Cod Wars
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2008-07-12T08:20:47Z
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{{fishing history}}
{{POV|date=December 2007}}
{{Distinguish2|the [[Cold War]]}}
[[Image:Scylla_-_Odinn_scrap.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Icelandic Coast Guard and British Royal Navy vessels duel in the North Atlantic.]]
The '''Cod Wars''', also called the '''Iceland Cod Wars''' ([[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Þorskastríðin'', "the cod wars", or ''Landhelgisstríðin'', "the wars for the territorial waters"<ref>The [[Icelandic Coast Guard]]'s name in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] directly translates as "Territorial waters Guard".</ref>) were a series of confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iceland]] regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic. The name of the conflict may be derived from a pun on the term "[[Cold War]]" (with "[[cod]]" reading so similarly to "cold"), possibly via the British [[tabloid]] press.
In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] extending beyond its [[territorial waters]], before announcing plans to reduce [[overfishing|over-fishing]]. It policed its [[Individual fishing quota|quota system]] with the [[Military of Iceland|coast guard]], leading to a series of [[Net Cutters|net-cutting]] incidents with British [[Commercial trawler|trawlers]] that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of British [[Royal Navy|Royal Naval]] warships and [[tug-boat|tug-boats]] was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft.
In 1976, a compromise between the two states allowed a maximum of 24 British trawlers access to the disputed 200 [[nautical mile]] (370 km) limit. Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on [[November 14]], [[1994]], after having been agreed at the conference on the Third [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in 1982.
==Background and history==
[[Image:ISLEEZ.png|left|thumb|150px|Expansion of the Icelandic [[EEZ]].
{{legend|#E32636|Iceland}}
{{legend|#FFFFFF|internal waters}}
{{legend|#00FFFF|4nm expansion}}
{{legend|#00CCCC|12nm expansion (current extent of territorial waters)}}
{{legend|#4682B4|50nm expansion}}
{{legend|#1034A6|200nm expansion (current extent of EEZ)}}]]
[[Image:Zonmar-en.svg|right|thumb|150px|Sea areas in international rights did not become universally recognized until 1982.]]
[[Image:TraditionalFisherman1Ice.JPG|thumb|150px|A traditional Icelandic [[fisherman]]]]
Iceland's population of 250,000 was at that time almost exclusively dependent on fishing as a source of income. As [[fish]] stocks diminish around the world, the scope for confrontation has increased. Throughout the world, examples exist of a nation's fishing fleets committing systematic incursions into fishing areas considered either "protected" or under the [[jurisdiction]] of another country.
With increases in fishing ability enabled by [[steam engine|steam power]] in the latter part of the 19th century, pressure was exerted on boat owners and skippers to exploit new grounds. Large catches in [[Iceland]]ic waters meant voyages across the [[North Atlantic]] became more regular. As a result, in 1893, the [[Government of Denmark|Danish Government]], who governed Iceland and the [[Faroe Islands]], claimed a fishing limit of 13 [[nautical mile]]s (24 km) around their shores. British trawler owners disputed this claim and continued to send their ships to Icelandic waters. Danish [[gunboat]]s patrolling the area escorted a number of vessels to port, fined them and confiscated their catch.
The [[British Government]] did not recognize this claim, on the grounds that setting such a precedent would lead to similar claims by nations which surrounded the [[North Sea]], which would be damaging to the British fishing industry.
In 1896, the United Kingdom made an agreement with Iceland which allowed for British vessels to use any Icelandic port for shelter, provided they stowed their gear and trawl nets. In return, British vessels were not to fish east of a line from Illunypa to Thornodesker Islet.
In April 1899, the steam trawler ''Caspian'' was fishing off the [[Faroe Islands]] when a Danish [[gunboat]] tried to arrest her for illegally fishing inside the limits. The trawler refused to stop and was fired upon. Eventually the trawler was caught, but before going aboard the Danish vessel, the skipper ordered his fishing mate to make a dash for it. The ''Caspian'' set off at full speed. The gunboat fired several shots, but could not catch up with the trawler, which returned heavily damaged to Grimsby. On board the Danish gunboat, the skipper of the ''Caspian'' was lashed to the mast. A court held at [[Thorshavn]] convicted him on several counts including illegal fishing and attempted assault and was jailed for thirty days.
With many British trawlers being charged and fined by Danish gunboats for fishing illegally within the 13 mile (24.1 km) limit (which the British Government did not recognize), the [[British press]] began to enquire why this Danish action against British interests was allowed to continue without intervention by the [[Royal Navy]]. The issue was left largely unresolved, and the reduction in fishing activity brought about by the [[First World War]] effectively ended the dispute.
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=First Cod War
|partof= the '''Cod Wars'''
|image=[[Image:CoventryAlbertWestfj.png|250px]]
|caption= ''Coventry City'' and ICGV ''Albert'' off the [[Westfjords]]
|date= from [[1 September]] until [[12 November]] [[1958]]
|place= Waters surrounding Iceland
|casus=[[Iceland]]ic unilateral expansion of territoral waters.
|territory= Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles
|result= An agreement is reached between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iceland]] where the UK accept the Icelandic annexation while Iceland agrees to take further claims before the International court at Hague.
|combatant1='''{{flag|Iceland}}''':<br/>
|combatant2='''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''<br/>
|commander1={{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Hermann Jónasson]]
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Bjarni Benediktsson]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Pétur Sigurðsson]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Captain (naval)|Capt.]] [[Eiríkur Kristófersson]]<br/>
|commander2={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Macmillan]]
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Lord Carrington]]<br/>
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Anderson<br/>
|strength1=
{{navy|Iceland}} <br/> 2 large Patrol vessels (3 in Feb. 1960) <br/> 6 small Patrol vessels <br/><br/>
|strength2=
{{navy|United Kingdom}} <br/> 28 Destroyers <br/> 32 Frigates <br/> 1 Fast Minelayer <br/> 1 Minesweeper <br/> 10 RFA Supply vessels <br/><br/>
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
}}
==The First Cod War==
The First Cod War lasted from [[1 September]] until [[12 November]] [[1958]]. It began as soon as a new Icelandic law that expanded the Icelandic fishery zone from 4 [[nautical mile]]s (nm) to 12 nm (from 7.4 to 22.2 km), came into force at midnight of [[1 September]].
The [[United Kingdom|British]] declared that their trawlers would fish under protection from their [[warship]]s in three areas, out of the [[Westfjords]], north of Horn and to the southeast of Iceland. All in all, 20 British trawlers, 4 warships and a supply vessel were inside the newly declared zones. This deployment was expensive, in February 1960 [[Lord Carrington]], Head of the [[Royal Navy]], reported that his ships near Iceland had expended half a million pound sterling worth of oil since the new year. As well as that all in all 53 British warships had taken part in the operations.<ref>Sveinn Sæmundsson, ''Guðmundur skipherra Kjærnested'', Örn og Örlygur. [Reykjavík]. 1984. p. 151. </ref> Against this Iceland could deploy seven Patrol vessels<ref> Jón Björnsson, ''Íslensk skip''. vol. III. Reykjavik. 1990 p. 8-142 ISBN 9979103752 </ref> and a single [[PBY Catalina|PBY-6A Catalina]] [[flying boat]].<ref> ''Svipmyndir úr 70 ára sögu''. Landhelgisgæsla Íslands. Reykjavík. 1996. p. 30-31, 37-38. ISBN 9979602775 </ref>
Many incidents followed, such as the one on [[4 September]], when the [[V/s Ægir|V/s ''Ægir'']], an Icelandic patrol vessel, attempted to take a British trawler off the Vestfjords, but was thwarted when [[HMS Russell (F97)|HMS ''Russell'']] intervened, and the two vessels collided.
At the end of September, the crew of [[V/s Þór|V/s ''Þór'']] (''Thor'') noticed that the British trawler ''Cape Palliser'' was flying the [[Soviet flag]] along with the [[Union Jack]]. ''Þór's'' captain sent a message to the commander of [[HMS Grafton (F51)|HMS ''Grafton'']], asking whether this was done at their request or the crew of the ''Cape Palliser'' had actually changed their nationality. When news of this reached the [[USSR]], the Soviet government protested heavily, for this was a violation of [[international law]]. Later the ''Cape Palliser'' was rammed and holed amidships by another trawler. During the period it was drifting helplessly, the Captain of the ''Þór'' attempted to board the ''Cape Palliser'' and arrest her, but was thwarted by HMS ''Grafton'', the ''Grafton'' performed temporary repairs on the ''Cape Palliser'' by placing a temporary patch on her hull so that she could limp home. The ''Cape Palliser'' stopped at [[Tórshavn|Thorshavn]] in the [[Faroe Islands]] on the way back to Hull, where the shipyard workers, though on strike, turned out to make a more permanent repair by welding a plate over the hole in her side.
On [[6 October]], [[V/s María Júlía|V/s ''María Júlía'']] fired three shots at the trawler ''Kingston Emerald'', forcing the trawler to escape to sea.
On [[12 November]], V/s ''Þór'' encountered the trawler ''Hackness'' which had not stowed its nets legally. ''Hackness'' did not stop until ''Þór'' had fired two blanks and one live shell off its bow. Once again, HMS ''Russel'' came to the rescue and its [[captain (nautical)|shipmaster]] ordered the Icelandic [[captain]] to leave the trawler alone as it was not within the 4 nm (7.4 km) limit recognized by the British government. ''Þór's'' captain, Eiríkur Kristófersson, protested that he would not do so, and ordered his men to approach the trawler with the gun manned. In response, the ''Russel'' threatened to sink the Icelandic boat if it so much as fired one shot at the ''Hackness''. More British ships then arrived and the ''Hackness'' escaped.
Eventually the British and Iceland came to a settlement, which stipulated that any future disagreement between Iceland and Britain in the matter of fishery zones would be sent to the [[International Court of Justice]] in [[the Hague]]. The Icelandic minister of justice and ecclesiastical affairs [[Bjarni Benediktsson]] hailed the agreement as "Iceland's biggest political victory."
==The Second Cod War==<!-- This section is linked from 1972 -->
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Second Cod War
|partof= the '''Cod Wars'''
|image= [[Image:Klippur.jpg|200px|]]
|caption= The [[net cutters]], first used in the Second Cod War.
|date= from [[1 September]] [[1972]] until [[8 November]] [[1973]]
|place= Waters surrounding Iceland
|casus=
|territory= Iceland creates 50 nm exclusive fishery zone
|result= An agreement is reached between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iceland]] where the UK accept the Icelandic annexation in exchange for permission to catch 150,000 tons of fish until 1975.
|combatant1='''{{flag|Iceland}}''':<br/>
|combatant2='''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''<br/>
|commander1={{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Ólafur Jóhannesson]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Pétur Sigurðsson]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Commander|Cdr.]] [[Guðmundur Kjærnested]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Commander|Cdr.]] [[Helgi Hallvarðsson]]<br/>
|commander2={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Edward Heath]]<br/>
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Adm.]] [[Michael Pollock]]<br/>
|strength1=
{{navy|Iceland}} <br/> 3 large Patrol vessels <br/> 2 small Patrol vessels <br/> 1 Armed Whaler <br/>
|strength2=
{{navy|United Kingdom}} <br/> 30 Frigates <br/> 1 Destroyer <br/> 11 RFA Supply vessels <br/>
[[Image:Government Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] <br/> 5 Defence Tugs <br/><br/>
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
}}
[[Image:Klippuemployment.PNG|thumb|200px|left|The primary objective of the Icelandic Coast Guard during the latter two wars was to cut nets in this manner]]
On [[1 September]] [[1972]], the enforcement of the law that expanded the Icelandic fishery limits to 50 [[nautical mile|nm]] (92.6 km) began. Numerous [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[West Germany|West German]] trawlers continued fishing within the new zone on the first day. The Icelandic leftist coalition which reigned at the time, ignored the treaty which stipulated the involvement of the [[International Court of Justice]] and said that it wasn't bound by agreements which the previous centre-right government had made.
The next day, the ICGV Ægir chased 16 trawlers in waters east of the country, out of the 50 nm zone.
During this war, the [[Icelandic Coast Guard]] started to use [[net cutters]] to cut the trawling lines of non-Icelandic vessels fishing within the new exclusion zone. On [[18 January]] [[1973]], the nets were cut off eighteen trawlers. This day forced the British seamen to threaten to leave the Icelandic fishery zone unless they had the protection of the [[Royal Navy]]. The day after, large, fast [[tugboat]]s were sent to their defence. The first was the ''Statesman''. The British considered this insufficient, and formed a special group to defend the trawlers.
On [[23 January]] [[1973]], the volcano [[Eldfell]] on [[Heimaey]] erupted and the Coast Guard needed to divert its attention to rescuing the inhabitants of the small [[island]].
On [[17 May]], the British trawlers left the Icelandic waters, only to return two days later along with British frigates. The Icelandic Lighthouse tender ICGV ''Árvakur'' collided with four British vessels on [[1 June]] and six days later V/s ''Ægir'' collided with [[HMS Scylla (F71)|HMS ''Scylla'']], when it was reconnoitring for icebergs off the Vestfjords, even though no trawlers were present.
On [[16 September]], [[Joseph Luns]], Secretary-General of [[NATO]], arrived in [[Reykjavík]] to talk with Icelandic ministers, who had been pressed to leave NATO as it had been of no help to the Icelandic people in the conflict. (Britain and Iceland both being members, the Royal Navy made use of Icelandic bases in the cold war as part of its primary NATO duty of guard the [[GIUK gap|Greenland-Iceland-UK gap]], particularly against Soviet Submarines.)
After a series of talks within [[NATO]], British warships were recalled on [[3 October]]. An agreement was signed on [[8 November]], which limited British fishing activities to certain areas inside the 50 nm limit, resolving the dispute that time. The resolution was based on the premise that British trawlers would limit their annual catch to no more than 130,000 [[ton]]s. This agreement expired in November 1975, and the third "Cod War" began.
==The Third Cod War==
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Third Cod War
|partof= the '''Cod Wars'''
|image=[[Image:VsþoLnderjan976.png|250px]]
|caption= HMS ''Leander'' closing in on ICGV ''Þór''
|date= from [[16 November]] [[1975]] until late June 1976
|place= Waters surrounding Iceland
|casus=[[Iceland]]ic unilateral expansion of exclusive fishery zone.
|territory= Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles
|result= An agreement is reached between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iceland]] where the UK accept the expansion while receiving a temporary allowable catch for its fishing fleet.
|combatant1='''{{flag|Iceland}}''':<br/>
|combatant2='''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''<br/>
|commander1={{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Geir Hallgrímsson]]
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Pétur Sigurðsson]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Commander|Cdr.]] [[Guðmundur Kjærnested]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Commander|Cdr.]] [[Helgi Hallvarðsson]]<br/>
|commander2={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Wilson]]
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Adm.]] [[Edward Ashmore]]<br/>
|strength1=
{{navy|Iceland}}
4 large Patrol vessels <br/> 2 small Patrol vessels <br/> 2 [[Naval trawler|Armed Trawlers]] <br/><br/>
|strength2=
{{navy|United Kingdom}} <br/> 22 Frigates <br/> 7 RFA Supply vessels <br/>
[[Image:Government Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] <br/> 6 Defence Tugs <br/><br/>
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
}}
The Third Cod War (November 1975–June 1976) occurred again between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iceland]]. Iceland had declared that the ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its coast fell under Icelandic authority. The British government did not recognize this large increase to the exclusion zone, and as a result, there came to be an issue with British [[fishermen]] and their 'incursion' into the disputed zone. The 'war', which was the most hard fought of the Cod Wars, saw British fishing trawlers have their nets cut by the [[Icelandic Coast Guard]], and there were several incidents of ramming by Icelandic ships and British trawlers, [[frigate]]s and tugboats.
One of the more severe incidents happened on [[December 11]][[1975]] , (and as reported by Iceland) [[V/s Þór|V/s ''Þór'']], under the command of [[Helgi Hallvarðsson]] was leaving port at [[Seyðisfjörður]], where they had been minesweeping, when orders were received to investigate the presence of unidentified foreign vessels at the mouth of the fjord. These vessels were identified as three British ships, ''Lloydsman'' an ocean going tug which was three times bigger than V/s ''Þór'', ''Star Aquarius'' (an oil rig supply vessel of the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]]), and her sistership ''Star Polaris''. They were sheltering from a force nine gale within Iceland's {{convert|12|nmi|km|sing=on}} territorial waters.<ref>Storey, Norman, ''What price cod? : a tugmaster's view of the cod wars.'' Beverley, North Humberside. Hutton Press. c 1992. ISBN 1872167446</ref> In the Icelandic account, when ordered to leave Icelandic territorial waters by ''Þór''´s commander the three tugboats initially complied. But around two nautical miles (4 km) from the coast the ''Star Aquarius'' allegedly veered to starboard and hit ''Þór''s port side as the Coast Guards attempted to overtake the ''Star Aquarius'' . Even as ''Þór'' increased speed, the ''Lloydsman'' again collided with its port side. The ''Þór'' had suffered considerable damage by these hits so when the ''Star Aquarius'' came about, a blank round was fired from ''Þór''. This didn't deter the ''Star Aquarius'' as it hit ''Þór'' a second time. Another shot was fired from ''Þór'' as a result, this time a live round that hit ''Star Aquarius'''s bow. After that the tug-boats retreated. V/s ''Þór'', which was close to sinking after the confrontation sailed to [[Loðmundarfjörður]] for temporary repairs.<ref>Atli Magnússon, ''Í kröppum sjó : Helgi Hallvarðsson skipherra segir frá sægörpum og svaðilförum''. Örn og Örlygur. [Reykjavík]. 1992. p. 204-206 ISBN 997955035X Ib. :</ref> The British reports of the incident differ considerably, maintaining that ''Þór'' attempted to board one of the tug-boats. And as ''Þór'' broke away the ''Lloydsman'' surged forward to protect the ''Star Aquarius''. Captain Albert MacKenzie of the ''Star Aquarius'' said the ''Þór'' approached from the stern and hit the support vessel, before it veered off and fired a shot from a range of about {{convert|100|yd|m}}. Niels Sigurdsson, the Icelandic Ambassador in London, said ''Þór'' had been firing in self-defence after it had been rammed by British vessels. Iceland consulted the [[United Nations Security Council]] over the incident, who declined to intervene.<ref>Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson, ''Þorskastríðin þrjú : saga landhelgismálsins 1948-1976'', Hafréttarstofnun Íslands. Reykjavík. 2006. ISBN 9979701412 (ib.)</ref>
A second incident occurred in 1976, when [[HMS Andromeda (F57)|HMS ''Andromeda'']] was dented when ''Þór'' sailed close to her bow. ''Þór'' sustained a hole in its hull. The British Ministry of Defence said that the collision represented a "deliberate attack" on the British warship "without regard for life". The Icelandic coastguard on the other hand insisted ''Andromeda'' had rammed ''Þór'' by "overtaking the boat and then swiftly changing course".{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Britain deployed a total of 22 frigates against the four Icelandic patrol vessels V/s ''Óðinn'', V/s ''Þór'', V/s ''Týr'' and V/s ''Ægir'' as well as two armed trawlers V/s ''Baldur'' and V/s ''Ver''.<ref>Atli Magnússon, ''Í kröppum sjó : Helgi Hallvarðsson skipherra segir frá sægörpum og svaðilförum''. Örn og Örlygur. [Reykjavík]. 1992. p. 201-202 </ref><ref name=Janes>''Jane's fighting ships : the standard reference of the world's navies.'' London, [1900- ].</ref> The Icelandic government tried to acquire U.S. [[Asheville class gunboat]]s, and when denied by the American government they tried to get Soviet [[Mirka class frigate]]s. In addition to the frigates, the United Kingdom also deployed a total seven supply ships, nine tug-boats, and three support ships to protect its fishing trawlers, although only six to nine of these vessels were on deployment at any one time. <ref name=Janes/>
A more serious turn of events came when Iceland threatened closure of the [[NATO]] base at [[Keflavík]], which would, in the military perception of the time, have severely impaired NATO's ability to defend the [[Atlantic Ocean]] from the [[Soviet Union]]. As a result, the British government agreed to have its fishermen stay outside Iceland's 200 nautical mile (370 km) exclusion zone without a specific agreement.
==The Last Ramming==
On the evening of [[6 May]] [[1976]], after the end of the third Cod War had already been decided, the Icelandic ship ''Týr'' was caught trying to cut the nets of the trawler ''Carlisle''. Captain Gerald Plumer of nuclear-armed [[HMS Falmouth (F113)|HMS ''Falmouth'']] decided to ram [[V/s Týr|V/s ''Týr'']]. The ''Falmouth'' at the speed of 22+ knots (41+ km/h) steamed into the ship, almost capsizing her. However, ''Týr'' did not sink and managed to cut the nets of ''Carlisle'' anyway. This resulted in another ramming. At that moment ''Týr'' was heavily damaged and propelled by only a single screw and pursued by the tug-boat ''Statesman''. In this dire situation Guðmundur Kjærnested, captain of V/s ''Týr'' gave orders to man the guns, in spite of the overwhelming superiority of firepower the ''Falmouth'' enjoyed.
<ref>Óttar Sveinsson, ''Útkall : Týr er að sökkva''. Útkall. [Reykjavík] 2004. ISBN 9979956968 (ib.)</ref> ''Falmouth'' was so damaged in the collision that she returned to port where her damaged bow was removed and replaced.
== Results ==
The agreements did not slow the decline of the British fisheries, severely affecting the economies of northern fishing ports in the UK, such as [[Grimsby]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] and [[Fleetwood]].
==References==
<references/>
== See also ==
* [[Overfishing]]
* [[British military history]]
* Spanish ships and the [[Canadian Navy]] had clashes over fishing in the 1990s in what was known in the Spanish press as ''la guerra del fletán'', the [[Turbot War]].
== Further reading ==
* Kurlansky, Mark. ''Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World''. New York: Walker & Company, 1997 (reprint edition: Penguin, 1998). ISBN 0-8027-1326-2, ISBN 0-14-027501-0.
==External links==
* [http://www.american.edu/TED/icefish.htm American University] Case Study - ''The Cod War''
* [http://home.freeuk.com/nigelhadley/codwar.htm MV Miranda Site] Website of the ''MV Miranda'', a Trawler support vessel
* [http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/CodWar.htm Britain's Small Wars] - ''The Cod War''
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/nationonfilm/00332?size=4x3&bgc=C0C0C0&nbram=1&bbram=1 BBC] Video footage from the BBC '''(Requires Realplayer)'''
* [http://www.lhg.is/sagan/thorskastridin/] {{is icon}} - ''Fiskveiðideilur Íslendinga við erlendar þjóðir'', by Guðni Jóhannesson
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/20/newsid_2510000/2510837.stm BBC 'On this Day' 1973: ''Royal Navy moves to protect trawlers'']
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_2546000/2546045.stm BBC 'On this Day' 1975: "Attack on British vessels heightens Cod War"]
{{Iceland topics|state=autocollapse}}
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[[Category:Fishing law]]
[[Category:Fishing history]]
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