Colonisation
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{{otheruses|Colonization (disambiguation)}}
'''Colonisation''' (or '''Colonization''') occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area. The term, which is derived from the Latin ''colere'', "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect,"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes |author =Marcy Rockman, James Steele|year= 2003|publisher=Routledge|id=ISBN 0415256062}}</ref> originally related to humans. However, 19th century [[biogeography|biogeographers]] dominated the term to describe the activities of birds or bacteria, or plant species.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes |author =Marcy Rockman, James Steele|year= 2003|publisher=Routledge|id=ISBN 0415256062}}</ref>
Human colonization is a narrower category than the related concept of [[colonialism]], because whereas colonization refers to the establishment of [[settler]] colonies, [[trading posts]], and [[plantations]] with the [[metropole]]'s own population, colonialism deals with this and the ruling of new territories' existing peoples.
==Historical Colonizations==
===Classical Period===
In ancient times, maritime nations such as the city-states of [[Greece]] and [[Phoenicia]] often established colonies. These appear to have been more benign, emphasizing the farming of uninhabited land. In classical times, land suitable for farming was often claimed by migratory "barbarian tribes" who lived by hunting and gathering. To ancient civilized people, the land simply appeared vacant. However this does not mean that conflict did not exist between the colonizers and native peoples.
Another period of colonization in Ancient times was from the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. The Roman Empire conquered a large part of [[Western Europe]], [[North Africa]] and [[West Asia]]. In North Africa and west Asia they were often conquering civilized peoples, but as they moved north into Europe they mostly encountered rural tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas.
Many of the current cities around Europe began as Roman colonies, such as the German city Köln (better known in its French form [[Cologne]]), which was originally called ''Colonia Claudia'' by the Romans; and the [[United Kingdom|British]] capital city of [[London]] which the Romans started as ''Londinium''.
===Middle Ages===
The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large scale movement of people in [[Eastern Europe]] and Asia. This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia moving into the richer pasture land to the west and so forcing the people there to move further west and so on until eventually the [[Franks]] and their ilk were forced to invade the Roman Empire, beginning the [[Dark Ages]]. It was this period that saw the large scale movement of peoples establishing new colonies all over western Europe, the events of this time saw the development of many of the modern day nations of Europe, the [[Franks]] in [[France]] and [[Germany]] and the [[Anglo-Saxons]] in [[England]].
The [[Vikings]] of [[Scandinavia]] also carried out a large scale colonization. The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homelands in [[Denmark]], southern [[Norway]] and southern [[Sweden]], to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe. In time, the Vikings began trading, rather than raiding, and established colonies. The Vikings discovered [[Iceland]] and establishing colonies before moving onto [[Greenland]], where they briefly held some colonies. The Vikings also launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called [[Vinland]], which is probably at a site now known as [[L'Anse aux Meadows]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], on the eastern coastline of [[Canada]].
==='Colonial Era', colonialism and imperialism ===
{{main|Colonialism}}
Colonialism in this sense refers to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Oceania and Africa; however it also covers their taking control over lands already inhabited by native populations.
==Modern Colonization==
In some cases, [[expatriate]] communities do set up permanently in target countries, which is a 'truer' colonization, though in many cases (especially when not gathered into a community) expatriates do not necessarily seek to 'expand their native civilization', but rather to [[Racial integration|integrate]] into the population of the new civilization.
Many nations also have large numbers of [[guest worker]]s who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low-paid manual labor. Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas, because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason. Many human colonists came to colonies as slaves, so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country.
In the 1980s and 1990s, an elite class of well-educated, highly-paid managers, lawyers, professionals, and business people began a new type of colonizing. Since they had highly-sought after skills that were needed in many different countries, they treated the world as their playing field. They moved between countries to seek better jobs and opportunities. In the event of a downturn, they had the resources to pack up and leave to a different country.
However, unlike this elite professional caste, people with lower-paying jobs do not have international mobility. International professional mobility may also be considered a type of [[colonialism]] (rather than colonization) since these professionals do not move permanently. Instead, they move to a target region temporarily and leave.
===Neo-Colonization===
{{see also|Neocolonialism}}
This term, usually pejorative, refers to a sort of "unofficial" colonization, in which a country's government is overthrown by larger country and replaced by a government that coincides with the larger country's interests. In effect, this makes the country a colony, dealing with the problem of a revolutionary uprising by delivering the impression that the colony is still self-governed.
==Other ways of using the term==
The theory of '''Science policy colonization''' (Weingart and Mouton, 2004) argues that [[science policy]] is increasingly being dominated by scientific experts from developed, industrialized democracies. Scientists from poorer, emerging or developing democracies may mainly be given the role of collecting raw data. Experts from developed, industrialized democracies may have biases unchallenged that run counter to the best interests of emerging democracies such as South Africa (Weingart and Mouton (2004)). There are also concerns (UNESCO 1999) that the accountability mechanisms imposed on knowledge experts are inadequate.
The term "[[cocacolonization|cocacolonisation]]" is used to describe cases where a country's indigenous culture is eroded by a corporate mass-culture, usually from a powerful, industrialized country such as the United States (see [[cultural imperialism]]). This is more metaphorical usage as people need not move, to the colonized country; only cultural signals, symbols, forms of entertainment, and values move need to move to the colonized country.
===Hypothetical or fictional types of Colonization===
The hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth's [[ocean]]s is called [[ocean colonization|ocean colonization]]. Related ideas such as the [[floating city]] are much less hypothetical - funds are presently being sought to build several large ships that would have permanent populations of up to 50,000 people each.
In [[science fiction]], [[space colonization|space colonization]] is sometimes more benign. Humans find an uninhabited planet, and inhabit it. The [[colonization of Mars|colonization of Mars]] is an often-used example of this type of space colonization. In more recent science fiction, humans may create inhabitable space (by [[terraforming]] or constructing a space habitat) and call that a "colony."
On the other hand, if the planet is already inhabited, much less benign consequences ensue: indeed, some science fiction authors have used the colonization of alien planets by humans, or the colonization of [[Earth]] by aliens, to explore the real-world issues surrounding the phenomenon. Such works include those of [[Mary Doria Russell]], ''The Sparrow'' and ''Children of God''.
The ultimate form of space colonization is the [[Kardashev scale]] which assumes that a single dominant intelligent species will take over all energy on one planet, then one star, then a whole galaxy full of stars. However, this would not necessarily be so if other species were to be discovered during a galactic expansion. This may require more than one species to share the galactic space with each other as they both develop.
== See also ==
* [[Colonialism]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[als:Landnahme]]
[[bg:Колонизация]]
[[cs:Kolonizace]]
[[de:Kolonisation]]
[[es:Colonización]]
[[fa:استعمار]]
[[fr:Colonisation]]
[[is:Landnámsmaður]]
[[nl:Kolonisatie]]
[[pl:Kolonizacja]]
[[pt:Colonização]]
[[fi:Kolonisaatio]]
[[sv:Kolonisation]]
[[uk:Колонізація]]