Colchester 264105 226184801 2008-07-17T05:56:11Z Hunting dog 7112059 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 226175262 by [[Special:Contributions/92.195.152.227|92.195.152.227]] ([[User talk:92.195.152.227|talk]]) {{otherplaces}} {{infobox UK place| |country = England |official_name= Colchester |latitude= 51.8917 |longitude= 0.903 |population = [[List of English cities by population|104,390]] ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]]) |shire_district= [[Colchester (borough)|Colchester]] |shire_county = [[Essex]] |region= East of England |constituency_westminster= [[Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Colchester]] |post_town= COLCHESTER |postcode_area= CO |postcode_district= CO1 - CO7 |dial_code= 01206 |os_grid_reference= TL997254 |static_image=[[Image:Colchester_town_800.jpg|240px]] |static_image_caption=<small>Colchester town centre.</small> }} '''Colchester''' ({{Audio|en-uk-Colchester.ogg|pronunciation}} {{IPA|/ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/}}<ref>http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50043677?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Colchester&first=1&max_to_show=10</ref>) is a town, and the largest settlement within the [[Colchester (borough)|borough of Colchester]], in [[Essex]], [[England]]. It has a population of [[List of English cities by population|104,390]].<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_south_east_part_1.pdf Key Statistics for urban areas in the South East]. 2001 Census, National Statistics. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.</ref> As the oldest recorded Roman town, Colchester claims to be the [[oldest town in Britain]]. It was for a time the capital of Roman Britain and also claims to have the [[United Kingdom]]'s oldest recorded [[market town|market]] Colchester is 56 miles (90 km) northeast of [[London]]. It is connected to the capital by the [[A12 road]] and the [[Great Eastern Main Line]]. ==History== {{main|History of Colchester}} ===Roman Colchester=== [[Image:Colchestermap.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A map of Colchester from 1940]] {{main|Camulodunum}} Colchester is claimed to be the [[Oldest town in Britain|oldest recorded town]] in Britain on the grounds that it was mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] in AD 77. Its [[Celt]]ic name was Camulodunon, meaning 'the fortress of (the war god) [[Camulos]]'. Following the [[Roman conquest of Britain]] in AD [[43]], a Roman legionary fortress was established and the name Camulodunon was modified to the Roman spelling of 'Camulodunum'. Camulodunum served as the first Roman capital of Britain, but was attacked and destroyed during [[Boudica]]'s rebellion in AD [[61]]. Sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of [[Britannia]] but it would seem that the council of the provincial natives still met at Colchester, where the [[Temple of Claudius, Colchester|Temple to the Divine Claudius]] served as the seat of this council. Later, when the Roman frontier moved north (c. AD [[49]]), Camulodunum became a [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] known as ''Colonia Claudia Victricensis''. ===Sub-Roman and Saxon Colchester=== There is evidence of hasty re-organisation of Colchester's defences around 400AD, including the blocking of the [[Balkerne Gate]]. Archaeological excavations have shown that public buildings were abandoned, although the 8th-century chronicler [[Nennius]] mentioned the town, which he called ''Caer Colun'', in his list of the 30 most important cities in Britain. Dr. [[John Morris]] (1913 - June 1977) the English historian who specialised in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain, suggested in his book "[[The Age of Arthur]]" (1973) that as the descendents of Romanised Britons looked back to a golden age of peace and prosperity under Rome the name "Camelot" of Arthurian legend was probably a reference to the capital of [[Britannia]] ( [[Camulodunum]] ) in Roman times. The archaeologist [[Sir Mortimer Wheeler]] was the first to propose that the lack of early [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] finds in a triangle between London, Colchester and [[St Albans]] could indicate a 'sub-Roman triangle' where British rule continued after the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. Since then however, excavations have revealed some early Saxon occupation, including a 5th-century wooden hut built on the ruins of a Roman house in present-day Lion Walk. The Saxons called the town Colne ceaster, the Roman fortress of 'Colonia'. The tower of Holy Trinity Church is late Saxon work. [[Vikings]] from [[East Anglia]] overran Colchester and most of Essex in the late 9th century; the town remained in Viking hands until 920 when it was besieged and recaptured by the army of [[Edward the Elder]]. ===Medieval Colchester=== [[Image:Colchester Castle.jpg|thumb|left|Colchester Castle, constructed over the vaults of the ruined Temple of Claudius]] Medieval Colchester's main landmark is [[Colchester Castle]], which is an 11th century Norman keep, and built atop the vaults of the old [[Roman temple]]. There are notable medieval ruins in Colchester, including the surviving gateway of the [[Benedictine]] [[St. John's Abbey, Colchester|abbey of St. John the Baptist]] (know locally as "St. John's Abbey”), and the ruins of the [[Augustinian]] [[priory]] of [[St. Botolph]] (known locally as “[[St. Botolph's Priory]]"). ===Royal charter=== In [[1189]], Colchester was granted its first [[Royal Charter]] by King Richard I ([[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]].) The charter was granted at Dover with the King about to embark on one of his many journeys away from England. The borough celebrated the 800th anniversary of its charter in 1989 [http://www.oysterfayre.flyer.co.uk/1989newsreports.html]. ===Tudor Colchester “The Dutch Quarter”=== Between [[1550]] and [[1600]], a large number of weavers and clothmakers from [[Flanders]] emigrated to Colchester and the surrounding areas. They were famed for the production of Bays and Says cloth. An area in Colchester town centre is still known as the Dutch Quarter and many buildings there date from the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] period. During this period Colchester was one of the most prosperous wool towns in England. The old Roman wall runs along Northgate Street in the Dutch Quarter. ===English Civil War “The Siege of Colchester” === {{main|Siege of Colchester}} In [[1648]], during the [[Second English Civil War]], a [[Cavaliers (royalists)|Royalist]] army led by Sir [[Charles Lucas]] and Sir [[George Lisle]] entered the town. A pursuing [[Roundhead|Parliamentary]] army led by [[Sir Thomas Fairfax]] and [[Henry Ireton]] besieged the town for eleven and a half weeks. The [[Cavaliers (royalists)|Royalists]] surrendered in the late summer and their leaders Lucas and Lisle were executed in the grounds of [[Colchester Castle]]. A small obelisk marks the spot where they fell. ===Victorian Colchester=== Colchester is noted for its Victorian architecture. Significant landmarks include the [[Colchester Town Hall]] and the [[Jumbo Water Tower]]. In [[1884]] the town was struck by the [[1884 Colchester earthquake|Colchester earthquake]], estimated to have been 4.7 on the [[Richter Scale]] causing extensive regional damage. ===Colchester Army Garrison=== {{main|Colchester Garrison}} Colchester has been an important military garrison since the [[Roman Britain|Roman]] era. The [[Colchester Garrison]] is currently home to [http://www.army.mod.uk/16_aaslt_bde/ 16 Air Assault Brigade]. === Colchester Town Watch === Colchester Town Watch [http://www.colchestertownwatch.org/home.html] was founded in 2001 to provide a ceremonial guard for the [[Mayor of Colchester]] and for civic events such as the Oyster Feast. The [[Historical reenactment|historic re-enactors]] wear a livery based on late Elizabethan dress. Colchester Town Watch is accompanied by the musicians of the Colchester Town Waits [http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=159627483] - a musical tradition dating back to the 14th century. ===Paxman Diesels=== The [[Paxman diesels]] business has been associated with Colchester since [[1865]] when James Noah Paxman founded a partnership with the brothers Henry and Charles Davey ('Davey, Paxman, and Davey') and opened the Standard Ironworks. In [[1925]] Paxman produced its first spring injection oil engine and joined the English Electric Diesel Group in [[1966]] - later becoming part of the GEC Group. Since the 1930s the Paxman company's main business has been the production of diesel engines. ===Recent history=== The £22.7m eight-mile [[A120 road|A120]] Colchester Eastern Bypass opened in June 1982. Colchester and the surrounding area is currently undergoing significant regeneration - http://www.colchester-regen.co.uk ==Governance== {{main|Colchester Politics|Mayor of Colchester|Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)}} The [[Member of Parliament]] for the Colchester is '''[[Bob Russell (politician)|Bob Russell]]''' ([[Liberal Democrats|LibDem]]). The [[Mayor of Colchester]] is Councillor '''[[Ray Gamble]]''' ([[Liberal Democrat (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]). [[Colchester Borough Council]] is the local authority. Control of the borough council has passed between [[Conservative Party (UK)|Tories]] and [[Liberal Democrats|LibDems]] in recent years. The political composition of the council is ([[2008]] election results): * [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] – 27 seats * [[Liberal Democrats]] – 23 seats * [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] – 7 seats * Others – 3 seats The town is also represented on [[Essex|Essex County Council]]. Individual villages within the borough boundaries are also represented by [[parish council]]s. == Culture == {{main|History of Colchester}} Colchester has a vibrant culture and attracts many visitors because of its [[History of Colchester|history]] and its architecture. ===Museums=== * '''Colchester Castle Museum''': located in the [[Colchester Castle]], features an extensive exhibit on Roman Colchester. * '''Hollytrees Museum''': located close to the castle, formerly the home of [[Charles Gray]], currently a social history museum with children's exhibits. * '''Natural History Museum''': located across from the Castle Park gates and Hollytrees, the museum is located in the former All Saints Church. * '''Tymperleys Clock Museum''': located in the historic town centre, in a 15th century timber-framed house, once home to [[William Gilbert]], now houses the [[Bernard Mason]] clock collection. * '''[[East Anglian Railway Museum]]''': located roughly 4 miles to the north east of Colchester, located at [[Chappel and Wakes Colne railway station]]. === Arts === [[Image:Cruc of Mankind.jpg|thumb|185px|right|[[Connor Barrett]]'s ''Crucifixion of Mankind'', located in the Colchester Public Library]] * '''Mercury Theatre''': opened in [[1972]], the Mercury Theatre is one the region's leading repertory theatres. [http://www.mercurytheatre.co.uk/] *'''[[Headgate Theatre]]''' - Colchester's most central theatre * '''Colchester Arts Centre''': multi-function arts venue located in the former St Mary-at-the-Walls church, home of the Colchester Beer Festival. [http://www.colchesterartscentre.com/] * '''firstsite''' is a contemporary art organisation, currently housed in the Minories, near the Castle. A new gallery, designed by [[Rafael Viñoly]], is currently under construction nearby. ===Music=== *''' Colchester Arts Centre''' - The largest music and performing arts centre in Colchester *'''[[The Twist (venue)|The Twist]]''' - A live music venue *'''[[Charter Hall]]''' - larger music venue next to [[Colchester Leisure World]] === Sports === * '''[[Colchester United F.C.|Colchester United]]''': a football team currently playing in the [[Football League Championship]], based at the [[Layer Road]] ground, but shortly to move to their new stadium, Western Homes Community Center. * '''Colchester Rugby Football Club''': the largest rugby club in the borough providing community rugby for adults, women and children from age 6 up. * '''Colchester Leisure World''': swimming & fitness facilities, exhibition hall. * '''Athletics Stadium''': the [[Colchester Garrison]] Athletics Stadium is a co-operative facility jointly used by the Army and the Town. * '''Colchester Cricket''': the Colchester & East Essex Cricket Club has its grounds near the Castle Park. The [[Essex County Cricket Club]] plays a series of games at Colchester during the summer. * '''Colchester Skatepark''' Facilities for extreme sports. * '''Colchester Gladiators American Football Club''' play at Broad Lane Stadium, home of [[Wivenhoe Town]] FC. * '''Colchester Weight Lifting Club''' organise Olympic Weight Lifting, Powerlifting and Bench Press competitions at Hamiltons Fitness Centre in The Severalls Business Park. === Nearby attractions === * '''Constable Country''': villages in the [[Dedham Vale]] painted by [[John Constable]]. * '''Lovejoy Country''': towns and villages featured in the [[Lovejoy]] novels of [[John Grant (Lovejoy)|John Grant]] (also the TV series of the same name), such as [[West Mersea]] and [[Long Melford]]. * '''[[Castle House, Dedham|Munnings Museum]]''': at the house of the painter [[Alfred Munnings]]. * '''Clacton-on-Sea''': traditional British [[seaside resort]] with a [[pier|pleasure pier]]. * '''Essex & Suffolk "wool towns"''': villages with architecture dating to the 16th and 17th century [[wool trade]], such as [[Coggeshall]] and [[Lavenham]]. *'''Mersea Island''': the most eastern inhabited island in the UK. [http://www.mersea-island.com Link to the Mersea Island community website] * '''[[Colchester Zoo]]''': a large [[zoo]] based on the outskirts of Colchester. ==Twin towns== Colchester competes in the [[Twin Town Games]] against [[Wetzlar]], [[Avignon]], [[Orleans]], [[Tarragona]], and [[Siena]]. Colchester's [[Town twinning|twin towns]] are: {| * {{flagicon|Germany}} - '''[[Wetzlar]]''', [[Germany]] ''(1969)'' * {{flagicon|France}} - '''[[Avignon]]''', [[France]] ''(1972)'' * {{flagicon|Italy}} - '''[[Imola]]''', [[Italy]] ''(1997)'' |} == Education == Colchester is home to many secondary schools including two grammar schools, the [[Colchester Royal Grammar School]] for boys and [[Colchester County High School]] for girls. Both produce excellent GCSE and A-Level examination results, often in the country's top ten. [[Colchester Sixth Form College]] offers a wide range of subjects at A-level, AS level, and GCSE or equivalent level, as well as the International Baccalaureate. This is complemented by the [[Colchester Institute]] which covers many practical and day release courses as well as some of the more academic ones. The [[University of Essex]] is located in a parkland setting on the edge of Colchester, close to the town of [[Wivenhoe]]. ===Higher education=== *[http://www.essex.ac.uk// University of Essex] - established [[1964]] *[http://www.colchsfc.ac.uk// Colchester Sixth Form College] *[http://www.colchester.ac.uk// Colchester Institute] ===Secondary schools=== *[http://www.crgs.co.uk// Colchester Royal Grammar School] - boys' grammar school, selective enrolment. *[http://www.colchestergirls.essex.sch.uk// Colchester County High School] - girls' grammar school, selective enrolment. *[http://www.blaxill.net// Alderman Blaxill School] *[[Gilberd School]] *[http://www.sclucas.essex.sch.uk// Sir Charles Lucas Arts College] *[http://www.philipmorant.essex.sch.uk// Philip Morant School and College] *[http://www.st-helena.essex.sch.uk// St Helena Media Arts College] *[http://www.stbenedicts.essex.sch.uk// St. Benedicts College (Roman Catholic)] *[http://www.stanway.essex.sch.uk// The Stanway School] - Comprehensive Secondary. Founded [[1956]]. *[http://www.tla.essex.sch.uk// The Thomas Lord Audley School and Language College] ===Independent (private) schools=== *[http://www.colchesterhighschool.co.uk/ Colchester High School] - [[coed]] 3-16, founded [[1882]]. *[http://www.holmwood.essex.sch.uk/ Holmwood House Prep School] - [[coed]] 4-13, founded [[1922]]. *[http://www.isbi.com/isbi-viewschool/2235-OXFORD_HOUSE_SCHOOL.html Oxford House School] - [[coed]] 2-11, founded [[1959]]. * [http://www.isbi.com/isbi-viewschool/2206-ST_MARYS_SENIOR_SCHOOL.html St Mary's School] - girls 11-16, founded [[1901]]. ==Transport== Colchester has a bus system (run by '''[[First Essex]]''', '''[[Network Colchester]]''', '''[[Hedingham Omnibuses]]''' and other smaller operators) which mainly centres around [[Colchester Temporary Bus Station]] in the town centre. The temporary bus station will be replaced by a permanent one further down the street by 2010. [[Colchester railway station|Colchester North]] station is served by [[National Express East Anglia]] services on the [[Great Eastern Main Line|London - Norwich mainline]] and the [[Colchester to Clacton Line|Colchester - Clacton line]]. [[Colchester Town railway station]], still referred to by some as St Botolphs, is on a spur from the [[Colchester to Clacton Line|Colchester - Clacton line]], and [[Hythe (Essex) railway station|Hythe]] station is also on the Clacton line. ==References in literature== The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] historian [[Tacitus]] mentions Colchester (Camulodunum) in ''The Annals of Imperial Rome''. In the Chapter ''Nero and his helpers'' he describes how '...the Roman ex-soldiers...had recently established a settlement at Camulodunum', later burned down in the Iceni rebellion. It is the only town in Britain to have been explicitly mentioned in [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' as being the target of a [[nuclear warfare|nuclear attack]]. The Atomic Wars took place during the 1950s. Colchester, England is the only city that was specifically mentioned as being bombed, but the book does say that many cities were destroyed in North America, Europe, and Russia. ==Colchester in popular culture== Colchester is reputed to be the home of three of the best known English nursery rhymes: 'Old King Cole', '[[Humpty Dumpty]]' and 'Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star'. Local legend places Colchester as the seat of [[Old King Cole|King Cole]] (or Coel) of the rhyme ''Old King Cole'', a legendary ancient king of Britain. The name Colchester is from [[Old English]]: the place-name suffixes ''chester'', ''cester'', and ''caster'' derive from the Latin word ''[[castrum]]'' (fortified place). In folk etymology the name Colchester was thought of as meaning Cole's Castle, though it actually means the Roman fort 'Colonia'. In the legend Helena, the daughter of Cole, married the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[senator]] [[Constantius Chlorus]], who had been sent by Rome as an ambassador and was named as Cole's successor. Helena's son became Emperor [[Constantine I]]. Helena was canonised as [[Saint]] [[Helena of Constantinople]] and is credited with finding the [[true cross]] and the remains of [[biblical magi|the Magi]]. She is now the patron saint of Colchester. This is recognised in the emblem of Colchester: a cross and three crowns. A local secondary school &ndash; St Helena's &ndash; is named after her, and her statue is atop the town hall, although local legend is that it was originally a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross. Colchester is also the most widely credited source of the rhyme [[Humpty Dumpty]]. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls (''Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall'') and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, ''Humpty Dumpty'' being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (''Humpty Dumpty had a great fall'') and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians (''all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.'') Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair. The third rhyme to come from Colchester is [[Twinkle Twinkle Little Star]], which was written by Jane Taylor in the town's Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title "The Star". Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of [[Camelot]], on account of having been the capital of Roman Britain and its ancient name of ''Camulodunum''. In [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', the main character, Winston Smith, thinks back to his childhood and his first memories of war, recalling: "Perhaps it was the time when the atomic bomb had fallen on Colchester." (Part 1, Chapter 3). ==Notable Colcestrians== People of note that were born or have lived in Colchester include: *[[Charles Hedger]] (1980-) Musician, guitarist of [[Cradle Of Filth]]. *[[George Airy|Sir George Bidell Airy]] (1801-1892) - [[Astronomer Royal]], attended [[Colchester Royal Grammar School]] 1814-1819. *[[Damon Albarn]] (1968- ) - Musician, lead singer of [[Blur (band)|Blur]] and co-creator of virtual cartoon rock band [[Gorillaz]]. *[[Paul Allender]] (1970–) - Musician, lead guitarist of [[Cradle of Filth]]. * [[Cuthbert Alport, Baron Alport|Cub Alport]] - [[Cabinet Minister]], [High Commissioner] to the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], [[High Steward of Colchester]]. *[[John Ball (priest)]] (d. 1381) - Leader of the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of [[1381]]. *[[Allister Carter]] (1979- ) - A professional snooker player. *[[John Constable]] (1776-1837) - Landscape painter. *[[Piers Courage]] (1942-1970) - A [[Formula One]] driver. *[[Graham Coxon]] (1969- ) - Musician and former Blur lead guitarist. *[[John Crackstone]] - [[List of passengers on the Mayflower|Mayflower Pilgrim]]. *[[Cunobelin]] - King of the Britons, [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] [[Cymbeline]]. *[[Darren Day]] (1968- ) - Actor and television presenter. *[[Daniel Defoe]] (1660-1731) - Author and social commentator. * Sue Denim - Actor ([[The Mighty Boosh]]), Musician ([[Robots in Disguise]], [[I AM X]], [[The Siblings]]) *[[Neil Foster]] (1962- ) - Cricketer *[[William Gilbert]] (1544-1603) - Scientist, pioneer in the field of [[magnetism]] and court physician to [[Elizabeth I]] and [[James I of England|James I]]. * [[John Grant (Lovejoy)|John Grant]] - author of the [[Lovejoy]] stories. * [[William Gull|Sir William Withey Gull, 1st Baronet]] - Physician to Queen Victoria's household and [[Jack the Ripper]] suspect. *[[Joan Hickson]] OBE (1906-1998) - Actress. *[[Matthew Hopkins]] (d. 1647) - [[Witchfinder General]]. *[[Jay Kay]] (1969- ) - leader singer of [[Jamiroquai]] * [[Klaus Kinski]] (1926-1991) - actor, director, former German POW in Colchester during the Second World War. * [[Bernard Mason]] - businessman, philanthropist, clock collector * [[Philip Morant]] (18th century)- Parish priest of St Mary at the Walls, author of ''The History & Antiquities of the County of Essex''. *[[Ralph Morse (actor)]] (1955 - ) and his country music alias [[Johnny Cashbox]] *[[Martin Newell (musician)|Martin Newell]] (1953- ) - Musician, poet, author. *[[Sheila Nicholls]] (1970- ) - Streaker, later a musician. *[[Dermot O'Leary]] (1973- ) - [[BBC Radio 2]] DJ. *Sir [[Roger Penrose]] OM FRS (8 August 1931–), mathematical physicist and controversial philosopher. *[[Steven Pimlott]] (1953-2007) An English opera and theatre director and actor. *[[Dave Rowntree]] (1964- ) - Musician, drummer for Blur. *[[Jeremy Spake]] (1968- ) - TV personality *[[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]] (1834-1892) - Baptist preacher, minster of the [[Metropolitan Tabernacle]]. *[[Jane Taylor]] (1783-1824) - Poet and author of the lyrics to [[Twinkle Twinkle Little Star]]. *[[Margaret Thatcher]] (1925- ) - Baroness Thatcher, Conservative politician and former Prime Minister, worked in Colchester as a research chemist during 1940s. [http://www.margaretthatcher.org/essential/MT80.asp] *[[Archibald Wavell]] (1883-1950) British Field-Marshal during [[World War II]] and Viceroy of India. *[[Mary Whitehouse]] (1910-2001) - Morality campaigner. *[[Laming Worthington-Evans|Rt. Hon. Sir Laming Worthington-Evans]] (1868-1931) - Secretary of State for War, Postmaster General, Privy Councillor. *[[Richard Bartle]] (1960 - ) - co-author of MUD, the first [[MUD|multi-user dungeon]] ==See also== *[[British military history of World War II]] *[[Geology of the United Kingdom]] *[[List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom]] *[[Camulodunum]] ==Footnotes== {{reflist|1}} ==External links== {{commons|Colchester}} *[http://www.colchester.gov.uk/ Colchester Borough Council] *[http://www.colchester.uk.com/ Colchester - Britain's first Roman city] *[http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=596 Hanseatic port] see [[Hanse]] - Gresham College *[http://www.colchesterguide.co.uk/ Visitors' guide to Colchester] *[http://www.essexphotos.co.uk/colchester.htm Essex Photos] {{Colchester}} {{Essex}} [[Category:Colchester| ]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of Essex]] [[Category:Towns in Essex]] [[Category:Market towns in England]] [[Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Roman colonies]] [[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]] [[af:Colchester]] [[ar:كولشيستر]] [[br:Colchester]] [[bg:Колчестър]] [[cs:Colchester]] [[cy:Colchester]] [[de:Colchester]] [[fr:Colchester]] [[id:Colchester]] [[is:Colchester]] [[it:Colchester]] [[la:Camulodunum]] [[lt:Kolčesteris]] [[nl:Colchester]] [[ja:コルチェスター]] [[no:Colchester (England)]] [[nn:Colchester]] [[pl:Colchester]] [[pt:Colchester]] [[ro:Colchester]] [[ru:Колчестер]] [[simple:Colchester]] [[fi:Colchester]] [[sv:Colchester]] [[vec:Colchester]] [[vo:Colchester]]