Coffeehouse 370815 223735410 2008-07-05T14:50:33Z 88.238.24.143 /* References */ {{Nofootnotes|article|date=July 2007}} [[Image:ParisCafeDiscussion.png|thumb|"Discussing the [[Franco-Prussian War|War]] in a Paris Café", ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' 17 September 1870]] {{otheruses4|the establishment that serves coffee|the social event|Coffeehouse (event)}} {{Redirect|Coffee shop}} A '''coffeehouse'''{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} ([[French language|French]]/[[Spanish language|Spanish]]/[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: '''''café'''''; [[Italian language|Italian]]: '''''caffè''''', [[German language|German]]: '''''café''''' or '''''Kaffeehaus''''', [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''''Kahvehane''''') is an establishment which primarily serves prepared coffee or other hot beverages. It shares some of the characteristics of a [[bar (establishment)|bar]], and some of the characteristics of a [[restaurant]], but it is different from a [[cafeteria]]. As the name suggests, coffeehouses focus on providing [[coffee]] and [[tea]] as well as light snacks. This differs from a '''[[café]]''', which is an informal restaurant, offering a range of hot meals, and possibly being licensed to serve alcohol. Many coffee houses in the [[Muslim world]], and in Muslim districts in the West, offer ''shisha'', powdered tobacco smoked through a [[hookah]]. In establishments where it is tolerated - which may be found notably in the [[Netherlands]], especially in [[Amsterdam]] - [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] may be smoked as well. From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: the coffeehouse provides social members with a place to congregate, talk, write, read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. == History == [[Image:Meddah story teller.png|thumb|200px|Storyteller (''[[meddah]]'') at a coffeehouse in the [[Ottoman Empire]]]] Since the 15th century, the coffeehouse (''al-maqhah'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], ''qahveh-khaneh'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] or ''Kahvehane'' or ''kıraathane'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]) has served as a social gathering place in [[Middle East]]ern countries where men assemble to drink coffee (usually [[Arabic coffee]]) or tea, listen to music, read books, play chess and backgammon, and perhaps hear a recitation from the works of [[Antar]] or from [[Shahnameh]]. In 1457 the first coffeehouse, ''Kiva Han'', was opened in [[Istanbul]], just four years after its conquest by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. Coffeehouses in [[Mecca]] soon became a concern as places for political gathering s to the imams who banned them, and the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530 the first coffee house was opened in [[Damascus]] [http://www.tomstandage.com/6G.html], and not long after there were many coffee houses in [[Cairo]]. In the 17th century, [[coffee]] appeared for the first time in [[Europe]] outside the [[Ottoman Empire]], and coffeehouses were established and quickly became popular. The first coffeehouses in [[Western Europe]] appeared in [[Venice]], due to the traffics between [[Republic of Venice|La Serenissima]] and the Ottomans; the very first one is recorded in 1645. The first coffeehouse in [[England]] was set up in [[Oxford]] in 1650 by a [[Jewish]] man named Jacob. <ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862 in [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] ]</ref> Oxford's [[Queen's Lane Coffee House]], established in 1654, is still in existence today. The first coffeehouse in [[London]] was opened in 1652 in St Michael's Alley, [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]]. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the [[Armenians|Armenian]] servant of a trader in [[Turkish people|Turkish]] goods named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|first=Bennett Alan|last=Weinberg|coauthors=Bonnie K. Bealer|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-92722-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Coffee A Dark History|first=Anthony|last=Wild|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2005|isbn=0393060713}}</ref>.[[Boston]] had its first in 1670. Pasqua Rosée also established [[Paris|Paris']] first coffeehouse in 1672 and held a city-wide coffee monopoly until Francesca Procopio dei Coltelli opened The Cafe Le Procope [http://www.procope.com/]in 1686 <ref>[http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/Beverages/History+of+Coffee.htm Nestlé UK - History of Coffee<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major locus of the French [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]; [[Voltaire]], [[Rousseau]], and [[Diderot]] frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'', the first modern encyclopedia.{{fact|date=February 2008}} Though [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public flocked to them. They were great social levellers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. More generally, coffee houses became meeting places where business could be carried on, news exchanged and the ''[[London Gazette]]'' (government announcements) read. [[Lloyd's of London]] had its origins in a coffeehouse run by [[Edward Lloyd (coffeehouse owner)|Edward Lloyd]], where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. By 1739 there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as [[Tory|Tories]] and [[British Whig Party|Whigs]], wits and [[stockjobber]]s, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the [[City of London|old city center]]. According to one French visitor, the [[Abbé Prévost]], coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government," were the "seats of English liberty." {{Fact|date=July 2007}} [[Image:Kahvihuone.jpg|thumb|left|Coffeehouse in [[Palestine]].]] The banning of women from coffehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned<ref> {{cite web | last = | first = | title = Coffee History | url=http://humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-27 }}</ref>. [[Émilie du Châtelet]] purportedly wore drag to gain entrance to a coffehouse in Paris <ref> {{cite web | last = | first = | title = Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet - and Voltaire| url=http://www.visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-27 }}</ref>. In a well-known engraving of a Parisian coffeehouse of c. 1700 [http://www.geocities.com/mtpetley/18th_century_coffehouse_1.jpg], the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffeepots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, [[sex segregation|separated]] in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups. [[Image:Wien Cafe Central 2004.jpg|200px|thumb|Traditional [[Café Central]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]]] The traditional tale of the origins of [[Viennese coffeehouses]] begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious [[Kings of Poland|Polish king]] [[John III of Poland|Jan III Sobieski]], who in turn gave them to one of his officers, [[Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki]]. Kulczycki began the first coffeehouse in [[Vienna]] with the hoard. However, it is now widely accepted that the first coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|first=Bennett Alan|last=Weinberg|coauthors=Bonnie K. Bealer|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-92722-6}}</ref>. In London, coffeehouses preceded the [[club]] of the mid-18th century, which skimmed away some of the more aristocratic clientele. [[Jonathan's Coffee-House]] in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the [[London Stock Exchange]]. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of [[Sotheby's]] and [[Christie's]]. In [[Victorian era|Victorian]] England, the [[temperance]] movement set up coffeehouses for the [[working classes]], as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the [[public house]] (pub). Coffee shops in the United States arose from the [[espresso]]- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the [[Italian-American]] immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably [[New York City]]'s [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] and [[Greenwich Village]], [[Boston]]'s [[North End, Boston, Massachusetts|North End]], and [[San Francisco]]'s [[North Beach, San Francisco, California|North Beach]]. Both Greenwich Village and North Beach were major haunts of the [[Beat Generation|Beats]], who became highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. Before the rise of the Seattle-based [[Starbucks]] chain, [[Seattle]] and other parts of the [[Pacific Northwest]] had a thriving [[countercultural]] coffeehouse scene; Starbucks standardized and mainstreamed this model. [[Image:Original Starbucks.jpg|left|The first Starbucks store, in Seattle, Washington|thumb]] In the United States, from the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly [[folk]] performers. This was likely due to the ease at accommodating a lone performer accompanying themself only with a guitar, even with limited floorspace; the political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their above-referenced association with political action. A number of well known performers like [[Joan Baez]] and [[Bob Dylan]] began their careers performing in coffeehouses. [[Blues]] singer [[Lightnin' Hopkins]] bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing, in his 1969 ''Coffeehouse Blues''. From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, many churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like ''The Gathering Place'' (Riverside, CA), ''The Lost Coin'' (New York City), and ''Jesus For You'' (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual "unchurchy" setting. These coffeehouses usually had a rather short life, about three to five years or so on average.{{fact|date=February 2008}} An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, ''A Coffeehouse Manual'', served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses. == Format == {{seealso|List of coffeehouse chains}} [[Image:Pastries sold at a coffee shop.jpg|thumb|right|Coffeehouses in the United States often sell [[pastries]] or other food items]] Cafes may have an outdoor section (terrace, ''pavement'' or [[sidewalk]] cafe) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafes. Cafes offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol. One of the original uses of the cafe, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the [[Internet cafe]] or [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)]]. The spread of modern style cafes to many places, urban and rural, went hand in hand with computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue helps to create a youthful, modern, outward-looking place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced. ===International variation=== American coffee shops are also often connected with [[indie (music)|indie]], [[jazz]] and [[acoustic music]], and will often have them playing either live or recorded in their shops. Coffeehouses are often gathering places for underage youths who cannot go to bars. In the United Kingdom, traditional coffeehouses as gathering places for youths fell out of favour after the 1960s, but the concept has been revived since the 1990s by chains such as [[Starbucks]], [[Coffee Republic]], [[Costa Coffee]], and [[Caffè Nero]] as places for professional workers to meet and eat out or simply to buy beverages and snack foods on their way to and from the workplace. In France, a cafe also serves alcoholic beverages. French cafes often serve simple snacks such as sandwiches. They may have a restaurant section. A ''brasserie'' is a cafe that serves meals, generally single dishes, in a more relaxed setting than a restaurant. A ''bistro'' is a cafe / restaurant, especially in Paris. [[Image:Syria.Damascus.CoffeeHouse.01.jpg|thumb|right|Coffeehouse in [[Damascus]]]] In Australian cities, a traditional [[Europe]]an cafe culture is thriving as a result of significant immigration from mainland Europe in the 19th century and 20th century. These establishments often cluster along certain streets and with the weather allowing curb side seating much of the year certain areas resemble a large party on a Friday or Saturday evening. In China, an abundance of recently-started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people. These coffee houses are more for show and status than anything else, with coffee prices often even higher than in the west. In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional [[breakfast]] and [[coffee]] shops are called [[kopi tiam]]s. The word is a [[portmanteau]] of the [[Malay language|Malay]] word for ''coffee'' (as borrowed and altered from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) and the [[Min Nan|Hokkien]] dialect word for ''shop'' (店; [[Pe̍h-oē-jī|POJ]]: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on [[egg (food)|egg]], [[toast]], and [[kaya (jam)]], plus [[coffee]], [[tea]], and [[Milo (drink)|Milo]], a malted chocolate drink which is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia. In parts of the [[Netherlands]] where the sale of [[cannabis]] is decriminalized, many cannabis shops call themselves [[Cannabis coffee shops|coffeeshop]]s. Foreign visitors often find themselves quite at a loss when they find that the shop they entered to have a coffee actually has a very different ''[[core business]]''. Incidentally, most cannabis shops sell a wide range of (non-alcoholic) beverages. In modern [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]], coffeehouses attract many men and boys to watch TV or play chess and smoke ''[[Hookah|shisha]]''. ==See also== * [[Cannabis coffee shops]] * [[Barista]] * [[Diner]] * [[Greasy spoon]] * [[Kafana]] * [[Internet cafe]] * [[Public house]] * [[Manga cafe]] * [[Viennese café]] * [[Tea room]] * [[Tea house]] * [[Sidewalk cafe]] ==Notes== <div class="references-small"> '''a.''' {{Note_label|A|a|none}} The most common English spelling, ''café'', is the [[French language|French]] spelling, and was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]], Second Edition (1989), entry number 50031127 (''café'').</ref> As English generally makes little use of [[diacritic]]al marks, [[anglicisation]] involves a natural tendency to forgo them, and the anglicized spelling ''cafe'' has thus become very common in English-language usage throughout the world (although orthographic [[wiktionary:proscriptive|proscriptivists]] often disapprove of it). The [[Italian language|Italian]] spelling, ''caffè'', is also sometimes used in English.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition (1989), entry number 00333259 (''caffé, n'')</ref>. In southern England, especially around [[London]] in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often shortened to {{IPA|[kæf]}} and spelt ''[[caff]]'' <ref>Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition (1989), entry number 50031130 (''caff'')</ref>. The English words ''coffee'' and ''café'' both descend from the continental European [[wiktionary:translingual|translingual]] word root /kafe/, which appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Italian (''caffè''); [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (''café''); French (''café''); [[German language|German]] (''Kaffee''); and others. European awareness of coffee (the plant, its seeds, the beverage made from the seeds, and the shops that sell the beverage) came through Europeans' contact with [[Turkey]], and the Europeans borrowed both the beverage and the word root from the Turks, who got them from the [[Arab]]s. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name ''qhawa'' was transformed into ''kaweh'' (strength, vigor) in the [[Ottoman Empire]], and it spread from there to Europe{{Fact|date=January 2008}}, probably first through the Mediterranean languages (Italian, Spanish, French) and thence to German, English, and others. </div> ==References== {{reflist}} *[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/03/19/2003246907 Dutch police plan to cut `cannabusiness' in half], The Observer, Amsterdam, Mar. 19, 2005. * Markman Ellis (2004), ''The Coffee House: a cultural history'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson * [[Ray Oldenburg]], [[The Great Good Place (Oldenburg)]]: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day (New York: Paragon Books, 1989) ISBN 1-56924-681-5 * Tom Standage, ''A History of the World in Six Glasses'', Walker & Company 2006, ISBN 0802714471 * AhmetYaşar, “The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2003. * Ahmet Yaşar, “Osmanlı Şehir Mekânları: Kahvehane Literatürü”, TALİD Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, sy. 6, Güz 2005, s. 237–256. ==External links== *[http://www.coffeehouse.com The Original Coffeehouse] A directory of coffeehouses *[http://www.cafehunt.com/ Cafe Hunt] - Community contributed independent coffee shops around the world *[http://www.wwnorton.com/nael/18century/topic_1/coffeehouses.htm Thomas Jordan] News from the coffeehouse *[http://www.indiecoffeeshops.com Indie Coffee Shops] US independent coffee shop database *[http://www.cupofnyc.com Cup of NYC] Independent coffee shops in New York *[http://ikopi-kl.blogspot.com Cosy Cafe] Independent coffee shop in Kuala Lumpur *[http://www.kcperky.com KC Perky] Independent coffee shops in Kansas City *[http://www.cosycoffeeshops.co.uk/ Cosy Coffee Shops] Independent coffee houses in Britain {{Coffee}} [[Category:Coffee]] [[Category:Coffee houses|*]] [[Category:Types of restaurants]] <!-- Interwiki --> [[ar:مقهى]] [[bs:Kafe]] [[da:Café]] [[de:Café]] [[es:Cafetería]] [[fr:Café (établissement)]] [[is:Coffeehouse]] [[he:בית קפה]] [[nl:Koffiehuis]] [[ja:コーヒー・ハウス]] [[no:Kafé]] [[pl:Kawiarnia]] [[pt:Café (estabelecimento)]] [[simple:Cafe]] [[fi:Kahvila]] [[sv:Kafé]] [[tr:Kahvehane]] [[uk:Кав'ярня]]