Cod 41515 225935119 2008-07-16T02:30:53Z J.delanoy 2372780 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/70.109.147.99|70.109.147.99]] identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by [[User:Geronimo20|Geronimo20]]. ([[WP:TWINKLE|TW]]) {{Taxobox | name = ''Gadus'' | image = Atlantic cod.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Atlantic cod]], ''[[Gadus morhua]]'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Gadiformes]] | familia = [[Gadidae]] | genus = '''''Gadus''''' | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = Species in genus ''Gadus'' *[[Atlantic cod]], ''Gadus morhua'' *[[Pacific cod]], ''Gadus macrocephalus'' *[[Greenland cod]], ''Gadus ogac'' }} :''This article is about the fish. For other uses, see [[Cod (disambiguation)]].'' '''Cod''' is the common name for the [[genus]] ''Gadus'' of [[fish]], belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Gadidae]], and is also used in the common name of a variety of other fishes. Cod is a popular [[food]] fish with a mild flavor, low fat content and a dense white flesh that flakes easily. Cod livers are processed to make [[cod liver oil]], an important source of [[Vitamin A]], [[Vitamin D]] and [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s ([[eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]] and [[docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]]). Larger cod caught during [[spawning]] are sometimes called '''skrei'''. Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. The Atlantic cod, which can change color at certain water depths, has two distinct color phases: gray-green and reddish brown. Its average weight is 5 kg to 12 kg (10 lb to 25 lb), but specimens weighing up to 100 kg (200 lb) have been recorded. Cod feed on mollusks, crabs, starfish, worms, squid, and small fish. Some migrate south in winter to spawn. A large female lays up to five million eggs in midocean, a very small number of which survive. The Pacific cod is found north of Oregon. The tomcod resembles a young Atlantic cod with long, tapering ventral fins. It rarely exceeds 15 inches (37.5 cm) in length and lives close to shore. The [[pollock]], and [[coalfish]] are related species found in cool waters of the Atlantic. Pollock have forked tails and pale lateral lines and grow to 1 m (3 ft) and 15 kg (30 lb). Some grow to 2 m (6 feet) in length. Cod is moist and flakey when cooked and is white in color. In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Atlantic cod]] is one of the most common kinds of fish to be found in [[fish and chips]], along with [[haddock]] and [[plaice]]. It is also well known for being largely consumed in [[Portugal]] and the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque Country]], where it is considered a treasure of the nation's cuisine. Cod are currently at risk from overfishing.<ref>[http://environment.independent.co.uk/green_living/article3166434.ece Pollack sales rise, as public gets message on cod - Green Living, Environment - Independent.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.defra.gov.uk/fish/sea/pdf/200704north-shields-mer.pdf</ref> ==Species in genus ''Gadus''== At various times in the past, a very considerable number of [[species]] have been classified in this genus. However the great majority of them are now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as simply forms of one of three species. Modern taxonomy, therefore, recognizes only three species in this genus: *[[Atlantic cod]], ''Gadus morhua'' *[[Pacific cod]], ''Gadus macrocephalus'' *[[Greenland cod]], ''Gadus ogac'' All these species have a profusion of [[common name]]s, most of them including the word "cod". Many common names have been used of more than one species, in different places or at different times. ==Related species called cod== ''Cod'' forms part of the [[common name]] of many other fish no longer classified in the genus ''Gadus''. Many of these are members of the family Gadidae, and several were formerly classified in genus ''Gadus''; others are members of three related families within the order [[Gadiformes]] whose names include the word "cod": the [[morid cod]]s, [[Moridae]] (100 or so species); the eel cods, [[Muraenolepididae]] (4 species); and the [[Eucla cod]], [[Euclichthyidae]] (1 species). The tadpole cod family ([[Ranicipitidae]]) has now been absorbed within Gadidae. [[Image:Codstamp.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cod postage stamp, [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]]] Species within the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Gadiformes]] that are commonly called cod include: *[[Arctic cod]] ''Arctogadus glacialis'' *[[East Siberian cod]] ''Arctogadus borisovi'' *[[Eucla cod]] ''Euclichthys polynemus'' *[[Pelagic cod]] ''Melanonus gracilis'' *[[Polar cod]] ''Boreogadus saida'' *[[Poor cod]] ''Trisopterus minutus'' *[[Rock cod]] ''Lotella rhacina'' *[[Saffron cod]] ''Eleginus gracilis'' *[[Small-headed cod]] ''Lepidion microcephalus'' *[[Tadpole cod]] ''Guttigadus globosus'' Some other related fish have common names derived from "cod", such as [[codling]], [[codlet]] or [[tomcod]]. ("Codling" is also used as a name for a young cod.) ==Unrelated species called cod== However there are also fish commonly known as cod that are quite unrelated to the genus ''Gadus''. Part of this confusion of names is market-driven. Since the decline in cod stocks has made the Atlantic cod harder to catch, cod replacements [[culinary name|are marketed]] under names of the form "''x'' cod", and culinary rather than phyletic similarity has governed the emergence of these names. A very large number of fish have thus been named as some kind of cod at some time. The following species, however, seem to have well established common names including the word "cod"; note that all are [[Southern Hemisphere]] species. ===Perciformes=== [[Image:Fisher with cod.jpg|right|thumb|Norwegian fisher with cod]] Fish of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Perciformes]] that are commonly called "cod" include: *[[Blue cod]] ''Parapercis colias'' *[[Eastern freshwater cod]] ''Maccullochella ikei'' *[[Mary River cod]] ''Maccullochella peelii mariensis'' *[[Murray cod]] ''Maccullochella peelii peelii'' *[[Sleepy cod]] ''Oxyeleotris lineolatus'' *[[Trout cod]] ''Maccullochella macquariensis'' *The cod icefish family, [[Nototheniidae]], including: **[[Antarctic cod]] ''Dissostichus mawsoni'' **[[Black cod]] ''Paranotothenia microlepidota'' **[[Maori cod]] ''Paranotothenia magellanica'' ====Rock cod, reef cod, and coral cod==== Almost all the fish known as coral cod, reef cod or rock cod are also in order Perciformes. Most are better known as [[grouper]]s, and belong to the family [[Serranidae]]. Others belong to the Nototheniidiae. Two exceptions are the [[Australasia]]n red rock cod, which belongs to a different order (see below), and the fish known simply as the rock cod also by soft cod in New Zealand, ''Lotella rhacina'', which as noted above actually is related to the true cod (it is a morid cod). ===Scorpaeniformes=== From the order [[Scorpaeniformes]]: *[[Ling cod]] ''Ophiodon elongatus'' *[[Red rock cod]] ''Scorpaena papillosa'' ===Ophidiiformes=== The tadpole cod family, [[Ranicipitidae]], and the [[Eucla cod]] family, [[Euclichthyidae]], were formerly classified in the order [[Ophidiiformes]], but are now grouped with the [[Gadiformes]]. ==Species marketed as cod== Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong in the same family, the Gadidae, as cod. * [[Haddock]] ''Melanogrammus aeglefinus'' * [[Merlangius merlangus|Whiting]] ''Merlangius merlangus'' ==Identification== Classic cod shape, with three rounded dorsal and two anal fins. The pelvic fins are small with the first ray extended, and are set under the gill cover (i.e. the throat region), in front of the pectorals. The upper jaw extends over the lower jaw, which has a well developed chin barbel. Medium sized eyes, approximately the same as the length of the chin barbel. It has a distinct white lateral line running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the caudal or tail fin. The back tends to be a greenish to sandy brown, and showing extensive mottling especially towards the lighter sides and white belly. Dark brown colouration of the back and sides is not uncommon especially for individuals who have resided in rocky inshore regions. ==Breeding== The cod population comprises a number of reasonably distinct stocks over its range. These include the Arcto-Norwegian, North Sea, Faroe, Iceland, East Greenland, West Greenland, Newfoundland, and Labrador stocks. There would seem to be little interchange between the stocks, although migrations to their individual breeding grounds may involve distances of 200 miles or more. Spawning occurs between January to April (March and April are the peak months), at a depth of 200 m in specific spawning grounds at water temperatures of between 4-6 °C. Around the UK, the major ones are associated with the Middle to Southern North Sea, the start of the Bristol Channel (north of Newquay), the Irish Channel (both east and west of the Isle of Man), around Stornoway, and east of Helmsdale. Pre-spawning courtship involves fin displays, and male grunting{{Fact|date=March 2008}}, which leads to pairing. The male is inverted underneath the female, whilst the pair swim in circles during the spawning process. The eggs are planktonic and hatch between 8 to 23 days with the larva being some 4mm in length. This planktonic phase lasts some ten weeks, during which the young cod will increase it's body weight by 40 times, and be about 2cm in length. The young cod move to the seabed and their diet changes to small benthic crustaceans, such as isopods and small crabs. They increase in size to 8 cm (3 inches) in the first six months, 14 cm to 18 cm (6 to 7 inches) by the end of their first year, and some 25 cm to 35 cm (10 to 14 inches) by the end of the second. This rate of growth tends to be less in individuals occupying northerly grounds. Cod reach maturity at about 50 cm (20 inches) in length at about 3 to 4 years of age. ==Biome== Varied, although often favouring rough ground especially inshore. Demersal in depths of between 20 m to 200 m, 80 m on average (70 to 700 feet, 270 feet on average), although not uncommon to depths of 600 m (2000 feet). Gregarious and forms schools, although shoaling tends to be a feature of the spawning season. ==Predation== Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on [[sand eel]]s, [[whiting]], [[haddock]], small cod, [[squid]], [[crab]]s, [[lobster]]s, [[mussel]]s, [[worm]]s, [[mackerel]], and [[mollusc]]s, supplementing their diets. Young cod eat the same but avoid larger prey. ==Range== ''Gadus morhua'' cod are found in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the Northern Atlantic. The ''Gadus macrocephalus'' is found in both eastern and western regions of the Pacific.<ref>"Cod", ''Encyclopedia Britannica online'' 2008 </ref> ==Cod trade== {{commercial fish topics}} [[Image:Stockfisch.wmt.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Stockfish]] [[Image:Klippfisk.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Salted and dried cod, produced in Norway. Photo by Karl Ragnar Gjertsen]] Cod has been an important economic commodity in an [[international market]] since the [[Viking]] period (around 800 AD). [[Norway|Norwegians]] used [[dried and salted cod|dried cod]] during their travels and soon a dried cod market developed in southern [[Europe]]. This market has lasted for more than 1000 years, passing through periods of [[Black Death]], wars and other crises and still is an important Norwegian fish trade.<ref>{{cite journal | title = What Was the Viking Age and When did it Happen? A View from Orkney. | author = James Barrett, Roelf Beukens, Ian Simpson, Patrick Ashmore, Sandra Poaps and Jacqui Huntley | journal = Norwegian Archaeological Review | volume = 33(1) | pages = 1| year = 2000 | doi = 10.1080/00293650050202600}}</ref> The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] since the 15th century have been fishing cod in the North Atlantic and clipfish is widely eaten and appreciated in Portugal. The [[Basques]] also played an important role in the cod trade and are claimed to have found the Canadian fishing banks before the Colombus' discovery of America.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} The North American east coast developed in part due to the vast amount of cod, and many cities in the New England area spawned near cod fishing grounds. Apart from the long history this particular trade also differs from most other trade of fish by the location of the fishing grounds, far from large populations and without any [[domestic market]]. The large cod fisheries along the coast of [[North Norway]] (and in particular close to the [[Lofoten]] islands) have been developed almost uniquely for [[export]], depending on sea transport of [[stockfish]] over large distances.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Norwegian fisheries Research. | author = G. Rolfsen | journal = FiskDir. Skr. Ser. HavUnders. | volume = 14(1) | pages = 36 | year = 1966}}</ref> Since the introduction of salt, dried [[salt cod]] ('klippfisk' in Norwegian) has also been exported. The trade operations and the sea transport were by the end of the 14th century taken over by the [[Hanseatic League]], [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]] being the most important port of trade.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Norway and sea the shifting importance of marine resources through Norwegian history | author = A. Holt-Jensen | journal = [[GeoJournal]] | volume = 10(4) | pages = | year = 1985}}</ref> [[William Pitt the Elder]], criticizing the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in [[Parliament of England|Parliament]], claimed that cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly to restore [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] fishing rights to the French. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the New World, especially in [[Massachusetts]] and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, forming trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In the 20th century, [[Iceland]] re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the [[Cod Wars]] to gain control over the north Atlantic seas. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, cod fishing off the coast of Europe and America severely depleted cod stocks there which has since become a major political issue as the necessity of restricting catches to allow fish populations to recover has run up against opposition from the fishing industry and politicians reluctant to approve any measures that will result in job losses. The 2006 Northwest [[Atlantic cod]] [[IFQ|quota]] is set at 23,000 tons representing half the available stocks, while it is set to 473,000 tons for the Northeast Atlantic cod. The Pacific Cod is currently enjoying a strong global demand. The 2006 TAC for the Gulf of Alaska and Berning Sea Aleutian Island was set at 260,000,000 kg (574 million pounds). ==Endangered Species Controversies in Canada and Europe== Following collapse of the Canadian cod stock in the early 1990's, the Canadian [[Department of Fisheries and Oceans]] (DFO) issued in [[1992]] a ban on Northern cod fishing, which caused great economic hardship in the east coast Canadian province of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]. In [[1995]], in a controversial move, [[Brian Tobin]] the Canadian Federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, reopened the hunt on the [[harp seal]], which prey on cod, stating: "There is only one major player still fishing the cod. His name is harp and his second name is seal." <ref>[http://www.seashepherd.org/ocean_realm/ocean_realm_aut99.html Sea Shepherd - Ocean Realm Autumn 1999<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In [[1998]], the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] (COSEWIC), the body that develops Canada's national list of species submitted a report that listed the Atlantic cod as a species of "special concern", though not an endangered species. Dr.Kim Bell, who drafted the report for COSEWIC, subsequently stated <ref>[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/specialfeatures/atlanticcod/cod.asp Atlantic Cod Endangered : Canadian Geographic Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> that the original report in fact ''had'' advised endangered status but that this advise had been suppressed under political pressure by the DFO. The ban on cod fishing was partly lifted in [[1997]] by the DFO, though according to the [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea]] the recovery of the Canadian cod stock had been quite poor <ref>[http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/recoveryplans.asp Marine World - Will Atlantic cod ever recover<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. In general, depleted populations of cod and other gadids do not appear to recover easily when fishing pressure is reduced or stopped <ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6798/abs/406882a0.html Collapse and recovery of marine fishes : Abstract : Nature<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. In [[2003]], COSEWIC did place the [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] population of Atlantic cod on the list of endangered species and Fisheries Minister [[Robert Thibault]] announced an indefinite closure of the cod fishery in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] and off the northeast coast of Newfoundland. In [[2005]] the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]-Canada accused both foreign and Canadian fishing vessels of deliberate, large-scale violations of the restrictions on cod fishing on the [[Grand Banks]], in the form of [[bycatch]] <ref>[http://www.wwf.ca/NewsAndFacts/NewsRoom/default.asp?section=archive&page=display&ID=1407&lang=EN WWF Canada - News - Fisheries laying waste to endangered fish stocks: WWF-Canada Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/news/index.cfm?uNewsID=23370 WWF - Cod overfished in the North-West Atlantic despite ban<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and of poor enforcement of the restrictions by [[NAFO]], an intergovernmental organization with a mandate to provide scientific advice and management of fisheries in the northwestern part of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. In [[2000]], cod was placed on the list of [[endangered species]] by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF), an international non-governmental organization for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund. The WWF issued a report <ref>[http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/news/index.cfm?uNewsID=13051 WWF - No more cod in 15 years, WWF report warns<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> stating that global cod catch had suffered a 70 per cent drop over the last 30 years, and that if this trend continued, the world’s cod stocks would disappear in 15 years. The endangered species claim by the WWF was disputed by Åsmund Bjordal, director of the [[Norwegian Institute of Marine Research]] <ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article319556.ece Cod not endangered species - Aftenposten.no<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> who stated that in view of the health of the [[Barents Sea]] cod population, cod should not be placed on an endangered species list. Cod is among Norway's most important fishery export items and the [[Barents Sea]] is the most important cod fishery of Norway. In a [[2004]] report <ref>[http://www.panda.org/news_facts/publications/index.cfm?uNewsID=12982 WWF - The Barents Sea Cod - the last of the large cod stocks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, the WWF agreed that the [[Barents Sea]] cod fishery appeared to be healthy but that that may not last due to illegal fishing, industrial development, and high fishing quota. According to [[Seafood Watch]], cod is currently on the list of fish that American consumers, who are sustainability minded, should avoid. ==Trivia== [[Image:Kingcod.png|right|thumb|200px|A Norwegian "king cod" commonly used for weather forecast in the old days.]] *Every now and then a cod with a deformed skull is found; the skull has a distinct top or crown giving it the name "king cod" or kongetorsk in Norwegian. In Norway this rare fish was earlier considered to have the ability to forecast the weather and was commonly used. A woolen thread was used to hang the fish from the ceiling and the fish's nose would point in different directions depending on the weather to come for the few next days. In reality, it was not the fish but rather the thread causing the movement. By absorbing humidity from the air, the twisted thread served as a primitive [[hygrometer]], turning the fish to slightly different positions depending on the humidity of the air. *[[Barnstable County, Massachusetts|Barnstable County]] in [[Massachusetts]] is commonly known as [[Cape Cod, Massachusetts|Cape Cod]] since the area of which it's located is abundant in the cod fish. ==References== *{{cite book|last=Clover|first=Charles|title=The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat|year=2004|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|id=ISBN 0-09-189780-7}} *{{cite book|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Kurlansky|title=Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World|year=1997|publisher=Walker|location=New York|id=ISBN 0-8027-1326-2}} <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div> ==See also== *[[Bacalao]] *[[Bacalhau]] *[[Baccalà]] *[[Cod War]] *[[Bottle#Codd-neck bottles|Codd-neck bottle]] *[[Dried and salted cod]] *[[Fishing stage]] *[[Oilfish]] *[[Overfishing]] *[[Scrod]] *[[Stockfish]] ==External links== {{Commonscat|Gadus}} {{Wikispecies|Gadus}} *[http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codfish.htm Codtrace] *[http://www.fishbase.org/NomenClature/ScientificNameSearchList.cfm?Genus=Gadus fishbase.org - Scientific Names for Gadus] *[http://www.fisheriesheritage.ca Fisheries Heritage website, Newfoundland and Labrador] *[http://www.nfh.uit.no/phaeocystis/uvac/TIM.htm Long term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries – the pioneers] *[http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/fisheries_management/Cod%20Factsheet2%20APRIL%202007%20v.1.1.pdf Species factsheet on cod from the UK Sea Fish Industry Authority (PDF, 2MB)] {{fisheries and fishing}} [[Category:Gadidae]] [[Category:Edible fish]] [[Category:Commercial fish]] [[ang:Cod]] [[be:Траска]] [[be-x-old:Траска]] [[da:Torsk]] [[de:Kabeljau]] [[es:Bacalao]] [[eo:Moruo]] [[eu:Bakailao]] [[fr:Morue]] [[ga:Trosc]] [[hr:Bakalar]] [[is:Þorskaætt]] [[it:Merluzzo]] [[ja:タラ]] [[he:בקלה]] [[lt:Menkė]] [[la:Asellus]] [[nl:Kabeljauw]] [[nn:Torsk]] [[no:Torsk]] [[pl:Dorsz]] [[pt:Bacalhau]] [[ru:Треска]] [[fi:Turska]] [[sv:Torsk]] [[tr:Morina]] [[zh:鳕鱼]]