Cockatoo
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224793045
2008-07-10T13:02:57Z
Halmstad
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/121.221.149.242|121.221.149.242]] ([[User talk:121.221.149.242|talk]]) to last version by SmackBot
{{otheruses4|the family of birds|the town in Australia|Cockatoo, Victoria}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Cockatoos
| image = Cockatoo.1.arp.500pix.jpg
| image_caption = [[Umbrella Cockatoo]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| familia = '''Cacatuidae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamily
| subdivision =
[[Microglossinae]]<br>
Calyptorhynchinae<br>
Cacatuinae
}}
[[Image:Sulphur-crested Cockatoos eating from an almond tree in Australia.jpg|thumb|right|A flock of Sulphur-crested Cockatoos eating from an [[Almond]] tree in Australia]]
A '''cockatoo''' is any of the 20 [[bird]] [[species]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Cacatuidae'''. Along with the [[Psittacidae]] family (the [[true parrots]]), they make up the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Psittaciformes]]. The name ''cockatoo'' originated from the [[Malay language|Malay]] name for these birds, '''''kaka(k)tua''''' (either from ''[[kaka (bird)|kaka]]'' "parrot" + ''tuwah'', or "older sister" from ''kakak'' "sister" + ''tua'', "old"{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}).
Cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a [[Dactyly#In birds|zygodactyl]] foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable [[Crest (bird)|headcrest]], the presence of a [[gall bladder]] and some other anatomical details, and their lack of the [[Dyck texture]] feather composition which causes the bright blues and greens seen in true parrots. Also Cockatoo species are, on average, larger than the average size of true parrots; however, the [[cockatiel]], the smallest Cockatoo, is a small bird, and some of the largest parrots including the [[Hyacinth Macaw]] (the longest parrot) and the flightless [[Kakapo]] (the heaviest parrot), are true parrots. Placement of the cockatoos as a separate family is fairly undisputed, but it is not resolved whether or not other living lineages of parrots (such as the [[lories and lorikeets]]) are as distinct as they are.
Cockatoos have a much more restricted range than the true parrots, occurring naturally only in [[Australia]] and nearby islands. Eleven of the 21 species exist in the wild only in Australia, while seven species occur in [[Indonesia]], [[New Guinea]], and other [[Ocean|south Pacific]] islands. Three species occur in both New Guinea and Australia.
== Cockatoos as endangered or vulnerable species ==
All species of cockatoo are protected by the ''Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora'' (also known as [[CITES]]), which makes the import, export and trade in all wild-caught parrots and cockatoos illegal.
The following cockatoo species are protected on the CITES appendix 1 list of endangered species.
*[[Goffin's cockatoo]], ''Cacatua goffini''
*[[Red-vented Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua haematuropygia''
*[[Moluccan Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua moluccensis''
*[[Yellow-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua sulphurea''
**includes the subspecies, [[Citron-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata''
*[[Palm Cockatoo]], ''Probosciger aterrimus''
All of the other cockatoo species are protected on the CITES appendix 2 list of vulnerable species. However, some species of Australian cockatoos including corellas and galahs, have large populations and are sometimes killed as crop pests.
==Systematics and evolution==
[[Image:Cacatuidae phylogeny tree.svg|thumb|400px|right|Phylogeny of the family Cacatuidae based on Brown & Toft (1999)]]
Brown & Toft (1999) reviewed the existing evidence and additional [[mtDNA|mitochondrial]] 12S [[rRNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data to arrive at a well-supported phylogeny of the cockatoos. They could distinguish 3 [[subfamily|subfamilies]]:
# The all-black [[Palm Cockatoo]] represents distinct lineage that diverged early; it was previously sometimes grouped with the other black species but this is incorrect.
# The dark cockatoos; [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dichromatic]] species which have ample [[melanin]] in their plumage and some red, yellow or orange on wing, tail and face, barred feathers on wing, tail and/or body as well as contrasting ear area spotting in females, while males have the corresponding feathers unbarred and may lack the ear spotting. This group includes the remaining black cockatoos, the [[Gang-gang Cockatoo]] and, interestingly, the [[cockatiel]] which had previously been placed in a subfamily of its own ('''Nymphicinae''') or even as a [[broad-tailed parrot]].
# The remaining species, which are all [[Leucism|hypomelanistic]] and not sexually dimorphic.
The genera ''Calyptorhynchus'' and ''Cacatua'' can be further resolved into two subgenera each, and in the latter case as a distinct third lineage the white-and-pink [[Major Mitchell's Cockatoo]], which is intermediate in coloration between the grey-and-pink [[Galah]] and the white ''Cacatua''. It is best recognized as a [[monotypic]] genus ''Lophocroa''. Indeed, pending further research, all subgenera could conceivably be raised to genus rank.
[[Intron]] 7 of [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] ''β''-[[fibrinogen]] sequence data suggests that the Microglossinae may have diverged later, and that the cockatiel might be distinct enough to warrant recognition of the Nymphicinae (Astuti, 2004?), but in other aspects agrees with the rRNA and newly-interpreted morphological data.
The [[fossil]] record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: A species of ''Cacatua'', most probably subgenus ''Licmetis'', was found in Early [[Miocene]] (16-23 [[mya (unit)|mya]]) deposits of [[Riversleigh]], Australia (Boles, 1993). In [[Melanesia]], [[subfossil]] bones of ''Cacatua'' species which apparently did not survive early human settlement were found on [[New Caledonia]] and [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The bearing of these fossils on cockatoo evolution and phylogeny is fairly limited, except that the Riversleigh fossil allows some tentative dating of the divergence of subfamilies.
==Family ''Cacatuidae''==
[[Image:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo05.jpg|thumb|right|A yellow tailed Black Cockatoo]]
*'''Subfamily Microglossinae'''
** Genus ''[[Probosciger]]''
***[[Palm Cockatoo]], ''Probosciger aterrimus''
*'''Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae''' - dark cockatoos
** Genus ''[[Callocephalon]]''
***[[Gang-gang Cockatoo]], ''Callocephalon fimbriatum''
** Genus ''[[Nymphicus]]'' (tentatively placed here)
***[[Cockatiel]], ''Nymphicus hollandicus''
** Genus ''[[Calyptorhynchus]]''
*** Subgenus ''Calyptorhynchus'' - black-and-red cockatoos
****[[Red-tailed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) banksii''
****[[Glossy Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) lathami''
*** Subgenus ''[[Calyptorhynchus|Zanda]]'' - black-and-yellow/white cockatoos
****[[Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) funereus''
****[[Short-billed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) latirostris''
****[[Long-billed Black Cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) baudinii''
** Genus ''[[Eolophus]]''
***[[Galah]], ''Eolophus roseicapilla''
[[Image:DSC 2444 bis.jpg|right|thumb|A sulphur-crested cockatoo]]
*'''Subfamily Cacatuinae''' - white cockatoos
** Genus ''[[Cacatua]]''
*** Subgenus ''Cacatua'' - true white cockatoos
****[[Major Mitchell's Cockatoo]] (also called Leadbeater's Cockatoo), ''Cacatua leadbeateri''
****[[Sulphur-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita''
****[[Yellow-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea''
*****[[Citron-crested Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea citrinocristata''
****[[Blue-eyed Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) ophthalmica''
****[[Moluccan Cockatoo]] (also called Salmon-crested Cockatoo), ''Cacatua (Cacatua) moluccensis''
****[[Umbrella Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Cacatua) alba''
*** Subgenus ''[[Licmetis]]'' - corellas
****[[Long-billed Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) tenuirostris''
****[[Western Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator''
****[[Little Corella]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) sanguinea''
****[[Red-vented Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) haematuropygia''
****[[Goffin's Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) goffini''
****[[Ducorps' Cockatoo]], ''Cacatua (Licmetis) ducorpsii''
== Aviculture ==
[[Image:Long-billed Corella.jpg|thumb|right|A Perched Long-billed Corella]]
{{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}}
Cockatoos are very popular as pets, not only for their striking beauty but also for their intelligence and usually affectionate, outgoing, cuddly, and gentle personalities. Well-socialized cockatoos are often cuddly not only to their family but to strangers as well. Despite their high cost which typically ranges from $500-$2000 for the more commonly available species, cockatoos can make a wonderful [[pet]] for the right owner. Actual cost of the bird is not the only cost to consider. Cockatoos require a very large cage for their size, as they are very active and prone to mischief if allowed out unsupervised. Cockatoos also require an out of cage gym or perch and a steady supply of toys, branches, cardboard boxes, or other chewable items. The larger cockatoos in particular can be very destructive birds. Feeding your Cockatoo is also a consideration as they require a balanced diet of a good quality pellet food in addition to fresh fruits and vegetables. Most cockatoo species are very loud birds, though they naturally only vocalize for short periods of time twice a day.
Cockatoos are also not without their problems. In fact there are some who believe that the larger cockatoos should not be kept as house pets because of the challenges ownership can present. Cockatoos have been called the 'velcro' bird because they typically love to cuddle and spend time with their owner.{{Who|date=April 2008}} However, cockatoos can be extremely loud birds, and some owners may inadvertently teach them to scream for attention. A cockatoo should be rewarded when it is quiet and ignored when it screams ''excessively'' to reduce this problem. While pet cockatoos enjoy and need plenty of attention, they should never be spoiled by constant cuddling or petting. Cockatoos should be provided with a variety of interesting toys and encouraged to play by themselves from a young age to avoid them becoming overdependant on constant attention from the owners, which can be the cause of behavioral problems later on. Feather plucking is a problem some cockatoo owners may experience. It may be caused by several different factors such as lack of appropriate chewable toys, health problems, allergies, or boredom. Cockatoos which are spoiled with a great deal of attention when they are young and therefore do not learn to entertain themselves with toys are most likely to develop problems with plucking or screaming for attention. Some otherwise sweet adolescent male (and occasionally female) cockatoos may show aggression during the breeding season; cockatoos are capable of very damaging bites. Cockatoos are also very intelligent and mischief prone, and many become adept at escaping locked cages and may chew on furniture and woodwork in the house. Some owners recommend building an outdoor [[aviary]] into which a pet cockatoo may be put for a few hours a day in good weather; an aviary provides an excellent outlet for a cockatoo's energy that might otherwise be spent on undesirable behaviors.
A cockatoo can make a challenging pet and has a long lifespan of up to 30-70 years depending upon species, so they require an owner committed to their care.
In general, the smaller cockatoo species such as Galahs and Goffin's Cockatoos are considered to be much easier to keep as pets than large cockatoos such as Moluccans. In Australia, where Galah cockatoos are extremely abundant and inexpensive, they are often considered to be good first birds.
'''Cockatiels'''
In contrast to the other cockatoos, the little [[cockatiel]] is ''relatively'' quiet, non-destructive, less demanding, inexpensive, and gentle natured, though a pet cockatiel still requires daily attention and handling from its owners and veterinary care. Cockatiels are extremely popular as pets, and among the species most often recommended to new bird owners. Cockatiels have a typical maximom lifespan of 20 years but some have lived to over 30.
Cockatoos are popular for use in trained bird shows. Many owners find they can be taught many tricks and husbandry behaviors, though cockatoos are generally less food motivated than other birds; some birds may be more motivated by a reward of petting or praise than of food. Cockatoos can often be trained to accept a [[parrot harness]], enabling their owners to take them outdoors. Cockatoos have been used in [[animal-assisted therapy]], generally in nursing homes.
==Popular culture==
Cockatoos often have pronounced responses to musical sounds, and numerous videos exist showing the birds "dancing" to popular music, although it is not known if their musical perception is any different from that of other birds. {{Fact|date=July 2008}}
====Gallery of Images depicting Cockatoos====
<gallery>Image:Andrea Mantegna 102.jpg|An apparent Sulphur-crested Cockatoo in a painting by [[Andrea Mantegna]], 1496 - over a hundred years before the first recorded European sighting of the [[Australia]]n continent.
Image:Melchior de Hondecoeter 001.jpg|Two Sulphur-crested Cockatoos in a painting by [[Melchior de Hondecoeter]], second half of 17th century
</gallery>
==Slang==
In Australian slang or vernacular speech a person who is deputed to keep a look-out whilst colleagues undertake clandestine or illegal activities particularly such as organising illegal gambling may be referred to as a "cockatoo". Proprietors of small agricultural undertakings are frequently jocularly or slightly disparagingly referred to as a "cocky".<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/newsradio/txt/s1434326.htm</ref>
==References==
* '''Astuti''', Dwi (2004?): A phylogeny of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the seventh intron of nuclear ''β''-fibrinogen gene. Doctoral work, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan. [http://www.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/J/study/17result/dwi.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''Boles''', W.E. (1993): A new cockatoo (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and an evaluation of rostral characters in the systematics of parrots. ''[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]'' '''135''': 8-18.
* '''Brown''', D.M. & '''Toft''', C.A. (1999): Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(1): 141-157.
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|Cacatuidae}}
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* [http://www.cityparrots.org/2007/07/28/cockatoos-of-honk-kong/ Cockatoos of Hong Kong]
* [http://birdsnways.com/cockatoo/index.htm Cockatoo Heaven] Species descriptions and articles
* [http://www.parrothouse.com/sf12.html Living With Companion Cockatoos]
* [http://www.mytoos.com MyToos.com] - site explaining many of the responsibilities of cockatoo ownership
[[Category:Cacatuidae|*]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Parrots]]
[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Aviculture]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[bg:Какаду]]
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[[fr:Cacatuinae]]
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