</ref> This new can was however never widely released. A new slim and tall can has begun to appear in Australia as of [[December 20]], [[2006]], which costs an average of $2AUD. The cans have a distinct resemblance to [[energy drink]]s that are popular with the teenage demographic. It is unknown if this design is of limited edition or may soon replace the current 355&nbsp;ml cans that have been used in the past (the new slim cans are 300&nbsp;ml, making the volume to cost ratio even smaller). In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed "Coca-Cola Classic" labelling, removing the "Classic" designation, leaving only "Coca-Cola". Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name change and the product remains the same. The cans still bear the "Classic" logo in the United States. [[Image:aluminumbottle.jpg|right|thumb|Coca-Cola in the new aluminum bottle.]] Coca-Cola is a registered trademark in most countries around the world and should always be written with the hyphen and ''not'' as "Coca Cola". The US trademark was registered in the United States Patent Office on [[31 January]] [[1893]]. In the UK Coca-Cola was registered with the UK Patent Office on [[11 July]] [[1922]], under registration number 427817. In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can that is designed to look like the original glass bottles that Coca-Cola was first distributed in <!----WHERE?--->. In 2007, the Coca-Cola logo on cans and bottles has changed, retaining the red color and familiar typeface but taking branding back in time by removing much of the clutter on the can, leaving only the logo and a plain white swirl-- the "dynamic ribbon". In 2008, the Coca-Cola plastic bottles for all Coke varieties was changed with a new plastic screw cap and contoured bottle shape designed to evoke the old glass bottles. ==Local competitors== [[Pepsi]] is often second to Coke in terms of sales, but outsells Coca-Cola in some localities. Around the world, some local brands do compete with Coke. In [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]], [[Kola Real]], known as [[Big Cola]] in [[Mexico]], is a fast growing competitor to Coca-Cola.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ricardo|last= Mireles |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= In Mexico, Big Cola is the real thing |url= http://www.logisticstoday.com/sNO/6366/iID/20876/LT/displayStory.asp|work= |publisher=Logistics Today |date= |accessdate=2007-01-15 }}</ref> On the French island of [[Corsica]], [[Corsica Cola]], made by brewers of the local Pietra beer, is a growing competitor to Coca-Cola. In the [[France|French]] region of [[Bretagne]], [[Breizh Cola]] is available. In Peru, [[Inca Kola]] outsells Coca-Cola. However, [[The Coca-Cola Company]] purchased the brand in 1999. In [[Sweden]], [[Julmust]] outsells Coca-Cola during the [[Christmas]] season.<ref>[http://kristallbeverage.com/KBJulmust.html "About Kristall Beverage"]. Retrieved June 14, 2006.</ref> In [[Scotland]], the locally-produced [[Irn-Bru]] was more popular than Coca-Cola until 2005, when Coca-Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales.<ref>Murden, Terry (January 30, 2005). [http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=112872005 Coke adds life to health drinks sector]. ''Scotland on Sunday''. Retrieved [[February 14]], [[2006]].</ref> In [[India]], Coca-Cola ranked third behind the leader, Pepsi-Cola, and local drink [[Thums Up]]. However, [[The Coca-Cola Company]] purchased [[Thums Up]] in 1993.<ref>Kripalani, Manjeet and Mark L. Clifford (February 10, 2003) [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_06/b3819080.htm "Finally, Coke Gets It Right in India"]. ''[[BusinessWeek]]''. Retrieved August 9, 2006.</ref> As of 2004, Coca-Cola held a 60.9% market-share in India.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1191706.cms "Fizzical Facts: Coke claims 60% mkt share in India"], ''Times News Network'', [[August 5]] [[2005]]</ref> [[Tropicola]], a domestic drink, is served in [[Cuba]] instead of Coca-Cola, in which there exists a United States embargo. [[Mecca Cola]] and [[Qibla Cola]], in the [[Middle East]], is a competitor to Coca-Cola. In [[Turkey]], [[Cola Turka]] is a major competitor to Coca-Cola. In [[Iran]] and also many countries of Middle East, [[Zam Zam Cola]] and [[Parsi Cola]] are major competitors to Coca-Cola. In some parts of [[China]], [[China Cola|Future cola]] or 非常可乐 can be bought. In [[Slovenia]], the locally-produced [[Cockta]] is a major competitor to Coca-Cola, as is the inexpensive Mercator Cola, which is sold only in the country's biggest [[Supermarket|supermarket chain]], [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator]]. In [[Madagascar]], Classiko Cola, made by Tiko Group, the largest manufacturing company in the country, is a serious competitor to Coca-Cola in many regions. On the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] island of [[Madeira]], [[Laranjada]] is the top selling soft drink. In the [[UK]] Coca-Cola stated that Pepsi was not its main rival, but rather [[Robinsons (drink)|Robinsons]] drinks.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} ==Advertising== [[Image:Cocacola-5cents-1900.jpg|200px|right|thumb|An 1890s advertisement showing model [[Hilda Clark]] in formal [[Victorian fashion|19th century attire]]. The ad is entitled ''Drink Coca-Cola 5¢''.]] Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impact on [[Culture of the United States|American culture]], and is frequently credited with the "invention" of the modern image of [[Santa Claus]] as an old man in red-and-white garments; however, while the company did in fact start promoting this image in the 1930s in its winter advertising campaigns, it was already common before that.<ref>Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson, "[http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/santa.asp The Claus That Refreshes]," snopes.com, February 27, 2001 (accessed June 10, 2005).</ref> In fact, Coca-Cola was not even the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image Santa Claus in its advertising &ndash; [[White Rock Beverages]] used Santa in advertisements for its [[ginger ale]] in 1923 after first using him to sell [[mineral water]] in 1915.<ref>The White Rock Collectors Association, "[http://www.whiterocking.org/santa.html#article Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola® Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement?]," whiterocking.org, 2001 (accessed January 19, 2007).</ref><ref>White Rock Beverages, "[http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!]," BevNET.com, December 18, 2006 (accessed January 19, 2007).</ref> Before Santa Claus, however, Coca-Cola relied on images of smartly-dressed young women to sell its beverages. Coca-Cola's first such advertisement appeared in 1895 and featured a young Bostonian actress named [[Hilda Clark]] as its spokesperson. In the 1970s, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called "[[I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing]]", produced by [[Roquel Billy Davis|Billy Davis]], became a popular [[hit single]]. Coca-Cola has a policy of avoiding using children younger than the age of 12 in any of its advertising. This decision was made as a result of a lawsuit from the beginning of the 20th century that alleged that Coke's [[caffeine]] content was dangerous to children. However, in recent times, this has not stopped the company from targeting young consumers.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Coke's advertising is rather pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. This is especially true in southern areas of the [[United States]], such as [[Atlanta]], where Coke was born. Some of the memorable Coca-Cola [[Television advertisement|television commercials]] between 1960 through 1986, were written and produced by former Atlanta radio veteran [[Don Naylor]] ([[WGST]] 1936-1950, [[WAGA (TV)|WAGA]] 1951-1959) during his career as a producer for the [[McCann Erickson]] [[advertising agency]]. Many of these early television commercials for Coca-Cola featured [[movie star]]s, sports heroes, and popular singers of the day. During the 1980s, [[Pepsi-Cola]] ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests essentially demonstrating that: "Fifty percent of the participants who said they preferred Coke ''actually'' chose the Pepsi". Statisticians were quick to point out the problematic nature of a 50/50 result; that most likely all this really showed was that in blind tests, most people simply ''cannot tell the difference'' between Pepsi and Coke. Coca-Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the ''[[cola wars]]''; one of Coke's ads compared the so-called [[Pepsi challenge]] to two [[chimpanzee]]s deciding which [[tennis ball]] was furrier. Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market. [[Selena]] was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 till the time of her death. She filmed three commercials for the company. In 1994 to commemorate her 5 years with the company, Coca-Cola issued special Selena coke bottles.<ref>Orozco, Cynthia E. [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/QQ/fquxg.html Quintanilla Perez, Selena.] The Handbook of Texas online. Retrieved on [[June 5]] [[2006]]</ref> In an attempt to broaden its portfolio, Coca-Cola purchased [[Columbia Pictures]] in 1982. Columbia provided subtle publicity through Coke product placements in many of its films while under Coke's ownership. However, after a few early successes, Columbia began to under-perform, and was dropped by the company in 1989. Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different [[advertising slogan]]s in its long history, including "The pause that refreshes", "I'd like to buy the world a Coke", and "Coke is it" (see [[Coca-Cola slogans]]). In 2006, Coca-Cola introduced [[My Coke Rewards]], a customer loyalty campaign where consumers earn virtual "points" by entering codes from special marked packages of Coca-Cola products into a website. These points can in turn be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes entries.<ref>[http://www.mycokerewards.com My Coke Rewards] (Official Site)</ref> ===Sponsorship of sporting events=== Coca-Cola was the first-ever [[sponsor]] of the [[Olympic Games|Olympic games]], at the 1928 games in [[Amsterdam]] and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/facts/programme/profiles_uk.asp?sponsor=1 |title=International Olympic Committee - Organisation - Facts and Figures |accessdate=2007-01-13 |format= |work= }}</ref> This corporate sponsorship included the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] hosted in [[Atlanta]], which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. Since 1978 Coca-Cola has sponsored each [[FIFA World Cup]] and other competitions organised by FIFA. In fact, one of the [[FIFA]] tournament trophy: [[FIFA World Youth Championship]] from [[Tunisia]] in 1977 to [[Malaysia]] in 1997 was called "FIFA - Coca Cola Cup".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/partners/index/0,3517,13,00.html |title=Marketing & TV > FIFA Partners > Coca Cola |accessdate=2007-01-13 |format= |work= }}</ref> In addition, Coca-Cola sponsors the annual [[Coca-Cola 600]] and [[Coke Zero 400]] for the [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series]] at [[Lowe's Motor Speedway]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] and [[Daytona International Speedway]] in Daytona, Florida. Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included [[Major League Baseball]], the [[National Football League]], [[National Basketball Association]] and the [[National Hockey League]], as well as with many teams within those leagues. Coca-Cola is the official soft drink of many [[College football|collegiate football]] teams throughout the nation. In [[India]] Coca Cola was the one of the official Sponsors of the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. In [[England]], Coca-Cola is the main sponsor of The Football League, a name given to the three professional divisions below the [[Premier League]] in [[football (soccer)]]. It is also responsible for the renaming of these divisions- until the advent of Coca-Cola sponsorship, they were referred to as Divisions One, Two and Three. Since 2004, the divisions have been known as The Championship (equiv. of Division 1), League One (equiv. of Div. 2) and League 2 (equiv. of Division 3). This renaming has caused unrest amongst some fans who see it as farcical that the third tier of [[Football in England|English Football]] is now called "League One." In 2005 Coca-cola launched a competition for the 72 clubs of the football league - it was called "Win a Player". This allowed fans to place 1 vote per day for their beloved club, with 1 entry being chose at random earning £250,000 for the club. This was repeated in 2006. The "Win A Player" competition was very controversial, as at the end of the 2 competitions, Leeds United AFC had the most votes by more than double, yet they did not win any money to spend on a new player for the club. In 2007 the competition changed to "Buy a Player". This competition allowed fans to buy a bottle of Coca-Cola Zero or Coca-Cola and submit the code on the wrapper on the Coca-Cola website {www.coca-colafootball.co.uk}. This code could then earn anything from 50p to £100,000 for a club of their choice. This competition was favoured over the old "Win A Player" competition as it allowed all clubs to win some money, instead of all the money going to one winning club. ===In mass media=== Coca-Cola has been prominently featured in countless films and television programs. It was a major plot element in films such as ''[[One, Two, Three]]'', ''[[The Coca-Cola Kid]]'', and ''[[The Gods Must Be Crazy]]''. It provides a setting for comical corporate shenanigans in the novel [[Syrup (novel)|''Syrup'']] by [[Maxx Barry]]. ==Criticisms== {{criticism-section}} {{main|Criticism of Coca-Cola}} The Coca-Cola Company has been criticized for its business practices as well as the alleged adverse health effects of its flagship product. A common criticism of Coke based on its allegedly toxic acidity levels has been found to be baseless by researchers; [[lawsuit]]s based on these criticisms have been dismissed by several American courts for this reason.<!--this is a summary; refer to third paragraph of this section for detailed discussion and citations instead of digging for anything that looks remotely controversial and tagging it--> Since there are indications that "soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in [the] American diet,"<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/05/050527111920.htm www.sciencedaily.com]</ref> most [[nutrition]]ists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], [[ascorbic acid]], [[riboflavin]], and [[vitamin A]].<ref>Jacobson, Michael F. (2005). "[http://www.cspinet.org/sodapop/liquid_candy.htm Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health]". Retrieved June 10, 2005.</ref> The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of [[caffeine]], due to the possibility of [[physical dependence]].<ref>Center for Science in the Public Interest (1997). "[http://www.cspinet.org/new/caffeine.htm Label Caffeine Content of Foods, Scientists Tell FDA]." Retrieved [[June 10]], [[2005]].</ref> A link has been shown between long-term regular [[cola]] intake, of which Coca-Cola is the most consumed brand worldwide, and [[osteoporosis]] in older women (but not men). <ref>{{cite journal| author = Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, and Kiel DP| year=2006| month=October| title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study| journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition| volume=84| number=4| pages=336–342| url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/84/4/936| format=PDF| accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> This was thought to be due to the presence of [[phosphoric acid]], and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas. Although numerous court cases have been filed against The Coca-Cola Company since the 1920s, alleging that the acidity of the drink is dangerous, no evidence corroborating this claim has been found. Under normal conditions, [[scientific evidence]] indicates Coca-Cola's acidity causes no immediate harm.<ref>Mikkelson, Barbara & Mikkelson, David P. (2004). "[http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/acid.asp Acid Slip]". Retrieved [[June 10]], [[2005]].</ref> There is also some concern regarding the usage of [[high fructose corn syrup]] in the production of Coca-Cola. Since 1985 in the U.S., Coke has been made with [[high fructose corn syrup]], instead of sugar glucose or fructose, to reduce costs. This has come under criticism because of concerns that the [[maize|corn]] used to produce [[corn syrup]] may come from genetically altered plants.<ref>Forristal, Linda Joyce (2003). [http://www.westonaprice.org/motherlinda/cornsyrup.html "The Murky World of High Fructose Corn Syrup"]. Retrieved [[May 16]], [[2006]].</ref> Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to obesity and type-2 diabetes.<ref>[http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=51623-single-food-ingredient "Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in arms"]. ([[April 26]], [[2004]]). ''FoodNavigator.com''. Retrieved [[February 27]], [[2007]].</ref> In India, there exists a major controversy concerning [[pesticide]]s and other harmful chemicals in bottled products including Coca-Cola. In 2003, the [[Centre for Science and Environment|Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)]], a [[non-governmental organization]] in [[New Delhi]], said [[aerated water]]s produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants [[PepsiCo]] and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including [[lindane]], [[DDT]], [[malathion]] and [[chlorpyrifos]] &mdash; [[pesticides]] that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the [[immune system]]. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, and several other soft drinks, many produced by The Coca-Cola Company. CSE found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under [[European Union]] regulations; Coca-Cola's soft drink was found to have 30 times the permitted amount. CSE said it had tested the same products sold in the US and found no such residues.<ref>PTF (2003). [http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/aug/05pepsicoke.htm "Pepsi, Coke contain pesticides: CSE"]. Retrieved [[June 12]], [[2006]].</ref> After the pesticide allegations were made in 2003, Coca-Cola sales declined by 15%. In 2004, an Indian parliamentary committee backed up CSE's findings, and a government-appointed committee was tasked with developing the world's first pesticide standards for soft drinks. The Coca-Cola Company has responded that its plants filter water to remove potential contaminants and that its products are tested for pesticides and must meet minimum health standards before they are distributed.<ref>Coca-Cola website (2006). [http://www.coca-colaindia.com/faqs/myths-facts.asp "The Coca-Cola Company addresses allegations made about our business in India"]. Retrieved [[June 12]], [[2006]].</ref> In the Indian state of [[Kerala]], sale and production of Coca-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was initially banned, before the High Court in Kerala overturned the ban ruling that only the federal government can ban food products. Coca-Cola has also been accused of excessive water usage in India.<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0307-30.htm Coca-Cola and Water - An Unsustainable Relationship<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <!-- Please expand this section in [[Criticism of Coca-Cola]], this section is just a short summary of that more lengthy and detailed article --> <!-- Further note that this section is for criticisms of Coca-Cola, the *drink*; For criticisms of The Coca-Cola Company including affiliated bottlers (such as those in Colombia) please see [[The Coca-Cola Company]] for a summary --> <!--NOTE READ ME - URGENT ************************************************************************** DO NOT ADD MATERIAL HERE WITHOUT ADDING IT TO THE MAIN CRITICISMS ARTICLE. THIS IS A SUMMARY SECTION ONLY- IT IS ONLY ABOUT THE COKE PRODUCT - THE DRINK ITSELF - NOT THE COMPANY OR ITS BUSINESS PRACTICES. IT IS A SUMMARY ONLY. *************************************************************************** READ ABOVE - URGENT !! --> == Alternative propulsion and Global Warming Policy== {{Main|Climate Change}} As gas prices zoom closer to $4 a gallon in 2008, Coca-Cola Co. and its two largest U.S. bottlers are shifting their fleets to [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=103840033&docId=l:786861629 |title=Hybrid Electric Vehicles |accessdate= |format= |work= }}</ref> ==Coca-Cola as a political and corporate symbol== [[Image:Coca-Cola Morocco.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Coca-Cola advertising in the [[High Atlas]] mountains ([[Morocco]]).]] The Coca-Cola drink has a high degree of identification with the United States itself, being considered by some an "American Brand" or to a small extent as an item representing America. The identification with the spread of American culture has led to the pun "[[Cocacolonization|Coca-Colanization]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/Coca-Colanization.asp |title=Word Spy - Coca-Colanization |accessdate=2007-01-03 |format= |work= }}</ref> The drink is also often a [[metonymy|metonym]] for the Coca-Cola Company. There are some consumer boycotts of Coca-Cola in [[Arab world|Arab countries]] due to Coke's early investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott of Israel (this contrasts sharply to Pepsi which stayed out of Israel).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inminds.co.uk/boycott-coca-cola.html |title= Boycott Israel Campaign page on Coca-Cola|accessdate=2007-08-03 |format= |work= }}</ref> [[Mecca Cola]] and Pepsi have been successful in the Middle East as an alternative. The [[art group]] [[monochrom]] as part of their 2005 "Experience The Experience" tour created a "Brick Of Coke". To do this, they put several gallons of Coca-Cola into a pot and boiled it down until the residue left behind could be molded into a brick.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monochrom.at/experiences/coke.htm |title= Experience The Experience Of A Brick Of Coke |accessdate=2007-01-03 |format= |work= }}</ref> ==See also== *[[World of Coca-Cola|The World of Coca-Cola]] *[[OpenCola]] *[[I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing]] *[[List of Coca-Cola brands]] *[[Fanta]] *[[Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (CCHBC)]] ===Coca-Cola variations=== *Coca-Cola *[[New Coke|New Coke (renamed Coke II)]] *[[Diet Coke|Diet Coke (also known as Coca-Cola Light)]] *[[Diet Coke Plus]] *[[Coca-Cola C2]] *[[Coca-Cola Zero]] *[[Coca-Cola Cherry Zero]] *[[Coca-Cola Cherry]] *[[Coca-Cola Cherry|Diet Coke Cherry]] *[[Coca-Cola with Lemon]] *[[Coca-Cola with Lemon|Diet Coke with Lemon]] *[[Coca-Cola Vanilla Zero]] *[[Coca-Cola Vanilla]] *[[Coca-Cola Vanilla|Diet Coca-Cola Vanilla]] *[[Coca-Cola with Lime]] *[[Diet Coke with Lime]] *[[Coca-Cola Raspberry]] *[[Coca-Cola Raspberry|Diet Coke Raspberry]] *[[Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla]] *[[Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla|Diet Coke Cherry Vanilla]] *[[Coca-Cola Blāk]] *Diet Coca-Cola with Citrus (Lemon and Lime) *Coca-Cola with Orange (Out June 2007 in the UK)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cokecce.co.uk/cce/news_art.jsp?aid=448 |title= Coca-Cola Orange set to brighten up the summer |accessdate=2007-05-17 |format= |work= }}</ref> *[[Tab (soft drink)|TaB (original Diet Coke, still available in some countries)]] *Passover Coca-Cola - a [[Kosher for Passover]] Coke made with pure [[cane sugar]] instead of [[corn syrup]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kleeman|first=Jenny|title=Sugar rush - the craze for kosher Coke|publisher=The Guardian|date=2007-03-19|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,2037084,00.html|accessdate=2007-07-18}}. The ingredients label will still read "[[high fructose corn syrup]] or [[sucrose]]" Passover Coke is identifiable because it is bottled with a yellow cap.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons|Coca-Cola}} *[http://www.cocacola.com/ Coca-Cola website] *[http://www.myspace.com/the_contour_bottle The Contour Bottle - MySpace] *[http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/cokelore.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore] *[http://www.cokecans.com Ronen Liwski's Coca-Cola cans collection] {{Cc brands}} {{Colas}} [[Category:Cola]] [[Category:Soft drinks]] [[Category:Coca-Cola]] [[Category:Coca-Cola brands]] [[Category:Patent medicines]] {{Link FA|ms}} [[am:ኮካ ኮላ]] [[ar:كوكاكولا]] [[ast:Coca-Cola]] [[bs:Coca-Cola]] [[bg:Кока-Кола]] [[ca:Coca-Cola]] [[cs:Coca-Cola]] [[cy:Coca-Cola]] [[da:The Coca Cola Company#Coca-Cola-drikken]] [[de:Coca-Cola]] [[dv:ކޮކާ ކޯލާ]] [[et:Coca-Cola]] [[el:Κόκα κόλα]] [[es:Coca-Cola]] [[eo:Koka-kolao]] [[eu:Coca-Cola]] [[fa:کوکاکولا]] [[fr:Coca-Cola]] [[ga:Coca Cola]] [[gl:Coca-Cola]] [[ko:코카콜라]] [[hy:Կոկա-Կոլա]] [[hr:Coca-Cola]] [[id:Coca-Cola]] [[iu:ᖂᖄ ᑰᓛ/quuqaa kuulaa]] [[is:Coca-Cola]] [[it:Coca-Cola]] [[he:קוקה קולה]] [[rw:Coca-Cola]] [[ku:Coca Cola]] [[la:Coca-Cola]] [[hu:Coca-Cola]] [[ml:കൊക്ക കോള]] [[mr:कोका-कोला]] [[ms:Coca-Cola]] [[nah:Coca-Cola]] [[nl:Coca-Cola]] [[ne:कोका-कोला]] [[ja:コカ・コーラ]] [[no:Coca-Cola]] [[nn:Coca-Cola]] [[pl:Coca-Cola]] [[pt:Coca-Cola]] [[ro:Coca-Cola]] [[ru:Кока-кола]] [[sco:Coca-Cola]] [[sq:Coca-Cola]] [[scn:Coca-Cola]] [[simple:Coca-Cola]] [[sk:Coca-Cola]] [[sl:Coca-Cola]] [[sr:Кока-кола]] [[fi:Coca-Cola]] [[sv:Coca-Cola]] [[tl:Coca-Cola]] [[ta:கொக்கக் கோலா]] [[th:โค้ก]] [[vi:Coca-Cola]] [[tr:Coca-Cola]] [[uk:Кока-кола]] [[yi:קאוקא קאלע]] [[zh-yue:可口可樂]] [[zh:可口可乐]]