Cognitive behavioral therapy
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{{for|the poetry-collection by author [[Tao Lin]] |Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (book)}}
{{Psychology (sidebar)}}
:''Also see [[Cognitive Therapy]]''
'''Cognitive Behavioral Therapy''' ('''CBT''') is a [[psychotherapy]] based on cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors, with the aim of influencing negative emotions that relate to inaccurate appraisal of events. The general approach, developed out of [[behavior modification]], [[Cognitive Therapy]] and [[Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]], has become widely used to treat various kinds of [[neurosis|neuroses]] and [[psychopathology]], including [[mood disorders]] and [[anxiety disorders]]. The particular therapeutic techniques vary according to the particular kind of client or issue, but commonly include keeping a diary of significant events and associated feelings, thoughts and behaviors; questioning and testing cognitions, assumptions, evaluations and beliefs that might be unhelpful and unrealistic; gradually facing activities which may have been avoided; and trying out new ways of behaving and reacting. Relaxation and distraction techniques are also commonly included. CBT is widely accepted as an evidence- and empiricism-based, cost-effective psychotherapy for many disorders and psychological problems. It is sometimes used with groups of people as well as individuals, and the techniques are also commonly adapted for self-help manuals and, increasingly, for self-help software packages.
The objectives of CBT typically are to identify irrational or maladaptive thoughts, assumptions and beliefs that are related to debilitating negative emotions and to identify how they are dysfunctional, inaccurate, or simply not helpful. This is done in an effort to reject the distorted cognitions and to replace them with more realistic and self-helping alternatives.
An example will illustrate the process: Having made a mistake, a person believes, "I'm useless and can't do anything right." This, in turn, worsens the mood, leading to feelings of [[Clinical depression|depression]]; the problem may be worsened if the individual reacts by avoiding activities and then behaviorally confirming his negative belief to himself. As a result, a successful experience becomes more unlikely, which reinforces the original thought of being "useless." In therapy, the latter example could be identified as a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] or "problem cycle," and the efforts of the therapist and client would be directed at working together to change this. This is done by addressing the way the client thinks and behaves in response to similar situations and by developing more flexible ways to think and respond, including reducing the avoidance of activities. If, as a result, the client escapes the negative thought patterns and destructive behaviors, the feelings of depression may, over time, be relieved. The client may then become more active, succeed more often, and further reduce feelings of depression.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is not an overnight process. Even after patients have learned to recognize when and where their mental processes go awry, it can take months of effort to replace a dysfunctional cognitive-affective-behavioral process or habit with a more reasonable, salutary one.
The cognitive model especially emphasized in psychiatrist [[Aaron Beck|Aaron Beck's]] [[cognitive therapy]] says that a person's core beliefs (often formed in childhood) contribute to "automatic thoughts" that pop up in everyday life in response to situations. Cognitive Therapy practitioners hold that [[clinical depression]] is typically associated with negatively biased thinking and [[irrationality|irrational thoughts]].
Cognitive behavioral therapy is often used in conjunction with [[mood stabilizer|mood stabilizing]] medications to treat [[bipolar disorder]]. Its application in treating [[schizophrenia]] along with medication and family therapy is recognized by the [[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence|NICE]] guidelines (see below) within the [[British NHS]].
==Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ==
CBT can be seen as an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements.<ref>[http://www.babcp.com/babcp/what_is_CBT.htm "A Guide to Understanding Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapies"] British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. Retrieved on 2007-1-11</ref> While similar views of emotion have existed for millennia{{Fact|date=May 2008}}, the earliest form of Cognitive Behavior Therapy was developed by [[Albert Ellis]] (1913-2007) in the early 1950s. Ellis eventually called his approach Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, or [[REBT]], as a reaction against popular psychoanalytic methods at the time.<ref name="ellis">{{cite book
|last=Ellis
|first=Albert
|authorlink=Albert Ellis
|title=A New Guide to Rational Living
|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]
|date=1975
|id=ISBN 0-13-370650-8
}}</ref> [[Aaron T. Beck]] independently developed another CBT approach, called [[Cognitive Therapy]], in the 1960s.<ref name="Beck">[[Aaron T. Beck|Beck, Aaron T.]] ''Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders''. International Universities Press Inc., 1975. ISBN 0-8236-0990-1</ref> Cognitive therapy rapidly became a favorite intervention to study in psychotherapy research in academic settings. In initial studies, it was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. However, in recent years, cognitive and behavioral techniques have often been combined into cognitive behavioral treatment. This is arguably the primary type of psychological treatment being studied in research today.
Concurrently with the pioneering contributions of Ellis and Beck, starting in the late 1950s and continuing through the 1970s, Arnold A. Lazarus developed what was arguably the first form of "Broad-Spectrum" Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Indeed, in 1958, Arnold Lazarus was the first person to introduce the terms "behavior therapy" and "behavior therapist" into the professional literature (i.e., Lazarus, A. A. "New methods in psychotherapy: a case study". South African Medical Journal, 1958, 32, 660-664).{{Fact|date=July 2007}} He later broadened the focus of behavioral treatment to incorporate cognitive aspects (e.g., see Arnold Lazarus' 1971 landmark book ''Behavior Therapy and Beyond'', perhaps the first clinical text on CBT). When it became clear that optimizing therapy's effectiveness and effecting durable treatment outcomes often required transcending more narrowly focused cognitive and behavioral methods, Arnold Lazarus expanded the scope of CBT to include physical sensations (as distinct from emotional states), visual images (as distinct from language-based thinking), [[interpersonal relationships]], and biological factors. The final product of Arnold Lazarus' approach to psychotherapy is called [[Multimodal Therapy]] and is, perhaps, the most comprehensive form of CBT in addition to REBT that also shares many of the same assumptions and theorizing.
Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) is a similar approach in treating mental illnesses, based on the protocol by [[Richard Heimberg]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.stressandanxiety.com/group-therapy.html
|title=Group Therapy
|publisher=Stress and Anxiety Services of New Jersey
|accessdate=2006-06-25
}}</ref> In this case, clients participate in a group and recognize they are not alone in suffering from their problems.
A sub-field of cognitive behavioral therapy used to treat [[OCD|Obsessive Compulsive Disorder]] makes use of [[classical conditioning]] through [[extinction (psychology)|extinction]] (a type of conditioning) and [[habituation]]. (The specific technique, [[Exposure and response|Exposure with Response Prevention (ERP)]] has been demonstrated to be more effective than the use of medication—typically [[SSRI]]s—alone). CBT has also been successfully applied to the treatment of [[general anxiety disorder|Generalized Anxiety Disorder]], [[health anxiety]], [[Social phobia]] and [[Panic Disorder]]. In recent years, CBT has been used to treat symptoms of [[schizophrenia]], such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. This use has been developed in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] by Douglas Turkington and David Kingdon.
Other types of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy include [[Dialectical Behavior Therapy]], Self-Instructional Training, Schema-Focused Therapy and many others.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.aabt.org/What%20are/What%20Are%20Behavioral%20and%20Cognitive%20Therapies.html
|title=What is CBT? …What’s in a Name?
|publisher=Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
|accessdate=2007-01-11
}}</ref>
CBT has a good evidence base in terms of its effectiveness in reducing symptoms and preventing relapse. It has been clinically demonstrated in over 400 studies to be effective for many [[mental illness|psychiatric disorders]] and medical problems for both children and adolescents. It has been recommended in the UK by the [[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] as a treatment of choice for a number of [[mental health]] difficulties, including [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[OCD]], [[bulimia nervosa]] and [[clinical depression]].
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy most closely allies with the [[Scientist-Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology]], in which clinical practice and research is informed by a scientific perspective; clear operationalization of the "problem" or "issue"; an emphasis on measurement (and measurable changes in cognition and behavior); and measurable goal-attainment.
==Depression==
''See also [[Clinical Depression]]''
Negative thinking dominates when a person experiences depression. The depressed person can experience negative thoughts as being beyond their control, thereby allowing them to become automatic and self-perpetuating.
Negative thinking can be categorized into a number of common patterns called "[[cognitive distortion]]s." The cognitive therapist provides techniques to give the client a greater degree of control over negative thinking by correcting these distortions or correcting thinking errors that abet the distortions, in a process called [[cognitive restructuring]].
===Causes of depression according to cognitive theory===
One etiological theory of depression is the Aaron Beck cognitive theory of depression. His theory is regarded as the most verified psychological theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people think the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. According to Beck’s theory of the etiology of depression, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence. (Children and adolescents who suffer from depression acquire this negative schema earlier.) Depressed people acquire such schemas through a loss of a parent, rejection of peers, criticism from teachers or parents, the depressive attitude of a parent and other negative events. When the person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles in some way, even remotely, the conditions in which the original schema was learned, the negative schemas of the person are activated. <ref>Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, page 247. 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</ref>
Beck also included a negative triad in his theory. A negative triad is made up of the negative schemas and cognitive biases of the person. A cognitive bias is a view of the world. Depressed people, according to this theory, have views such as “I never do a good job.” A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. This is the negative triad. Also, Beck proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.<ref>Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, page 248. 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</ref>
Another cognitive theory of depression is the Hopelessness Theory of depression. This is the latest theory of the helpless/hopeless theories of depression, stating that hopelessness depression is caused by a state of hopelessness. A state of hopelessness develops when the person believes that no good outcomes are possible, only negative ones. The person also feels that he or she has no ability to change the situation to allow for a positive outcome. Stressors (negative life events) are thought to interact with a diathesis (in this case, a predisposing factor to depression) to create a sense of hopelessness.<ref>Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, pages 249. 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</ref>
Some proposed diatheses are attributing negative events to stable and global factors, low self-esteem, and a tendency to believe that negative life events will have severe negative consequences. Such diatheses increase the possibility that a person will experience hopelessness depression.
===Attributional style===
An approach to depression based upon [[attribution theory]] in [[social psychology]] is related to the concept of attributional style. First advanced by Lyn Abramson and her colleagues in 1978, this approach argues that depressives have a typical attributional style —they tend to attribute negative events in their lives to stable and global characteristics of themselves.<ref name="AbramsonSeligmanTeasdale">Abramson, L., Seligman, M.E.P. & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87 pp49-74</ref> This theory is sometimes known as a revised version of [[learned helplessness]] theory.
In 1989, this theory was challenged by Hopelessness Theory.<ref name="Abramson-EtAl">Abramson, L. et al: Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression, Psychol Rev 96:358, 1989.</ref> This theory emphasized attributions to global and stable factors, rather than, as in the original model, internal attributions. Hopelessness Theory also emphasizes that beliefs about the consequences of events, and rated importance of events, may be at least as important as causal attributions in understanding why some people react to negative events with clinical depression.
===The ABCs of Irrational Beliefs===
A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis called the ABC Technique of Irrational Beliefs.<ref name="ellis"/> The first three steps ''analyze'' the process by which a person has developed irrational beliefs. They may be recorded in a three-column table.
* '''A - Activating Event''' or objective situation. The first column records the objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type of high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking.
* '''B - Beliefs'''. In the second column, the client writes down the negative thoughts that occurred to him or her.
* '''C - Consequence'''. The third column is for the negative disturbed feelings and dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge between the situation and the distressing feelings. The third column C is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the client believes are caused by A. These could be [[anger]], [[sorrow]], [[anxiety]], etc.
For example, Gina is upset because she got a low mark on a math test. The Activating event, A, is that she failed her test. The Belief, B, is that she ''must'' have good grades or she is worthless. The Consequence, C, is that Gina feels depressed.
* '''Reframing'''. After irrational beliefs have been identified, the therapist will often work with the client in challenging the negative thoughts on the basis of evidence from the client's experience by [[reframing]] it, meaning to re-interpret it in a more realistic light. This helps the client to develop more rational beliefs and healthy coping strategies.
From the example above, a therapist would help Gina realize that there is no evidence that she ''must'' have good grades to be worthwhile, or that getting bad grades is ''awful''. She desires good grades, and it would be good to have them, but it hardly makes ''her'' worthless. If she realizes that getting bad grades is disappointing, but not awful, and that it means she is currently bad at math or at studying, but not as a person, she will feel sad or frustrated, but not depressed. The sadness and frustration are likely healthy negative emotions and may lead her to study more effectively from then on.
===Effectiveness of CBT with or without drugs===
For treatment of anxiety, a meta-analysis of 35 studies<ref> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80048-2 </ref>shows the [[psychological]] method of [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] to be more effective in the long term than pharmacologic treatment (drugs such as [[SSRIs]]), and while both treatments reduce anxiety, CBT is more effective in reducing depression.
For treatment of depression, a large-scale study in 2000<ref>Keller, M. et al. [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/342/20/1462 ''A Comparison of Nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and Their Combination for the Treatment of Chronic Depression'']. New England Journal of Medicine Volume 342:1462-1470 May 18, 2000.</ref> showed substantially higher results of response and remission (73% for combined therapy vs. 48% for either CBT or a particular discontinued antidepressant alone) when a form of cognitive behavior therapy and that particular discontinued anti-depressant drug were combined than when either modality was used alone.
The effectiveness of combination therapy is endorsed by the Australian depressioNet group:
: Currently the most effective treatment for major (clinical) depression is considered to be a combination of antidepressant medication and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.<ref>this citation 404's</ref>
For more general results confirming that CBT alone can provide lower but nonetheless valuable levels of relief from depression, and result in increased ability for the patient to remain in employment, see ''The Depression Report'',<ref>{{cite web
|title=The Depression Report: A New Deal for Depression and Anxiety Disorders
|publisher=The Centre for Economic Performance's Mental Health Policy Group
|url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/research/mentalhealth/default.asp
|date=[[2006-06-19]]
|accessdate=2006-06-25
}}</ref> which states:
1000people attend up to sixteen weekly sessions one-on-one lasting one hour each, some will drop out but within four months 50 people will have lost their psychiatric symptoms over and above those who would have done so anyway. After recovery, people who suffered from anxiety are unlikely to relapse. . . . So how much depression can a course of CBT relieve, and how much more work will result? One course of CBT is likely to produce 12 extra months free of depression. This means nearly two months more of work.
The [[American Psychiatric Association]] Practice Guidelines (April 2000) indicated that among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and [[interpersonal psychotherapy]] had the best-documented efficacy for treatment of major depressive disorder, although they noted that rigorous evaluative studies had not been published.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treatg/pg/Depression2e.book-7.cfm#figure3
|title=Treatment Recommendations for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Second Edition)
|publisher=American Psychiatric Association
|date=2000
|accessdate=2006-07-02
}}</ref>
===Effectiveness of CBT for insomnia===
Cognitive behavioural therapy has been found to be highly effective in the treatment of insomnia and in reducing [[benzodiazepine]] usage.
[[Temazepam]], [[nitrazepam]] and [[zopiclone]] are the most frequently prescribed hypnotics in the United Kingdom. Hypnotic drugs are of poor value for the management of chronic insomnia. It is widely accepted that hypnotic drug usage beyond 4 weeks is undesirable for all age groups of patients. Many continuous sedative hypnotic users exhibit disturbed sleep as a consequence of tolerance but experience worsening rebound or withdrawal insomnia when the dose is reduced too quickly which compounds the problem of chronic hypnotic drug use. Chronic hypnotic drug consumption has been shown to reduce work performance increase absenteeism increase road traffic accidents, increased [[morbidity]], increased [[mortality]] and is associated with increased deliberate [[self harm]]. In the elderly increases in falls and fractures associated with sedative hypnotic drug use has been found. CBT have been found to be more effective for the long term management of insomnia than sedative hypnotic drugs. No formal withdrawal programs for [[benzodiazepines]] exists with local providers in the United Kingdom. A meta-analysis of published data on psychological treatments for insomnia show a success rate between 70 and 80%. A large scale trial utilising [[cognitive behavioural therapy]] in chronic users of sedative hypnotics including nitrazepam, temazepam and zopiclone found that [[CBT]] to be a more effective long term treatment for chronic insomnia. Persisting improvements in sleep quality, [[sleep latency]], increased total sleep, improvements in sleep efficiency, significant improvements in vitality, physical and mental health at 3, 6 and 12 month follow up was found in those receiving cognitive behavioural therapy. A marked reduction in total sedative hypnotic drug use was found in those receiving CBT, with 33% reporting zero hypnotic drug use. Age has been found not to be a barrier to successful outcome of CBT. It was concluded that CBT for the management of chronic insomnia was flexible, practical and cost effective treatment for the treatment of insomnia and that CBT leads to a reduction of benzodiazepine drug intake in a significant number of patients.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morgan K |coauthors=Dixon S, Mathers N, Thompson J, Tomeny M |year=2004 |month=Feb |title=Psychological treatment for insomnia in the regulation of long-term hypnotic drug use |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=1–68 |publisher=National Institute for Health Research |pmid=14960254 |url=http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon808.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
==CBT with children and adolescents==
The use of CBT has been extended to children and adolescents with good results. It is often used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and symptoms related to trauma and [[Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]]. Significant work has been done in this area by Mark Reinecke and his colleagues at Northwestern University in the [[Clinical Psychology]] program in [[Chicago]]. [[Paula Barrett]] and her colleagues have also validated CBT as effective in a group setting for the treatment of youth and child anxiety using the [[Friends Program]] she authored. This CBT program has been recognized as best practice for the treatment of anxiety in children by the [[World Health Organization]].Combining the Biofeedback method with the CBT process is very effective.(( cite-book Biofeedback You Are In Control Editor Dr.Yigal Gliksman,)) ((www.lulu.com/content/1800043)) date 2008.
CBT has been used with children and adolescents to treat a variety of conditions with good success.<ref>{{cite book
|editor=Kendall, Philip C. (ed).
|title=Child and Adolescent Therapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Procedures, (3rd ed.)
|publisher=Guilford Press
|date=2005-12-05
|id=ISBN 1-59385-113-8
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|editor=Reinecke, Mark A.; Dattilio, Frank M.; Freeman, A. (eds).
|title=Cognitive Therapy with Children and Adolescents: A Casebook for Clinical Practice (2nd ed.)
|publisher=Guilford Press
|date=2003-05-02
|id=ISBN 1-57230-853-2
}}</ref>
CBT is also used as a treatment modality for children who have experienced [[Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]], chronic maltreatment, and [[Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]].<ref>{{ cite book
|editor=Briere, John; Scott, Catherine (eds).
|title=Principles of Trauma Therapy
|publisher=Sage
|date=2006
|id=ISBN 0-7619-2921-5
}} (see especially Chapter 7, "Cognitive Interventions", pp. 109-119).</ref> It would be one component of treatment for children with C-PTSD, along with a variety of other components, which are discussed in the [[Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]] article.
==Computerized CBT==
There are Cognitive-Behavioral therapy sessions in which the user interacts with computer software (either on a PC, or sometimes via a voice-activated phone service), instead of face to face with a therapist. It cannot replace face-to-face therapy, but it can provide an option for patients, especially in light of the fact that there are not always therapists available, or the cost can be prohibitive. Computerized CBT is clinically proven and drug-free. For people who are feeling depressed and withdrawn, the prospect of having to speak to someone about their innermost problems can be off-putting. In this respect, CCBT (especially if delivered online) can be a good option.
Randomized controlled trials have proven its effectiveness, and in February 2006 the UK's National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence [http://www.nice.org.uk/ (NICE)] recommended that CCBT be made available for use within the [[NHS]] across England and Wales, for patients presenting with mild/moderate depression, rather than immediately opting for medication (i.e. antidepressant pills).<ref>National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006). ''[http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA97 Depression and anxiety - computerised cognitive behavioural therapy].''</ref>
A new UK government initiative for tackling [[Mental Health]] issues<ref>http://www.mhchoice.csip.org.uk/psychological-therapies/computerised-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-ccbt.html</ref> has recently been launched by the Care Services Improvement Partnership.<ref>http://www.csip.org.uk/</ref> This confirms Primary Care Trust (PCT) responsibilities in delivering the NICE Technology Appraisal on CCBT. National Director for Mental Health, Professor Louis Appleby CBE<ref>http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/staff/LouisAppleby</ref> has confirmed that by [[31 March]] [[2007]] PCTs should have ST Solutions' "FearFighter" and [[Ultrasis]]' "Beating the Blues" CCBT products in place and the NICE Guidelines should be met. Some areas have developed, or are trialing, other CCBT products notably Outreach-online<ref>http://www.outreach-online.co.uk/</ref> developed in-house by the NHS and currently being trialed in North Wales (UK).
==CBT's influence in contemporary literature==
NYC-based author [[Tao Lin]] has published a collection of poetry entitled ''[[Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (book)|cognitive-behavioral therapy]]'' (2008) which references many of CBT's main points, specifically that thoughts cause feelings, and so feelings can be changed by changing one's thoughts. Similarities with Buddhism, in that regard, are referenced throughout the book.
==Notable Behavioral Theorists==
* [[Albert Bandura]]
* [[Arnold A. Lazarus]]
* [[Ivan Pavlov]]
* [[B.F. Skinner]]
* [[Edward Thorndike]]
* [[John B. Watson]]
* [[Joseph Wolpe]]
==Notable Contributors to Modern Cognitive Behavioral Therapy==
* [[Aaron T. Beck]]
* [[Albert Ellis]]
* [[Paula Barrett]]
* [[David D. Burns]]
* [[Windy Dryden]]
* [[Albert Bandura]]
* [[Edna B Foa]] Prolonged Exposure Therapy
* [[Arnold A. Lazarus]]
* [[Isaac Marks]]
* [[Martin Seligman]]
* [[Steven C. Hayes]]
* [[Marsha Linehan]]
==Related Techniques & Therapies==
* [[Behavioral activation]] (BA)
* [[Cognitive Therapy]] (CT)
* [[Computerised CBT|Computerised Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]] (CCBT)
* [[Cognitive analytic therapy]] (CAT)
* [[Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]] (REBT)
* [[Cognitive-behavior Modification]]
* [[Acceptance and Commitment Therapy]]
* [[Reality Therapy]]
* [[Applied Behavioral Analysis]]
* [[Behavior Modification]]
* [[Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy]]
* [[Contingency Management]]
* [[Dialectical Behavior Therapy]] (DBT)
* [[Direct therapeutic exposure]]
* [[Exposure and response prevention]]
* [[Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy]]
* [[Multimodal Therapy]]
* [[Alan Marlatt|Relapse Prevention]]
* [[Self Instructional Training]]
* [[Systematic desensitization]]
* [[Prolonged Exposure Therapy]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*Beck, A., ''Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders,'' NY: Penguin, 1993. ISBN 9780452009288
*Dryden, Windy. ''Ten Steps to Positive Living''. Sheldon Press, 1994.
*Burns, David D. ''Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy''. Revised Edition. Avon, 1999. ISBN 0-380-81033-6
*Ellis, Albert. ''Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy''. Prometheus Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1573928793
*Tanner, Susan and Ball, Jillian. ''Beating the Blues: a Self-help Approach to Overcoming Depression''. 1989/2001. ISBN 0-646-36622-X
*McCullough Jr., James P. ''Treatment for Chronic Depression: Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP)''. Guilford Press, 2003. ISBN 1-57230-965-2
*Albano, M. & Kearney, Ca., (2000) ''When children refuse school: a cognitive behavioral therapy approach: Therapist guide.'' Psychological Corporation.
*Deblinger, E. & Heflin, A. (1996) ''Treating sexually abused children and their non-offending parents: a cognitive behavioral approach.'' Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
*Leahy, R L and Holland, S J (2000) ''Treatment Plans and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorders.'' New York: Guilford
==External links==
* [http://thejoveinstitute.org/podcast.html CBT Podcasts (The Jove Institute)]
* [http://www.cttoday.org/ Cognitive Therapy Today]
* [http://counsellingresource.com/types/cognitive-therapy/index.html An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy & CBT]
* [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinformation/therapies/cognitivebehaviouraltherapy.aspx The Royal College of Psychiatrists' cognitive therapy leaflet]
* [http://www.rebtnetwork.org/ REBT Network]
* [http://www.rebt-cbt.net/ REBT-CBT NET- The Internet Guide to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy]
* {{cite web
|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/182/2/179-a
|title=Review of ''Introducing Cognitive Analytic Therapy. Principles and Practice'' by Ryle and Kerr
|last=Marks
|first=Isaac
|publisher=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]]
|year=2003
|accessdate=2006-07-12
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://moodgym.anu.edu.au/
|title=Moodgym
|publisher=[http://www.anu.edu.au/ Australian National University]
|accessdate=2006-07-04
}} (Free online CBT training program for preventing depression.)
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.livinglifetothefull.com/elearning
|title=Living Life to the Full
|accessdate=2006-07-04
}} (Free online CBT life skills course, sponsored by [http://cci.scot.nhs.uk/ Scottish Executive Health Department Centre for Change and Innovation])
*[http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/information/news/?EntryId=31598 Mental Health Foundation report on the use of CCBT]
*[http://www.psychotherapy.ro/ International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health]
*[http://cbtexplained.com/ Guide to using CBT to treat depression]
*[http://www.kpchr.org/feelbetter/ Free guide to learning skills to overcome depression]
*[http://www.ocdaction.org.uk/ocdaction/index.asp?id=345 A Guide to Understanding Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapies]
===Professional Organizations & Institutes===
* [http://www.academyofct.org Academy of Cognitive Therapy]
* [http://www.albertellis.org/ The Albert Ellis Institute]
* [http://www.thejoveinstitute.org/ The Jove Institute]
* [http://www.aabt.org/ Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies] (ABCT)
* [http://www.beckinstitute.org/ Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research]
* [http://www.wglasser.com/ William Glasser Institute]
* [http://www.thelazarusinstitute.com The Lazarus Institute]
* [http://www.ocdaction.org.uk/ocdaction/index.asp?id=345 The British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies]
{{Psychology}}
[[Category:Psychotherapy]]
[[Category:Cognitive therapy]]
[[Category:Cognitive behavioral therapy]]
[[Category:Clinical psychology]]
[[Category:Psychiatric treatments]]
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