Columbia University
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{{Infobox_University
|name = Columbia University in the City of New York
|image_name = Cu-shield.png
|image_size = 161px
|motto = ''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen'' ([[Latin]])
|mottoeng = In Thy light shall we see light (a paraphrase of [[Psalm]] 36:9)
|established = 1754
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|endowment = [[United States dollar|US $]]7.15 [[1000000000 (number)|Billion]]<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/endowment.html Columbia University Statistical Abstract | Endowment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|calendar = Semester
|president = [[Lee Bollinger]]
|students = 24,820<ref name = "wriggy">http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_level_2004-2007.htm</ref>
|undergrad = 6,923<ref name = "wriggy"/>
|postgrad = 15,731<ref name = "wriggy"/>
|non-degree = 2,166<ref name = "wriggy"/>
|faculty = 3,543<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/full_time_faculty_gender2007.htm</ref>
|city = {{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City|New York]]
|state = [[New York|NY]]
|campus = Total, 299 acres (1.23 km²): Urban, 36 acres (0.15 km²) Morningside Heights Campus, 26 acres (0.1 km²), Baker Field athletic complex, 20 acres (0.09 km²), Medical Center, 157 acres (0.64 km²) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 60 acres (0.25 km²), Nevis Laboratories, Reid Hall (Paris)
|former_names = *King's College (1754-1776) <br>*Columbia College (1784-1896)
|athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I FCS]], [[Ivy League]]<br/>29 sports teams
|affiliations = [[Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association|MAISA]];
[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]
|free_label = Newspaper
|free = [[Columbia Daily Spectator]]
|colors= [[Columbia blue]] and [[White]] {{color box|#9BDDFF}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
|nickname = [[Columbia Lions]]
|website = [http://www.columbia.edu/ www.columbia.edu]
|logo = [[Image:ColumbiaU logo.png|center|225px]]
}}
[[Image:Alma Mater at Columbia.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Alma Mater]]
'''Columbia University''' is a private [[university]] in the [[United States]] and a member of the [[Ivy League]]. Columbia's main campus lies in the [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] neighborhood in the [[borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Manhattan]], in [[New York City]]. The university is now legally known as '''Columbia University in the City of New York'''. The institution was established as ''King's College'' by the [[Church of England]], receiving a [[Royal Charter]] in 1754 from [[George II of Great Britain]]. It was the first college established in [[New York]], and [[Colonial Colleges|the fifth college]] established in the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. After the [[American Revolution]] it was briefly chartered as a [[New York State]] entity from 1784-1787, however the university now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private [[trustee|board of trustees]].
Columbia University is home to the [[Pulitzer Prize]], which has rewarded outstanding achievement in [[journalism]], literature and music for over a century. Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism was founded by Joseph Pulitzer.
87 [[Nobel Prize]] winners have been affiliated with Columbia in some way, more than any other university in the world.
Columbia was the birthplace of [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]], the first American university to offer [[historic preservation]], [[anthropology]] and [[political science]] as [[List of academic disciplines|academic disciplines]], the first American school to grant the [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] degree, and the birthplace of modern [[genetics]]. An early research center for [[Manhattan Project]] development of the [[nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], its Morningside Heights campus was the first [[North America]]n site where the [[uranium]] [[atom]] was split. Literary and artistic movements as varied as the [[Harlem Renaissance]], the [[Beat Generation|Beat movement]] and [[postcolonialism]] all took shape within Columbia's gates in the 20th century.
Columbia has had a long association with American political leaders. Among the earliest students and trustees of King's College were four [[Founding Fathers of the United States|"founding fathers" of the United States]]. U.S. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] both studied law at Columbia, and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was president of the University before making his [[White House]] bid. The presumed [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] presidential nominee [[Barack Obama]] received his undergraduate degree at Columbia, as did current [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[Michael Mukasey]], the current Governor of New York State [[David Paterson]], and a number of current [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] and [[United States Representative|Representatives]] to [[United States Congress|Congress]].
== Campus ==
=== Morningside Heights ===
Most of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] at [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught in one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] principles by acclaimed architects [[McKim, Mead, and White]] and is considered one of their best works.
[[Image:Nyc columbia.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Butler Library]] (June 2003)]]
Columbia's main [[campus]] occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or 32 acres (132,000 m²), in [[Morningside Heights]], a neighborhood located between the [[Upper West Side]] and [[Harlem]] sections of [[Manhattan]] that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, which house faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions - Housing & Dining<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Low Memorial Library Columbia University NYC.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Low Memorial Library]]
New buildings and [[architectural structure|structures]] on the campus, especially those built following the [[World War II|Second World War]], have often only been constructed after a contentious process often involving open debate and protest over the new structures. Often the complaints raised by these protests during these periods of expansion have included issues beyond the debate over the construction of any of the architectural features which diverged from the original McKim, Mead, and White plan, and often involved complaints against the administration of the university. This was the case with Uris Hall, which sits behind Low Library, built in the 1960s, and the more recent [[Alfred Lerner Hall]], a [[deconstructivism|deconstructivist]] structure completed in 1998 and designed by Columbia's then-Dean of Architecture, [[Bernard Tschumi]]. Elements of these same issues have been reflected in the current debate over the future expansion of the campus into [[Manhattanville]], several blocks uptown from the current campus.<ref>{{cite web | last = Tan | first = Tao | year = 2004 | url = http://www.columbia.edu/~tt2124/CUHist/ | title = The Evolution of Morningside | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
[[Image:Columbia College Walk.jpg|thumb|200px|right|"College Walk" provides a public path between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue, cutting through the main [[campus]] quad.]]
Columbia's [[Columbia University Library System|library system]] includes over 9.5 million volumes.<ref>Sources vary; e.g. {{cite web | date = [[14 September]] [[2005]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/facts.html?libraries | title = FACTS 2005: Libraries | work = Planning and Institutional Research|publisher = Columbia University Office of the Provost|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}: "9.5 million printed volumes"; {{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=libraryfactsheet&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=101295|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held, ALA Library Fact Sheet Number 22|publisher=American Library Association|accessdate=2007-04-30|date=December , 2006}}: 9,277,042 "volumes held."</ref> One library of note on campus is the [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] which is the largest library of architecture in the United States and among, if not the largest, in the world.<ref>According to the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] (R.I.B.A.)</ref> The library contains more than 400,000 volumes, of which most are non-circulating and must be read on site. One of the library's prominent undertakings is the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals, which is one of the foremost international resources for locating citations to architecture and related topics in periodical literature. The Avery Index covers periodicals thoroughly back to the 1930s, with limited coverage dating to the nineteenth century, up to the present day.
[[Image:Columbia University bridge.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Interior of the bridge between Pupin and Schapiro buildings]]
Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[Low Memorial Library]], the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. [[Philosophy Hall]] is listed as the site of the invention of [[FM radio]]. Also listed is [[Pupin Hall]], also a [[National Historic Landmark]], which houses the physics and astronomy departments, where initial experiments on the nuclear fission of uranium were conducted by [[Enrico Fermi]]. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagenhaper, Denmark.
=== Other campuses ===
[[Image:View of Columbia University.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A view of Columbia University. Note that College Walk was under construction for Summer 2007.]]
Health-related schools are located at the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], twenty acres located in the neighborhood of [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], fifty blocks uptown. Columbia also owns the 26 acre Baker Field, which includes the [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track and tennis, at the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]]). There is a third campus on the west bank of the [[Hudson River]], the {{convert|157|acre|km2|sing=on}} [[Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] in [[Palisades, New York]], and another, the 60 acre [[Nevis Laboratories]], in [[Irvington, New York]]. There is a satellite campus in [[Paris]], [[Reid Hall]]. The Arden House in [[Harriman, New York]] is primarily used for the Executive MBA Program.
=== University Hospital ===
New York-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with medical schools of both Columbia and Cornell universities. According to the US News and World Report's Americas Best Hospitals 2007, it is ranked 6th overall (3rd among university hospitals). Columbia medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute. Columbia is also affiliated with nineteen hospitals in the US and four hospitals overseas.
== History ==
Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in the state of [[New York]]. Founded and chartered as King's College in 1754, Columbia is the sixth-oldest such institution in the United States (by date of founding; fifth by date of chartering). After the [[American Revolutionary War]], King's College was renamed Columbia College in 1784, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. Columbia has grown over time to encompass twenty schools and affiliated institutions.
=== King's College: 1754-1776 ===
[[Image:Columbiatrinity.jpg|left|thumb|Trinity Church schoolyard, the first home of King's College c.1755]] Discussions regarding the foundation of a college in the [[Province of New York]] began as early as 1704, but serious consideration of such proposals was not entertained until the early 1750s, when local graduates of [[Yale University|Yale]] and members of the congregation of [[Trinity Church, New York|Trinity Church]] (then [[Church of England]], now [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]]) in New York City became alarmed by the establishment of the College of New Jersey (now [[Princeton University]]); both because it was founded by "new-light" [[Presbyterians]] influenced by the evangelical [[Great Awakening]] and, as it was located in the province just across the [[Hudson River]], because it provoked fears of New York developing a cultural and intellectual inferiority. They established their own 'rival' institution, King's College, and elected as its first president [[Samuel Johnson (1696-1772)|Samuel Johnson]]. Classes began on [[July 17]], [[1754]] in Trinity Church yard, with Johnson as the sole faculty member. A few months later, on [[October 31]], [[1754]], [[Great Britain]]'s [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] officially granted a royal charter for the college. In 1760, King's College moved to its own building at Park Place, near the present [[New York City Hall|City Hall]], and in 1767 it established the first American [[medical school]] to grant the [[M.D.]] degree.
[[Image:Johnson2.JPG|thumb|right|The Rev. Dr. [[Samuel Johnson (1696-1772)|Samuel Johnson]], first president of King's College]] Controversy surrounded the founding of the new college in New York, as it was a thoroughly Church of England institution dominated by the influence of [[The Crown|Crown officials]], such as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and the Crown Secretary for Plantations and Colonies, in its governing body. Fears of the establishment of a Church of England [[episcopacy]] and of [[British monarchy|Crown]] influence in America through King's College were underpinned by its vast wealth, far surpassing all other [[colonial colleges]] of the period.<ref>{{cite web|last = McCaughey|first = Robert A.|date = [[September 15]] [[2004]] | url = http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/cuhis3057/04Lectures/04Lecture3.htm | title = Farewell, Aristocracy - The World Turned Upside Down | work = Social History of Columbia University Fall 2004 Lectures | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
[[Image:Kings college 1770.gif|thumb|left|King's College Hall, 1770]]
The [[American Revolution]] and the subsequent [[American Revolutionary War|war]] were catastrophic for King's College. It suspended instruction in 1776, and remained so for eight years, beginning with the arrival of the [[Continental Army]] in the spring of that year and continuing with the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their [[Evacuation Day (New York)|departure]] in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.<ref>Schecter, Barnet. ''The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution''. Walker & Company. New York. October 2002. ISBN 0-8027-1374-2</ref><ref>McCullough, David. ''1776''. Simon & Schuster. New York. May 24, 2005. ISBN 978-0743226714 </ref> Additionally, many of the college's alumni, primarily [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], fled to [[Canada]] or Great Britain in the war's aftermath, leaving its future governance and financial status in question.
Although the college had been considered a bastion of [[Tory]] sentiment, it nevertheless managed to produce many key [[Founding Fathers of the United States|leaders of the Revolutionary generation]] - individuals later instrumental in the college's revival. Among the earliest students and trustees of King's College were four [[Founding Fathers of the United States|"founding fathers" of the United States]]: [[John Jay]], who negotiated the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] between the United States and Great Britain, ending the Revolutionary War, and who later became the first [[Chief Justice of the United States]]; [[Alexander Hamilton]], military aide to General [[George Washington]], author of most of the ''[[Federalist Papers]]'', and the first [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]; [[Gouverneur Morris]], the author of the final draft of the [[United States Constitution]]; and [[Robert Livingston (1746-1813)|Robert R. Livingston]], a member of the [[Committee of Five]] that drafted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]. [[Image:Young alexander hamilton.jpg|left|thumb|Arguably King's College's most famous alum, [[Alexander Hamilton]] (shown here as a young man)]]
Hamilton's first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with [[Nicholas Fish]], [[Robert Troup]], and a group of other students from King's he joined a volunteer militia company called the "[[Hearts of Oak (New York militia)|Hearts of Oak]]" – Hamilton achieving the rank of Lieutenant. They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on their hatbands, and drilled under the watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the nearby [[St. Paul's Chapel]]. In August 1775, while under fire from the HMS ''Asia'', the Hearts of Oak (a.k.a. the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from [[Battery Park (New York)|the Battery]], becoming an artillery unit thereafter.<ref>Chernow, Ron. ''Alexander Hamilton''. Penguin Books, (2004) (ISBN 1-59420-009-2)</ref> Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in and survive the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]], which took place on and around the site that would become home to his Alma Mater over a century later, only to be - after his dueling death twenty-eight years later - entombed on the site of the first home for King's College in the [[Trinity Church Cemetery|Trinity Church yard]].
=== Early Columbia College: 1784-1857 ===
[[Image:Dewitt.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[DeWitt Clinton]], one of the first students enrolled in "Columbia College"]] After the war, the remaining members of the Board of Governors of King’s sought to resuscitate the college, petitioning the Legislature of New York to “make such alterations in the Charter as the changed condition of affairs might demand.” The Legislature agreed, and on May 1, 1784, it passed “an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King’s College.” <ref name="History of Columbia">{{cite book | last= | first= | authorlink= | last2= | first2= | author2-link= | title= A History of Columbia University, 1754-1904 | year=1904 | pages= | location=New York | publisher = Macmillan | format= | doi= | id = | isbn= 1402137370 | accessdate = }}</ref> The Act created a Board of Regents to oversee the resuscitation of King’s, giving them the power to hire a college president and appoint professors, but prohibiting the College from administering any “religious test-oath” to its faculty. Finally, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the New Republic, the Legislature stipulated that “the College within the City of New York heretofore called King’s College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]].” <ref name="History of Columbia">{{cite book | last= | first= | authorlink= | last2= | first2= | author2-link= | title= A History of Columbia University, 1754-1904 | year=1904 | pages= | location=New York | publisher = Macmillan | format= | doi= | id = | isbn= 1402137370 | accessdate = }}</ref>
On May 5, 1784, the Regents held their first meeting, instructing Treasurer [[Brockholst Livingston]] and Secretary [[Robert Harpur]] (who was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at King’s) to recover the books, records and any other assets that had been dispersed during the war, and appointing a committee to supervise the repairs of the college building. In addition, the Regents moved quickly to rebuild Columbia’s faculty, appointing [[William Cochran (educator)|William Cochran]] instructor of Greek and Latin. <ref name="History of Columbia">{{cite book | last= | first= | authorlink= | last2= | first2= | author2-link= | title= A History of Columbia University, 1754-1904 | year=1904 | pages= | location=New York | publisher = Macmillan | format= | doi= | id = | isbn= 1402137370 | accessdate = }}</ref>
In the summer of 1784, after the legislature passed the act restoring the college, Major General [[James Clinton]], a hero of the revolutionary war, brought his son [[DeWitt Clinton]] to New York on his way to [[Princeton University]] to enroll him as a student. When [[James Duane]], the Mayor of New York and a member of the Regents, heard that the younger Clinton was leaving the state for his education, he pleaded with Cochran to offer him admission to Columbia. Cochran agreed - in no small part due to the fact that DeWitt’s uncle, [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], the Governor of New York, had recently been elected Chancellor of the College by the Regents - and DeWitt Clinton became one of nine students admitted to Columbia that year. <ref name="History of Columbia">{{cite book | last= | first= | authorlink= | last2= | first2= | author2-link= | title= A History of Columbia University, 1754-1904 | year=1904 | pages= | location=New York | publisher = Macmillan | format= | doi= | id = | isbn= 1402137370 | accessdate = }}</ref>
As the state proved negligent in its funding of the institution, this arrangement became increasingly unsatisfactory for both. An expansion of the Regents to 20 New York City residents had placed Hamilton and Jay at the helm, and they, along with New York City mayor [[James Duane]], argued for privatization of the college. In 1787 a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of Trustees. Samuel Johnson's son, [[William Samuel Johnson]], became its president.
[[Image:columbia1790.jpg|thumb|right|College Hall in 1790]]For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]] governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. [[George Washington]], notably, attended the commencement of 1790, and nascent interest in legal education commenced under Professor [[James Kent]]. As the state and country transitioned to a considerably more [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian]] era, however, the college's good fortunes began to dry up. The primary difficulty was funding; the college, already receiving less from the state following its privatization, was beset with even more financial difficulties as hostile politicians took power and as new upstate colleges, particularly [[Hamilton College|Hamilton]] and [[Union College|Union]], lobbied effectively for subsidies. What Columbia did receive was Manhattan real estate, which would only later prove lucrative.
Columbia's performance flagged for the remainder of the 19th century's first half. The law faculty never managed to thrive during this period, and in 1807 the medical school, hoping to arrest its decline, broke off to merge with the independent College of Physicians and Surgeons. Contention between students and faculty were highlighted by the "Riotous Commencement" of 1811, in which students violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a degree upon John Stevenson, who had inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech. Though the college was finally able to shake its embarrassing reputation for structural shabbiness by adding several wings to College Hall and refinishing it in the more fashionable [[Greek Revival]] style, the effort failed to halt Columbia's long-term downturn, and was soon overshadowed by the Gibbs Affair of 1854, in which famed chemistry professor [[Oliver Wolcott Gibbs]] was denied a professorship at the college, from which he had graduated, due to his [[Unitarian]] affiliation. The event demonstrated to many, including frustrated diarist and trustee [[George Templeton Strong]], the narrow-mindedness of the institution. By July, 1854 the ''Christian Examiner'' of Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College", noted that the school was "good in classics" yet "weak in sciences", and had "very few distinguished graduates".<ref name="appendixe">{{cite web|last = McCaughey|first = Robert|date = [[December 10]] [[2003]] | url = http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/e.html | title = Appendix E: Institutional Comparisons | work = Stand, Columbia - A History of Columbia University | publisher = Columbia University Press | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
=== Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue ===
[[Image:columbia law madison.gif|left|thumb|The [[Gothic Revival]] Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus]] In 1857, the College moved from Park Place to a primarily [[Gothic Revival]] campus on 49th Street and [[Madison Avenue]], where it remained for the next fifty years. The transition to the new campus coincided with a new outlook for the college; during the commencement of that year, College President [[Charles King]] proclaimed Columbia "a university". During the last half of the nineteenth century, under the leadership of President [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|F.A.P. Barnard]], the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a true modern university. [[Columbia Law School]] was founded in 1858, and in 1864 the [[Columbia University School of Mines|School of Mines]], the country's first such institution and the precursor to today's [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]], was established. [[Barnard College]] for women, established by the eponymous Columbia president, was established in 1889; the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] came under the aegis of the University in 1891, followed by [[Teachers College, Columbia University]] in 1893. The Graduate Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science awarded its first PhD in 1875.<ref name=appendixe/><ref>{{cite web | last = McCaughey | first = Robert | date = [[December 10]] [[2003]] | url = http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html | title = Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900 | work = Stand, Columbia - A History of Columbia University|publisher = Columbia University Press|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> This period also witnessed the inauguration of Columbia's participation in intercollegiate sports, with the creation of the baseball team in 1867, the organization to the football team in 1870, and the creation of a [[Sport rowing|crew]] team by 1873. The first intercollegiate Columbia football game was a 6-3 loss to [[Rutgers]]. The ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' began publication during this period as well, in 1877.<ref> [http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_events/symposia/history_studentlife_timeline.html Columbia College Student Life Timeline]</ref>
=== Morningside Heights ===
[[Image:ColumbiaUNYC1915.jpg|frame|Development of the Morningside Heights campus by 1915]] In 1896, the trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia University, and today the institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of New York." Additionally, the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry." At the same time, University president [[Seth Low]] moved the campus again, from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) campus in the developing neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights]]. The site was formerly occupied by the [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum]]. One of the asylum's buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Hall and Buell Hall), is still standing today.
The building often depicted as emblematic of Columbia is the centerpiece of the Morningside Heights campus, [[Low Memorial Library]]. Constructed in 1895, the building is still referred to as "Low Library" although it has not functioned as a library since 1934. It currently houses the offices of the President and Provost, the Visitor's Center, the Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. Patterned on several precursors, including the [[Parthenon]] and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], it is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=2002-07-30 | url = http://www.gs.columbia.edu/kevinmap/lowmemorial.htm | title = Low Memorial Library | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
[[Image:Columbia low plaza 3old.jpg|thumb|left|[[Low Memorial Library|The Steps in front of Low Library]], circa 1900 ]]
Under the leadership of Low's successor, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt. On the Morningside Heights campus, Columbia centralized on a single campus the College, the School of Law, the Graduate Faculties, the School of Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School), and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to serve as president of Columbia for over four decades and became a giant in American public life (as one-time vice presidential candidate and a [[Nobel Laureate]]). His introduction of "downtown" business practices in university administration led to innovations in internal reforms such as the centralization of academic affairs, the direct appointment of registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as the formation of a professionalized university bureaucracy, unprecedented among American universities at the time.
[[Image:Oldcolumbiasfield.jpg|thumb|right| [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] (left), new home of Columbia College, and Hartley Hall, the College's first dormitory, in 1907]]
In 1893 the [[Columbia University Press]] was founded in order to "promote the study of economic, historical, literary, scientific and other subjects; and to promote and encourage the publication of literary works embodying original research in such subjects." Among its publications are ''[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]],'' first published in 1935, and ''The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World,'' first published in 1952.
In 1902, New York newspaper magnate [[Joseph Pulitzer]] donated a substantial sum to the University for the founding of a school to teach journalism. The result was the 1912 opening of the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] — the only journalism school in the Ivy League. The school is the administrator of the [[Pulitzer Prize]] and the [[duPont-Columbia Award]] in broadcast journalism.
In 1904 Columbia organized adult education classes into a formal program called Extension Teaching (later renamed University Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching eventually give rise to the Columbia Writing Program, the [[Columbia Business School]], and the School of Dentistry and Oral Surgery.
[[Columbia Business School]] was added in the early 20th century. During the first half of the 20th Century Columbia and [[Harvard]] had the largest endowments in the US.
[[Image:Columbiaman.jpg|thumb|left|Archetypal Columbia man, from a 1902 poster]] By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the likes of [[Jacques Barzun]], [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Mark Van Doren]], [[Lionel Trilling]], and [[I. I. Rabi]]. The University's graduates during this time were equally accomplished — for example, two alumni of Columbia's Law School, [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and [[Harlan Fiske Stone]] (who also held the position of Law School dean), served successively as Chief Justices of the United States. [[Dwight Eisenhower]] served as Columbia's president from 1948 until he became the [[President of the United States]] in 1953.
[[Image:The Thinker Columbia.JPG|thumb|right|[[The Thinker]] by [[Auguste Rodin]].]]
Research into the atom by faculty members [[John R. Dunning]], I. I. Rabi, [[Enrico Fermi]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]] placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the [[Manhattan Project]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html| title = Why They Called It the Manhattan Project | accessdate = 2007-10-30}}</ref>.
Following the end of [[World War II]] the School of International Affairs was founded in 1946. Focusing on developing [[diplomat]]s and [[foreign affairs]] specialists the school began by offering the [[Master of International Affairs]]. To satisfy an increasing desire for skilled [[civil service|public service]] professionals at home and abroad, the School added the [[Master of Public Administration]] degree in 1977. In 1981 the School was renamed the [[School of International and Public Affairs]] (SIPA). The School introduced an MPA in [[Environmental Science]] and [[environmental policy|Policy]] in 2001 and, in 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program — the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in [[Sustainable Development]].
In 1947, to meet the needs of [[GI (military)|GIs]] returning from World War II, University Extension was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the [[Columbia University School of General Studies]]. While University Extension had granted the B.S. degree since 1921, the School of General Studies first granted the B.A. degree in 1968.
Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, an all female institution affiliated with the University, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia and Barnard.
In 1990 the Faculty of Arts & Sciences was created, unifying the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the School of International and Public Affairs.
In 1997, the Columbia Engineering School was renamed the [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]], in honor of Chinese businessman Z. Y. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. The school is now referred to as "SEAS" or simply, "the engineering school."
[[Image:Earl Hall Columbia University NYC.jpg|thumb|left|Earl Hall]]
As of April 2007, the university had purchased more than two-thirds of 17 acres desired for a new campus in [[Manhattanville]], to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, the new campus would house buildings for Columbia's schools of business and the arts and allow the construction of the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://neighbors.columbia.edu/pages/manplanning/index.html | title = Manhattanville in West Harlem | accessdate = 2007-04-01}}</ref> The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments.
[[Image:Columbia University 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Low Library.]]
The project has suffered from criticism of a lack of transparency and concern for community needs. According to the Environmental Impact Statement recently certified by the Department of City Planning, almost 300 people would be displaced from the project zone, and almost 3,300 would be displaced from areas surrounding it. Community activist groups in West Harlem have committed to fighting the expansion.<ref>{{cite news | last = Williams | first = Timothy | title = In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents | work = New York Times | date = [[November 20]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html?em&ex=1164171600&en=85fc31aebe9f875c&ei=5087% }}</ref> Despite a constant barrage of opposition at a series of public hearings, the City Council of New York green-lighted Columbia's Manhattanville expansion plan on December 19th, 2007, after receiving strong support from Councilman Robert Jackson (D-West Harlem) and Councilwoman Inez Dickens (D-Central Harlem). Critics accuse the university of having used its political muscle to silence dissent.
On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire [[John Kluge]]<ref>[http://users2.wsj.com/lmda/do/checkLogin?mg=evo-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB117624800578765660.html%3Fmod%3Dhome_whats_news_us Wall Street Journal article breaking the news about Kluge's donation]</ref> to be used exclusively for financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death.
== Academics ==
=== Admissions and financial aid ===
[[Image:Vanamquad.JPEG|thumb|right|Van Am Quad]]
In 2008, Columbia College admitted 8.7% of applicants for the Class of 2012, one of the lowest rates in the country.<ref name="stat">
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink = Columbia University
| coauthors =
| title = Admission Statistics
| work =
| publisher = Columbia University
| date =
| url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/applications/stats.php
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-10-18
| refname=stats }}</ref> The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences admitted 17.6%, a record for the School.<ref name="stat" />
Columbia is also a diverse school, with approximately 49% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, over 50% of all undergraduates in the Class of 2011 will be receiving financial aid. The average financial aid package for these students exceeds $27,000, with an average grant size of over $20,000.<ref name="stat" />
=== Organization ===
Columbia has three undergraduate institutions:
* [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College (CC)]]: the main undergraduate liberal arts college, offering the [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree
* [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science|The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS)]]: offers the [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in engineering
* [[Columbia University School of General Studies|The School of General Studies (GS)]]: offers Bachelor of Arts degrees to students who have experienced interruptions in their education
Columbia also has a number of graduate and professional schools, including:
* [[Columbia Law School|Columbia Law School (CLS)]]: offers the LLM, JD, and JSD degrees
* [[Columbia Business School|Columbia Business School (CBS)]]: offers the MBA and PhD degrees
* [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&S)]]: offers the MD degree
* [[School of Nursing]]: offers the BS, MS, and PhD degrees
* [[Mailman School of Public Health]]: offers the MPH, DrPH, and Ph.D degrees
* [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism (J-School or CJS)]]: founded by Joseph Pulitzer, offers the MA, MS, and PhD degrees
* [[School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA)]]: offers MIA, MPA, PEPM, EMPA, and PhD degrees
* [[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP)]]: offers the MArch, MS, and PhD degrees
* [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)]]: offers the MA, MS, and PhD degrees
* [[Columbia University School of the Arts|The School of the Arts (SoA)]]: offers the MfA degree in four disciplines (film, theater, visual arts, and writing)
* [[Columbia University School of Social Work]]: offers the MS and PhD degrees
* [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science|The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS)]]: in addition to undergraduate studies, students may also pursue MS and PhD degree programs in engineering.
* [[Columbia University's School of Continuing Education]] offers classes for non-matriculated elective course students, Master of Science Degrees, Post-baccalaureate Certificates, English Language Programs, Overseas Programs, Summer Session, and High School Programs.
The university is affiliated with [[Barnard College]], [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]], the [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]], and the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]], all located nearby in Morningside Heights. A joint undergraduate program is available through the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] as well as through the [[Juilliard School]].<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/students/academics/special_prog/juilliard.php Columbia College Academics > Special Programs > Julliard<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== Rankings ===
[[Image:Pupin Hall.jpg|left|thumb|Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop observatory]]
{{Infobox US university ranking
| USNWR_NU = 9th
| USNWR_LA =
| USNWR_Bus = 9th
| USNWR_Law = 4th
| USNWR_PubH = 6th
| USNWR_Medr = 11th
| USNWR_Medc = 58th
| USNWR_Eng = 21st
| USNWR_Ed = 4th
| ARWU_W = 7th
| ARWU_N = 6th
| ARWU_SCI = 12th
| ARWU_ENG = 43rd
| ARWU_LIFE = 7th
| ARWU_MED = 5th
| ARWU_SOC = 3rd
| Newsweek =
| THES_W = 11th
| THES_N = 7th
| CMUP = 1st
| Wamo = 41st
}}
The undergraduate school of Columbia University is ranked 9th (tied with The [[University of Chicago]]) among national universities by [[U.S. News and World Report]] (USNWR),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php |title=America's Best Colleges 2008 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> 7th among world universities and 6th among universities in the Americas by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006 |year=2006 |publisher= Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> 11th among world universities and 7th in North America by the [[THES - QS World University Rankings]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/ |title=World University Rankings |year=2006 |publisher=The Times Higher Educational Supplement |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> 10th among "global universities" by [[Newsweek]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/ |journal= Newsweek |title=The World's 100 Most Global Universities |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> and 1st in the U.S. among both national research universities and private universities by The [[Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research2007.pdf |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2007 Annual Report |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-04-15|format=PDF}}</ref> According to the [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]], graduate programs are ranked 8th nationally.
Columbia also participates in the [http://www.naicu.edu/ National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities] ([[NAICU]])'s [[University and College Accountability Network (U-CAN)]].
According to the [[U.S. News & World Report]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/rankindex_brief.php |title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2008 |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, home to the Pulitzer Prize, ranks #1. Teachers College (Columbia's Graduate School of Education) ranks #1. School of Social Work ranks #3. The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) ranks #3 (according to Architect magazine's November 2007 issue). Columbia Law School ranks #4. The Mailman School of Public Health ranks #6. Columbia Business School ranks #9 (#2 according to The [[Financial Times]]; #6 according to [[Fortune Magazine]]). Columbia's medical school, called the College of Physicians and Surgeons, ranks #10. According to ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine, the School of International & Public Affairs (SIPA) PhD program (overall) in international relations is ranked #2, and the Master's program (policy area) is ranked #5. Finally, Columbia's Institute of Human Nutrition ranks #1 according to The Chronicle for Higher Education.
=== Academic freedom ===
The University states that it "is committed to maintaining a climate of academic freedom," in which professors are given the "widest possible latitude in their teaching and scholarship."<ref>''Obligations and Responsibilities of Officers of Instruction and Research'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/fhb/c7/intro.html]</ref> Its policy on academic freedom prohibits the penalization by the University of a professor for expressions of opinion or associations in their private or civic capacity. <ref>''Code of Academic Freedom and Tenure'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/fhb/c7/c7frame.html]</ref>
In 2005, the University became embroiled in a controversy regarding the academic freedom of students in connection with their studies in the department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures ("MEALAC"). The students charged that MEALAC faculty showed an anti-Israel bias, with one student who was formerly with the Israeli Defense Forces charging that a professor, Joseph Massad, refused to answer his question until he "revealed how many Palestinians he had killed."<ref name=CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy>''Columbia Embroiled in Academic Freedom Controversy'' [http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/1517]</ref> The professor denied that the incident took place.<ref name="CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy" /> A group called "The David Project"<ref>[http://www.davidproject.org/ The David Project Center For Jewish Leadership - Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> produced a documentary entitled ''Columbia Unbecoming'' in which the charges were made.<ref name="CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy" /> In response, President Bollinger convened an ad hoc panel to investigate the incidents described in the film and established a standing panel and grievance procedure for future claims of student intimidation.<ref name="CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy" />
== High School Programs ==
Columbia offers a program called the [[Columbia University Science Honors Program]], which is a program that caters to high school students (sophomores, juniors, and seniors). The program is highly competitive, admitting about one-sixth of applicants who are selected based on their transcripts, student-written essays, a teacher recommendation, and a three-hour science and math test. It offers college-level courses in science and math every Saturday during the academic year.
== Life ==
=== The geography of student life ===
==== ''Alma Mater'' ====
{{main|Alma Mater (New York sculpture)}}
This name refers to a statue on the steps (see below) of [[Low Memorial Library]] by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]]. There is a small owl "hidden" on the sculpture. Alma Mater is also the subject of many Columbia legends. The main legends include that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Barnard student who finds it will marry a Columbia man, seeing as how Barnard is a [[women's college]].
==== Butler Library ====
{{main|Butler Library}}
The main library, packed during midterms and finals weeks, is composed of three main parts: the stacks, the study rooms, and the cafe. Students are known to leave their belongings as a placeholder for days on end, a few only leaving the library to sleep a few hours while others come and go as they please. During finals, to get a spot at Butler, students wake up early in the morning and compete with others for a seat. Some students are reported to have gone so far as to set up offices in disused sections of the library on the ninth floor.
Butler houses 1.9 million of the university's 9.2 million volumes,<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/news/libraries/2006/2006-09-01.bible.html Columbia’s Rare Book & Manuscript Library Acquires Early Thirteenth-Century Manuscript Bible<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> mostly in the humanities and history. Unlike the libraries of most other schools, Butler remains at least partially open 24 hours a day and acts as a center of late night studying. Butler also houses Columbia University's Rare Books and Manuscripts Library (including the Columbiana University Archives), the Philip L. Milstein Undergraduate Library, the Oral History collection, and the Butler Media Collection. Butler Library is one of two dozen libraries on campus, mostly distinguished by subject disciplines.<ref> ''Columbia University Libraries'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/libraries.html]</ref>
==== Residence halls ====
First-year students usually live in one of the residence halls situated around South Lawn: [[Hartley Hall|Hartley]], [[Wallach Hall|Wallach]], [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]], Furnald or [[Carman Hall|Carman]]. Upperclass students may also live in Hartley and Wallach, which are collectively part of the Living and Learning Center (LLC), through a highly selective application process. Other upperclassmen participate in a housing lottery. Rising sophomores may also live in Furnald Hall, depending on the lottery results. The other upperclassmen students can choose, depending on their luck, among [[Broadway Hall|Broadway]], [[East Campus (Columbia University)|East Campus]], 47 Claremont, [[Hogan Hall|Hogan]], McBain Hall, River Hall, Ruggles Hall, [[Schapiro Hall|Schapiro]], 600 W 113th, Watt Hall, Wien Hall, and Woodbridge Hall. Most students consider a townhouse in East Campus the best suite style housing option, which includes two-story suites for six students including a kitchen, common lounge, large single rooms, and a quiet location. A four or five person suite in Hogan, in which each person lives in a single and the suite shares a full kitchen, bathroom and living room, is also considered excellent housing, as its location is near many restaurants on Broadway and much closer to the subway than East Campus. Very lucky seniors with the best lottery numbers can get their own studio apartment in [[Watt]].
==== The Steps ====
"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area and hangout for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace, atop which sits [[Low Memorial Library]], as well as adjacent areas, including Low Plaza and small nearby lawns. On warm days, particularly in the spring, the steps become crowded with students conversing, reading, or sunbathing. Occasionally, they play host to film screenings and concerts. The [[King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe]] annually performs an outdoor play by "[[The Bard of Avon]]", in which the Steps frequently play a prominent role. The design of the steps are modeled after the architecture in Raphael's "The School of Athens," a fresco in the Vatican.
==== Sundial ====
[[Image:columbiasundial.jpg|thumb|right|The sundial as it originally appeared prior to the removal of the granite sphere]] This elevated stone pedestal at the center of the main campus quadrangle now serves as a podest for various speeches. Originally there was a large granite sphere located upon the pedestal, which would mark the time via its shadow. It sat upon the pedestal from approximately 1914 to 1946. It was removed in that year due to cracks that formed within it. The ball was assumed destroyed for 55 years until it was discovered intact in a Michigan field in 2001. As of 2006, it seems unlikely that the sundial will ever be restored to a working state.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pulimood | first = Steven K. | date = [[May 7]] [[2002]] | url = http://www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2002/05/07/ArtsEntertainment/116th.Was.Gnomons.Land-2038876.shtml?norewrite200608101408&sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com | title = 116th was Gnomon's Land | publisher = Columbia Spectator | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
==== Tunnels ====
{{main|Columbia University tunnels}}
Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system dating back more than a century, with the oldest portions existing even before the present campus was constructed. Some of these tunnels are open to students today, while others have been closed off to the public.
====Online====
Columbia's most famous online contribution has been [[Go Ask Alice!]], which, since 1993, has provided students and the general public with frank and progressive answers to anonymously posted health questions. Topics covered include [[drug abuse]], [[sexuality]], and interpersonal and romantic relationships. The site receives approximately 2,000 questions a week.
In recent years, new outlets for Columbia student life have opened online. Some, such as the Bwog,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bwog.net | title = Bwog | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the [[blog]] of the undergraduate magazine ''[[The Blue and White]]'' and a medium for campus gossip, and the professor ratings site CULPA<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.culpa.info | title = Columbia Underground Listing of Professor Ability | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> (the Columbia Underground Listing of Professor Ability), have flourished. CULPA, established in 1997 and unaffiliated officially with the university, allows students to anonymously post their own reviews of their professors. It is regarded as one of the most useful tools for students looking to enroll in a class, boasting over 10,000 reviews. Because of the candid nature of the submissions, the site has occasionally been accused of harboring biased reviews and misrepresenting professors. Still, it is the main source of professor review currently available to the Columbia student body.
Students have launched a number of other, sometimes pioneering, websites. CU Community was a popular online networking website created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06) containing 85% of the undergraduate student body, that later rebranded itself CampusNetwork and launched across several universities, before succumbing to its long-time competitor, [[Facebook]]. The [[Columbia Daily Spectator]] launched a blog called SpecBlogs,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.specblogs.com | title = SpecBlogs | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> but this has also since been shut down. Other ventures have been more successful. [[Carsplit]], also created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06), launched in 2005 as a way for students to split the cost of taking a taxi to the airport. Usage peaks during winter break where, last year, over 1,000 students used the service. CU Snacks, authored by Brandon Arbiter (SEAS ´06) was one of the first online, late night snack delivery services. It started from Wien Residence Hall in 2004 and, although it remains completely student-run, it is now part of the experiential education program of Columbia's Center for Career Education. A more recent launch was WikiCU,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wikicu.com | title = WikiCU | accessdate = 2007-03-08}}</ref>, a student-run wiki about Columbia University and its surrounding neighborhood of Morningside Heights.
=== Clubs and activities ===
==== Publications ====
Major publications include the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]],'' the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiaspectator.com | title = Columbia Daily Spectator | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> [[The Current]] ,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiacurrent.org | title = The Columbia Current}}</ref> a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; ''The Columbian'', the second oldest collegiate yearbook in the nation; ''Columbia Review'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review | title = The Columbia Review | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the nation's oldest college literary magazine; The ''Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism'';<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/ | title = Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> The Columbia Observer; the ''Columbia Science Review'', the ''[[Columbia Political Review]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiapoliticalreview.com | title = Columbia Political Review | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; ''[[The Fed (Columbia newspaper)|The Fed]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed | title = The Fed | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper; ''[[Jester of Columbia]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com | title = Jester of Columbia | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the newly (and frequently) revived campus humor magazine; ''[[The Blue and White]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theblueandwhite.org/ | title = Blue & White | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a literary magazine established in 1890 that has recently begun to foray into in-depth pieces on campus life and politics; and the ''[[Journal of Politics & Society]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.helvidius.org | title = Journal of Politics & Society | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published by the [[Helvidius Group]]. Columbia also has an online arts and literary web magazine, ''The Mobius Strip''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mobiusmag.com | title = The Mobius Strip | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> ''AdHoc'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.adhocmag.com | title = AdHoc | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine; it deals largely with local political issues and arts events. Another group of undergraduates started ''The Current'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiacurrent.com | title = The Current | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a journal of politics, culture, and Jewish affairs. ''[[The Birch]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thebirchonline.org | title = The Birch | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> Columbia's undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture, is the first national student-run undergraduate journal of its kind. Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include ''Current Musicology''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://music.columbia.edu/%7Ecurmus/ | title = Current Musicology | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> and ''[[The Journal of Philosophy]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.journalofphilosophy.org/ | title = The Journal of Philosophy | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> The ''[http://www.columbiasciencereview.org|Columbia Science Review]'' is the University's only science magazine that prints hard copies; it prints general interest articles, faculty profiles and student research papers.
During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish [http://www.bronxbeat.org The Bronx Beat],a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.
==== Broadcasting ====
Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate student broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV.
[[WKCR]], the student run radio station broadcasts to the Tri-State area and claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the University's affiliation with [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Major Edwin Armstrong]]. The station currently has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan.
Columbia Television (CTV)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv | title = CTV | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> is the nation's second oldest student television station and home of CTV News,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ctvnewsonline.com | title = CTV News | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students. CTV transmits a cablecast and webcast from its studio in Alfred Lerner Hall.
==== Speech and debate ====
The [[Philolexian Society]] is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country. It has many famous alumni, and administers the Joyce Kilmer Bad Poetry Contest (see [[Columbia University#Joyce Kilmer Memorial Annual Bad Poetry Contest|below]]).
The Columbia University Mock Trial Program<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mocktrial | title = Columbia Mock Trial Program | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> was founded in 1998. It fields four teams that compete in tournaments across the country under the umbrella American Mock Trial Association (AMTA).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegemocktrial.com|title = AMTA Homepage|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> In recent years the Columbia Mock Trial Program has won tournaments at [[Northwestern University]], [[George Washington University]], [[Yale University]], [[UCLA]], as well as three Northeast Regional Titles. The Columbia program is one of the best in the country, ranked in the Top-Ten since 2003 and peaking at the Number 2 ranking in 2004. In 2005-2006, Columbia Mock Trial had one team finish 5th Place at the National Tournament in St. Petersburg, FL and one team finish 6th Place at the National Championship Tournament in Des Moines, Iowa. Every year Columbia hosts the Columbia University Big Apple Invitational Tournament (CUBAIT), one of the best invitational tournaments in the nation. CUBAIT annually attracts many of the top twenty teams in the nation.
The Columbia [[Model United Nations]] holds several functions. Its traveling team competes in conferences both domestically and internationally and is considered one of the top Model United Nations teams in the country. It also holds the Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition (CMUNCE),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cmunce.org | title = Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition | accessdate = 2006-08-27}}</ref> an annual high school international affairs conference, founded in 2001 by Erica DeBruin. The conference is known for its crisis-oriented committees and the comparatively small committee size. Columbia Model United Nations in New York (CMUNNY]),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cmunny.org | title = Columbia Model United Nations in New York | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> is a small crisis-oriented Model United Nations conference for college students that prides itself in non-conventional committees. It was founded in 2006 by David Coates.
The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate | title = Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> competes in tournaments around the country as part of the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]], and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.
====Greek life====
Columbia University is home to many [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternities, sororities]], and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10-15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life], retrieved [[2007-09-12]]</ref> There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1842 of the Lambda Chapter of [[Psi Upsilon]]. Today, there are thirteen [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] fraternities on the campus. The prominent fraternities at Columbia include:
*[[Pi Kappa Alpha]]
*[[Sigma Chi]]
*[[Beta Theta Pi]]
*[[Delta Sigma Phi]]
*[[Psi Upsilon]]
*[[Phi Gamma Delta]]
*[[Sigma Nu]]
*[[Zeta Beta Tau]]
*[[Alpha Epsilon Pi]]
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]
*[[Zeta Psi]]
*[[Kappa Delta Rho]]
In addition, there are four [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] sororities on campus:
*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]]
*[[Delta Gamma]]
*[[Sigma Delta Tau]]
*[[Alpha Chi Omega]]
There are also various multicultural Greek organizations, including:
*[[Alpha Delta Phi]], a co-educational literary society
*[[Kappa Phi Lambda]], an Asian-interest cultural sorority
*[[Lambda Phi Epsilon]], an Asian-interest fraternity
*[[Sigma Iota Alpha]], a Latina-interest sorority
*[[Lambda Pi Chi]], a Latina-interest sorority
====Entrepreneurship at Columbia ====
The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs ([http://www.columbia.edu/cu/core CORE]) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including a business plan competition and a series of seminars. Recent seminar speakers include Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and Chairman of HDNet, and Blake Ross, creator of Mozilla Firefox. As of 2006, CORE has awarded graduate and undergraduate students with over $100,000 in seed capital. Events are possible through the contributions of various private and corporate groups; previous sponsors include Deloitte & Touche, Citigroup, and i-Compass.
There are currently over 2,000 members in CORE. The organization is governed by its executive board, which comprises fifteen undergraduates.
====Other====
The Columbia University Asian American Alliance (AAA or triple-A) has recently become one of the most active Asian American student organizations in the nation and one of the largest student organizations at Columbia. In the past three years of growth, AAA has founded the regional NYC Asian American student conference and a national daily blog on Asian American issues called TheBlaaag. With three subcommittees that specialize in social life, political issues, and community service, AAA works on a variety of issues including addressing hate crimes and bias incidents, large scale event programming, social networking, workshops, and collaborating with the greater community at Columbia.
Black Students Organization
<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/bso/</ref>
The Columbia University Black Students Organization is one of the oldest and most active organizations of its kind in the nation. Dating back to as early as 1964, the BSO still remains an active force on the Columbia University campus. It runs one of the few student operated safe spaces on campus, the Malcolm X Lounge which can be found in 106 Hartley Hall.
The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States.<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/</ref> Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.
Columbia Community Outreach (CCO) is a student organized, student run service day that promotes community service on campus. Founded in 1997, CCO is a community service initiative that seeks to bring together the Columbia University community, raise awareness of opportunities for long-term service and to form mutually beneficial relationships with Columbia's neighboring communities. Every year over 1,000 students, faculty, staff and alumni volunteer for a day alongside community members and non-profit organizations, such as the New York City Parks Department and Habitat for Humanity.<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/outreach</ref>
[[Art History Underground]], the student club for arts, organizes yearly events such as roundtables, panels and discussions. The first traditional "What is Art History?" roundtable took place in October, 2006 with the support of the Art History Department. The club also has a biannual journal with the same name, whose first issue was printed in late Fall, 2006.
The [[Columbia Queer Alliance]] is the central Columbia student organization that represents the lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student [[Homophile]] League in 1966 by students including lifelong activist [[Stephen Donaldson]].<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cqa/index.html</ref>
[[Conversio Virium]] is the college's student-run [[BDSM]] education and discussion group, providing Columbia students with a safe, confidential space to discuss BDSM activities and interests. It is the oldest still-running University group of its kind, recently celebrating its ten-year anniversary.<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cv/</ref>
Columbia's [[Bhangra]] team "cuBhangra" is one of the most energetic and entertaining college, co-ed bhangra teams in the nation. Established in 2002, it has already secured placings at various bhangra competitions in the states and enjoys performing around New York City and in various on-campus performances.
Columbia University campus military groups include the [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/usmilvetscu U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University] and [http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia Advocates for Columbia ROTC]. In the 2005-06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the [http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia/hamilton.html Hamilton Society] for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".
There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), New and Original Material Authored by Students (NOMADS), Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, Columbia University Players, and improvisational troupes Fruit Paunch and Sweeps.
The Columbia University Muslim Students Association is one of the oldest and most active [[Muslim Students Association]]s in the country.
The largest undergraduate club on campus is the Columbia University College Democrats, who won College Democrats of America's Chapter of the Year award for the 2006-2007 school year.
==== Athletics ====
{{main|Columbia Lions}}
A member institution of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]], Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] at [[Baker Field (Columbia University)|Baker Field]]. One hundred blocks north of the main campus at Morningside Heights, the Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.
The Columbia mascot is a lion named Roar-ee. At football games, the Columbia University Marching Band plays "Roar, Lion, Roar" each time the team scores and "Who Owns New York?" with each first down. At halftime, alumni stand and sing the alma mater, "Sans Souci." Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as [[commencement]] and [[convocation]], and athletic games are: Colossus Of Columbia the Columbia University [[fight song]].
The Lions boast a rich athletic tradition. The [[collegiate wrestling|wrestling]] team is the oldest in the nation, and the [[American football|football]] team was the third to join intercollegiate play. A Columbia [[Sport rowing|crew]] was the first from outside Britain to win at the [[Henley Royal Regatta]]. Former students include [[baseball Hall of Famers]] [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Eddie Collins]] and [[football Hall of Famer]] [[Sid Luckman]].
More recently, Columbia has excelled at [[archery]], [[Cross country running|cross country]], [[fencing (sport)|fencing]] and [[collegiate wrestling|wrestling]]. In 2000, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[gold medal]] [[swimmer]] [[Cristina Teuscher]] became the first Ivy League student to win the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], awarded to the best collegiate woman athlete in the nation. Other recent Lions include [[Pro Bowl]] defensive end [[Marcellus Wiley]], whose success in the NFL is credited with drawing the attention of professional scouts back to the Ivy League.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} In 2007, the Men's Track Team captured the 4x800 Penn Relay's victory. This was the first time an Ivy League school won this race since 1974.
[[Image:Scholars Lion.JPG|thumb|right|"The Scholar's Lion," presented on Dean's Day, April 3, 2004, in honor of the 250th anniversary of Columbia College. A gift by sculptor [[Greg Wyatt]], CC`71.]]
Columbia became the third school in the United States to play intercollegiate football when it sent a squad to New Brunswick, N.J., in 1870 to play a team from [[Rutgers]]. Three years later, Columbia students joined representatives from [[Princeton University|Princeton]], Rutgers and [[Yale University|Yale]] to ratify the first set of rules to govern intercollegiate play.
During the first half of the 20th century, the Lions had consistent success on the gridiron. Under Hall of Fame coach [[Lou Little]], the 1934 squad shut out heavily favored [[Stanford]] in the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] winning what was the precursor to the national championship. During [[World War II]] football players were recruited to move uranium in support of the school's participation in the [[Manhattan Project]]. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html Why They Called It the Manhattan Project by William J. Broad - New York Times - October 30, 2007]</ref>
Little’s 1947 edition beat defending national champion [[Army]], then riding a 32-game win streak, in one of the most stunning upsets of the century. Greats of the era included the [[All-American]] Luckman, the quarterback who would lead the [[Chicago Bears]] to four NFL championships in the 1940s while ushering football into the modern era with the [[T formation]].
Since sharing their only Ivy League title with [[Harvard]] in 1961, the football Lions have had three winning seasons (6-3 in 1971, 5-4-1 in 1994 and 8-2 in 1996). The distance of practice facilities at Baker Athletics Complex from the main campus at [[Morningside Heights]], competition for the attention of the student body with all the diversions that Manhattan has to offer, and the lack of a winning tradition sometimes are cited as challenges to recruiting at Columbia.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} [[Norries Wilson]], a runner-up for national assistant coach of the year while at the [[University of Connecticut]] in 2004, is the latest head coach brought in to try to turn the program around. The 2006 squad had a 5-5 record (the program's first .500-or-better season in 10 years), with two victories to close out the year against Cornell and Brown. The Brown game was won on a clutch, game-winning field goal in the waning seconds by [http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=43658&SPID=3885&DB_OEM_ID=9600&ATCLID=319671&Q_SEASON=2006 Jon Rocholl].
The baseball team boasts involvement in the first-ever televised sporting event. On [[May 17]], [[1939]] fledgling [[NBC]] filmed the doubleheader of the Columbia Lions vs. [[Princeton University|Princeton]] Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field.<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television]</ref> Columbia won the 2008 Ivy baseball title.
In basketball, perhaps the greatest player to wear Columbia Blue was [[All-American]] [[Chet Forte]], the 1957 national college player of the year. George Gregory, Jr. became the first African-American All-American in 1931. The 1968 Ivy League championship team included future [[NBA]] player [[Jim McMillian]].
== Controversies and student demonstrations ==
==== Nazi Germany ====
In 1933 the German Ambassador to the United States, [[Hans Luther]], was the featured speaker at the Institute of Arts and Sciences at the Columbia University. When he started to speak a woman in the audience asked him about the burning of the homes of exiled professors. She and two other protesters were forcibly removed by security. Hans Luther's speech stressed Hitler's "peaceful intentions" toward his European neighbors. Afterward, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], Columbia's president, held a reception in his honor. The head of the institute, Russell Potter, called the protestors "ill-mannered children"<ref name=responsefascism>[http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kjm013v1 Complicity and Conflict: Columbia University’s Response to Fascism, 1933–1937]</ref>. Protestors handing out leaflets protesting against Nazi Germany were arrested.<ref name=responsefascism/><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-rutten29sep29,0,1222354.story?coll=la-headlines-calendar Los Angeles Times: Ahmadinejad walks away with a win]</ref>
====Protests of 1968====
{{main|Columbia University protests of 1968}}
Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two major issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring [[Morningside Park]]; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring [[Harlem]]. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in [[the Pentagon]]'s weapons research think-tank, the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside [[Low Memorial Library|Low Library]], [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]], and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/nyregion/28columbia.html?scp=1&sq=columbia+1968&st=nyt "Columbia’s Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion", NY Times, April 28, 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/1968.html#notes Columbia University - 1968]</ref>
====Protests against racism and apartheid====
Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]] regime in [[South Africa]]. A variety of more recent protests, most notably those of Spring 2004 and Spring 2006, have primarily concerned perceived racism on campus.
====Antiwar protests====
In addition to the 1968 protests (see above), tangentially related to the [[Vietnam War]], students and faculty have protested U.S. involvement in various other conflicts. Most recently and controversially, at a faculty sit-in protest of the [[Iraq War]], Professor [[Nicholas de Genova]] praised "[[fragging]]" (soldiers murdering fellow soldiers) and called for U.S. troops to experience "a million Mogadishus," a reference to the casualties U.S. troops suffered in the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]] in 1993. The U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University, a Columbia University student-veterans group, issued [http://milvetslibrary.blogspot.com/2006/01/milvets-response-to-prof-de-genova-apr.html this letter] in response to Professor De Genova's remarks.
====Ad Hoc Grievance Committee (Allegations of faculty intimidation of Jewish students)====
In 2004 Columbia drew nationwide attention when allegations were made that some professors intimidated and harassed students with pro-Israel views. <ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/2958 "The Old Master Of Tel Aviv - Forward.com"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Nat Hentoff]] of the [[Village Voice]] accused Columbia of sweeping a serious problem under the carpet. <ref>Nat Hentoff, Columbia Whitewashes Itself; A committee of insiders, some with conflicts of interest, clears the university,
by Nat Hentoff, April 8th, 2005 4:59 PM</ref>
====Minuteman protest====
On [[October 4]], [[2006]], a group of students disrupted a speech by [[Jim Gilchrist]], the founder of [[The Minuteman Project Inc.|the Minuteman Project]], a group that patrols the border between the United States and Mexico, who had been invited to campus by the Columbia College Republicans. Two student members of the [[International Socialist Organization]] stepped on to the stage and unfurled a banner that stated, in Spanish, English, and Arabic, "No human being is illegal", a criticism of the Minuteman Project's attitude toward illegal immigrants. This action incited other students to rush the stage, including members of the school's Chicano Caucus. A brawl between protestors and supporters of the Minuteman project ensued. Gilchrist and Marvin Stewart, another Minuteman member, were escorted away after the protesters took to the stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22287|title=Protestors Rush Minutemen|author=Laura Brunts|last=Brunts|first=Laura|date=2006-10-04|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>
The protesters were initially accused of attacking the Minutemen. However, video tape of the events surfaced that shows violence being initiated by supporters of the Minuteman Project against the protestors.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22346|title=Kicking Visible in Univision Footage|author=Laura Brunts|last=Brunts|first=Laura|date=2006-10-08|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref><ref name="HannityColmesMinuteman">{{web cite|url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,220506,00.html|title= Former Terrorist, Former Nazi Speak at Columbia Univ. |date=2006-10-13|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>
The students' actions were condemned as violations of the Minuteman Project's right to free speech by New York City Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]]<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22319|title= Mayor Chides Bollinger on Free Speech|author=Laura Brunts|last=Brunts|first=Laura|date=2006-10-05|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>, University President [[Lee Bollinger]]<ref>{{web cite|url= http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22354|title= Official Statements on the Minutemen Brawl|date=2006-10-12|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>, and media figures from across the country.<ref name="HannityColmesMinuteman"/> Representatives of the protestors claimed they were fighting hatred, not free speech.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/23483|title=We Fought Hate, Not Free Speech|author=Karina Garcia|last=Garcia|first=Karina|date=2007-01-19|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>
The University responded with disciplinary action, charging eight students with violating University rules. Three Latino students received harsher punishments than the other students, resulting in some accusations of unfairness and racism at the University.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/25158|title=Minutemen Founder's Speech Ignites Yearlong Free Speech Debate|date=2007-05-06|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>
====Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy====
{{further|[[Lee Bollinger#Mahmoud Ahmadinejad controversy|Lee Bollinger]]}}
{{wikinews|Protests mark Ahmadinejad's visit to Columbia University}}[[Image:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 1 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Students protest Ahmadinejad's visit.]]
On [[September 24]], [[2007]], Columbia and its [[School of International and Public Affairs]] invited [[Iran]]ian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] to speak on campus as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/ahmadinejad2.html
|title=President Bollinger's Statement About President Ahmadinejad's Scheduled Appearance
|date=[[2007-09-19]]
|publisher=Columbia News}}</ref> The invitation was criticized by some, applauded by others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/24/politics/main3292477.shtml|title=Candidates Speak Out On Ahmadinejad Visit|date=[[2007-09-24]]|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
In his introductory speech, University President [[Lee Bollinger]] called Ahmadinejad, a "petty and cruel dictator" and asked him questions about previous remarks concerning the holocaust and his record on human rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/lcbopeningremarks.html
|title=President Lee C. Bollinger's Introductory Remarks at SIPA-World Leaders Forum with President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
|publisher=Columbia News.
|date=[[2007-09-24]]}}</ref> Ahmadinejad responded to Bollinger's remarks by saying:<blockquote>
"In Iran, tradition requires when you invite a person to be a speaker, we actually respect our students enough to allow them to make their own judgment, and don't think it's necessary before the speech is even given to come in with a series of complaints to provide vaccination to the students and faculty."</blockquote>
During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized [[Israel|Israel's]] policies towards the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], called for research on the historical accuracy of [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]] (though he admitted that the Holocaust did occur), expressed his sympathy for the families of the victims of [[9/11 attacks]], raised questions as to who initiated the attacks, expressed the [[self-determination]] of Iran's nuclear power program, criticizing the [[United Nation]]'s policy of sanctions on his country, and criticized U.S. policy in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he asserted that women are respected in Iran, and denied that there are any [[homosexuals]] in Iran.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/24/world/worldspecial/24cnd-iran.html?hp
|title=Facing Scorn, President of Iran Defends His Beliefs
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=[[2007-09-24]]
|quote=In Iran, we don’t have homosexuals like in your country. We don’t have that in our country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3644319
|title=Ahmadinejad Questions 9/11, Holocaust
|publisher=[[Associated Press]]
|date=[[2007-09-25]]}}</ref>
====Tenure Battles====
Political battles over tenure decisions drew national attention, particularly to [[Joseph Massad]] and [[Nadia Abu El Haj]].
== Traditions ==
:''For a more comprehensive list see: [[Columbia traditions]]''
==== Orgo Night ====
On the day before the Organic Chemistry exam—which is often on the first day of finals—at precisely the stroke of midnight, the [[Columbia University Marching Band]] occupies [[Butler Library]] to distract diligent students from studying. After a half-hour of campus-interest jokes, the procession then moves out to the lawn in front of Hartley, Wallach and John Jay residence halls to entertain the residents there. The band then plays at various other locations around Morningside Heights, including the residential quadrangle of [[Barnard College]], where students of the all-women's school, in mock-consternation, rain trash - including notes and course packets - and water balloons upon them from their dormitories above. The band tends to close their Orgo Night performances before Furnald Hall, known among students as the more studious and reportedly "anti-social" residence hall, where the underclassmen in the marching band serenade the seniors with an entertaining, though vulgar, mock-hymn to Columbia, composed of quips that poke fun at the various stereotypes about the Columbia student body.
==== Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies====
[[Image:Collegewalk2.jpg|thumb|right|College Walk is illuminated in the winter months]] The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony is a relatively new tradition at Columbia, inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until [[February 28]]. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by various ''a cappella'' groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.
Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The ceremony dates to a period prior to the [[Revolutionary War]], but lapsed before being revived by University President [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] in the early 20th century. A troop of students dressed in [[Continental Army]] soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols.<ref>{{cite web | last = Hollander|first = Jason|date = [[December 3]] [[1999]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html | title = Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony | work = Columbia News | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> The ceremony is accompanied by a reading of ''[[A Visit From St. Nicholas]]'' by [[Clement Clarke Moore]] (Columbia College class of 1798) and ''[[Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus]]'' by [[Francis Pharcellus Church]] (Class of 1859).
==== The Varsity Show ====
{{main|The Varsity Show}}
An annual musical written by and for students, this is one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians [[Richard Rodgers]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Oscar Hammerstein]], [[Lorenz Hart]], [[I.A.L. Diamond]], and [[Herman Wouk]]. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.<ref>{{cite web | date = [[January 10]] [[2005]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/04/04/varsity_show.html | title = The Varsity Show, [[April 15]]-18 | publisher = Columbia University | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref>
==Sustainability==
Columbia has an Office of Environmental Stewardship that initiates, coordinates and implements practical programs to reduce the university’s environmental footprint.<ref name="About Us: Office of Environmental Stewardship">{{cite web
| title =Office of Environmental Stewardship
| publisher =Columbia University
| url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/environment/docs/about_us/index.html
| accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref> The newly formed Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee, comprised of students, university administrators and faculty, will establish principles and make recommendations about environmental stewardship and sustainability for Columbia.<ref name="New Broad-Range Environmental Committee">{{cite web
| title =Office of Environmental Stewardship
| publisher =Columbia University
| url =http://www.columbia.edu/cu/environment/news/broad-range_environmental_committee/index.html
| accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref> Columbia is one of nine New York City universities that accepted Mayor Bloomberg’s challenge to reduce greenhouse emissions 30% by 2017.<ref name=“Columbia and 8 other NYC Universities to Exceed PlaNYC Goal by reaching 30% Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2017”>{{cite web
| title =Office of Environmental Stewardship
| publisher =Columbia University
| url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/environment/projects/Greenhouse/index.html
| accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref> Columbia scored a respectable “B+” on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s 2008 College Sustainability Report Card.<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web
| title =College Sustainability Report Card 2008
| publisher =Sustainable Endowments Institute
| url =http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/
| accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref>
==Inventions, discoveries and patents==
[[Image:Riverside Church.jpg|thumb|left|[[Riverside Church]] (left), as seen from Pupin Hall]]
Columbia is home to numerous scientific and technological breakthroughs. It was the first North American site where the [[Uranium]] atom was split. It was the birthplace of [[FM radio]] and the [[laser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf |title=Columbia To Go|publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=2007-04-29|format=PDF}}</ref> The [[MPEG-2]] algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by [[Dimitris Anastassiou]], a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist [[Martin Chalfie]] was the first to introduce the use of [[Green Fluorescent Protein]] (GFP) in labelling cells in intact organisms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html|title=Biotech's Glowing Breakthrough|first=Matthew|last=Herper|publisher=Forbes.com|date=2001-07-26|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref>. Other inventions and products related to Columbia include [[Sequential Lateral Solidifcation]] (SLS) technology for making LCDs, [[System Management Arts]] (SMARTS), [[Session Initiation Protocol]] (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), [[pharmacopeia]], [[Macromodel]] (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for [[glass concrete]], Blue [[LED]]s, [[Beamprop]] (used in photonics), among others.<ref name="inventions_nind">{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV's%20Success%20Stories.pdf |title=New Inventions / New Discoveries|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures |accessdate=2007-04-29|format=PDF}}</ref>
Some of the greatest contributions by Columbia scientists have been in the health sciences field, including about 175 new inventions each year<ref name="inventions_nind"/>. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia are on the market today. These include [[Remicade]] (for arthritis), [[Reopro]] (for blood clot complications), [[Xalatan]] (for glaucoma), [[Benefix]], [[Latanoprost]] (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, [[homocysteine]] (testing for cardiovascular disease), [[Zolinza]] (for cancer therapy)<ref name="inventions_stvss">{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2|title=Science and Technology Ventures - Success Stories|publisher= Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures| accessdate=2008-02-27}} </ref>.
Columbia ranks among the top U.S. schools in revenues earned from patents and license agreements on its inventions and discoveries. Its Science and Technology Ventures currently manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements<ref name="inventions_stvss"/>. Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university<ref name="inventions_pbitctc">{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/23146|title=Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia|first=Katie|last=Reedy|date=2006-11-28|publisher=Columbia Spectator | accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref>. In 2004, Columbia made $178 million (compared to $24 million made by [[Harvard]])<ref name="inventions_pbitctc"/>.
==Awards and honors==
As of October 2006, 76<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Columbia_University_people]</ref>Columbia University affiliates have been honored with Nobel Prizes for their work in physics<ref> Columbia does not include any laureates affiliated with the University for less than one year. If they were included, the total would be 87, more than that of any other university in the world. As of October 2007, the official count is 76. (See [[Nobel laureates by university affiliation]]).[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/columbianobels.html Columbia Nobels<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. In the last 10 years (1996-2006) 15 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of which 8 are current faculty members. (Economics-6, Physiology/Medicine-4, Physics-2, Chemistry-2, Literature-1)
'''Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1996-2006):'''<ref name=awards>{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php | title = Faculty | publisher = Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions | accessdate = 2007-05-06}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Faculty
! Affiliation at Columbia
! Nobel Prize
|-
| 1.[[Orhan Pamuk]]
| Dept.of Middle East Languages & Cultures
| Literature, 2006
|-
| 2.[[Edmund Phelps]]
| Dept. of Economics
| Economics, 2006
|-
| 3.[[Richard Axel]]
| Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, A.B.1967
| Physiology/Medicine, 2004
|-
| 4.[[Joseph Stiglitz]]
| Dept. of Economics
| Economics, 2001
|-
| 5.[[Eric Kandel]]
| Center for Neurobiology & Behavior
| Physiology/Medicine, 2000
|-
| 6.[[Robert Mundell]]
| Dept. of Economics
| Economics, 1999
|-
| 7.[[Horst Ludwig Störmer]]
| Dept. of Physics
| Physics, 1998
|-
| 8.[[William Vickrey]]
| Dept. of Economics, M.A.1937,PhD1948
| Economics, 1996
|}
'''Columbia affiliates awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1996-2006):'''<ref name=awards>{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php | title = Faculty | publisher = Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions | accessdate = 2007-05-06}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Affiliation at Columbia
! Nobel Prize
|-
| 9.[[John Mather]]
| Goddard Institute for Space Studies
| Physics, 2006
|-
| 10.[[Robert Grubbs]]
| PhD 1968
| Chemistry, 2005
|-
| 11.[[Linda Buck]]
| Research Scientist 1980-91
| Physiology/Medicine, 2004
|-
| 12.[[William Standish Knowles]]
| PhD 1942
| Chemistry, 2001
|-
| 13.[[James Heckman]]
| Faculty 1970-74
| Economics, 2000
|-
| 14.[[Louis Ignarro]]
| B.S. 1962
| Physiology/Medicine, 1998
|-
| 15.[[Robert Merton]]
| B.S. 1966
| Economics, 1997
|}
Other awards/honors won by current faculty include:
*[[MacArthur Foundation]] Award: 28<ref name=awards>{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php | title = Faculty | publisher = Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
* [[National Medal of Science]]: 4<ref name=awards/>
*The [[National Academies]]: 99 (sum of 41+20+38, below)
:*[[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]: 41<ref name=awards/>
:*[[National Academy of Engineering]]: 20<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30 | title = Members By Parent Institution | work = National Academy of Engineering | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
:*Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: 38<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951/16476.aspx?ps=50&sb=LastName&sd=ASC&cp=5&filterby=C&browseby=Institution&scroll=2#ResultScroll2 | title = Membership Directory | work = Institute of Medicine of the National Academies | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
*[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]: 143<ref name=awards/>
==Presidents ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 95%;"
! !! President !! Birth Year–Death Year !! Years as President !! Name of Institution; Notes
|-
| 1 || [[Samuel Johnson (1696-1772)|Samuel Johnson]] || (1696–1772) || (1754–1763) || King's College
|-
| 2 || [[Myles Cooper]] || (1735–1785) || (1763–1775) || King's College
|-
| 2.1 || [[Benjamin Moore]] || (1748–1816) || (1775–1776) || King's College; acting
|-
| 2.2 || [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] || (1739–1812) || (1784–1787) || Columbia College "in the State of New York"; Chancellor (Regents government)
|-
| 3 || [[William Samuel Johnson]] || (1727–1819) || (1787–1800) || Columbia College "in the City of New York" (Trustees government)
|-
| 4 || [[Charles Henry Wharton]] || (1748–1833) || (1801–1801) || Columbia College
|-
| 5 || [[Benjamin Moore]] || (1748–1816) || (1801–1810) || Columbia College
|-
| 6 || [[William Harris (academic)|William Harris]] || (1765–1829) || (1811–1829) || Columbia College; shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816
|-
| 7 || [[William Alexander Duer]] || (1780–1858) || (1829–1842) || Columbia College
|-
| 8 || [[Nathaniel Fish Moore]] || (1782–1872) || (1842–1849) || Columbia College
|-
| 9 || [[Charles King (academic)|Charles King]] || (1789–1867) || (1849–1863) || Columbia College; presides over move to Madison Avenue campus
|-
| 10 || [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard]] || (1809–1889) || (1864–1889) || Columbia College
|-
| 11 || [[Seth Low]] || (1850–1916) || (1890–1901) || Columbia College; presides over move to [[Morningside Heights]] campus; name changes to "Columbia University in the City of New York"
|-
| 12 || [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] || (1862–1947) || (1902–1945) || Columbia University
|-
| 12.1 || [[Frank D. Fackenthal]] || (1883–1968) || (1945–1948) || Columbia University (acting)
|-
| 13 || [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || (1890–1969) || (1948–1953) || Columbia University; on leave while Supreme Commander of [[NATO]]
|-
| 14 || [[Grayson L. Kirk]] || (1903–1997) || (1953–1968) || Columbia University; resigned after [[Columbia University protests of 1968|1968 protests]]
|-
| 15 || [[Andrew W. Cordier]] || (1901–1975) || (1969–1970) || Columbia University
|-
| 16 || [[William J. McGill]] || (1922–1997) || (1970–1980) || Columbia University
|-
| 17 || [[Michael I. Sovern]] || (1931– ) || (1980–1993) || Columbia University
|-
| 18 || [[George Erik Rupp]] || (1942– ) || (1993–2002) || Columbia University
|-
| 19 || [[Lee C. Bollinger]] || (1947– ) || (2002– ) || Columbia University
|}
==Notable Columbians==
{{main|List of Columbia University people}}
===Alumni and attenders===
[[Image:Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alexander Hamilton]], the most famous attendee of King's College (Columbia's progenitor)]] Two former [[Presidents of the United States]] have attended Columbia. Six Justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] and 39 [[Nobel Prize]] winners have obtained degrees from Columbia. Today, three [[United States Senator]]s and 16 current Chief Executives of [[Fortune 500]] companies hold Columbia degrees, as do three of the 25 richest Americans<ref>http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_The-400-Richest-Americans_Rank.html</ref>.
Attendees of King's College, Columbia's predecessor, included [[Founding Fathers]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Jay]], [[Robert Livingston (1746-1813)|Robert R. Livingston]], and [[Gouverneur Morris]]. U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justices [[Harlan Fiske Stone]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and Associate Justice [[Benjamin Cardozo]], as well as former US Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], were all educated at the law school. Former U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] served as President of the University. Other significant figures in American history to attend the university were [[John L. O'Sullivan]], the journalist who coined the phrase "manifest destiny", [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], the geostrategist who wrote on the significance of sea power, and progressive intellectual [[Randolph Bourne]]. Former [[Secretary of State]] [[Alexander Haig]] studied at [[Columbia Business School]] between 1954 and 1955. [[Wellington Koo]], a Chinese diplomat who argued passionately against Japanese and Western imperialism in Asia at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], is a graduate, having honed his debating skills in Columbia's [[Philolexian Society]], as is Dr. [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]], founding father of India and co-author of its constitution. Local politicians have been no less represented at Columbia, including [[Seth Low]], who served as both President of the University and Mayor of the City of New York, and New York governors [[Thomas Dewey]], also an unsuccessful US presidential candidate, [[DeWitt Clinton]], who presided over the construction of the [[Erie Canal]], [[Hamilton Fish]], later to become US Secretary of State, and [[Daniel D. Tompkins]], who also served as a Vice President of the United States.
[[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]], the President of Estonia, received his BA in psychology at Columbia in 1976. [[Philip Gunawardena]], a [[Sri Lanka]]n Revolutionary and [[India]]n Freedom Fighter, who was later to be known as "The Father of Socialism in Sri Lanka", joined Columbia in 1925 for his post-graduate studies. He was later to become a Cabinet Minister, instituting far-reaching changes in Sri Lanka's agrarian structure. General, historian, and author [[John Watts de Peyster]], who was influential in the modernization of the [[New York National Guard]], [[New York Police Department]], and the [[Fire Department of New York]], attendeed Columbia College and later received a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A. degree]].
[[Image:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg|left|thumb|[[John Jay]], Founding Father, diplomat and First Chief Justice of the United States]] More recent political figures educated at Columbia include current U.S. Senators [[Barack Obama]] of [[Illinois]],[[Judd Gregg]] of [[New Hampshire]] and [[Frank Lautenberg]] of [[New Jersey]], [[Governor of New York]] [[David Paterson]] and his Chief of Staff [[Charles J. O'Byrne]], former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]], UN weapons inspector [[Hans Blix]], former UN Secretary General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], conservative commentators [[Pat Buchanan|Patrick J. Buchanan]] and [[Norman Podhoretz]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], former chairman of the US Federal Reserve Bank [[Alan Greenspan]], [[George Stephanopoulos]], Senior Advisor to former US President Bill Clinton, [[George Pataki]], the former governor of New York State, and [[Mikhail Saakashvili]], the current President of the country of Georgia. [[Louisiana]] [[Lieutenant Governor]] (1956–1960) [[Lether Frazar]], who was president of two universities in his state, obtained his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1942.
Scientists [[Stephen Jay Gould]], [[Robert Millikan]] and [[Michael Pupin]], cultural historian [[Jacques Barzun]], literary critic [[Lionel Trilling]], sociologists [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] and [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], behavioral psychologist [[Charles Ferster]], poet-professor [[Mark Van Doren]], philosophers [[Irwin Edman]] and [[Robert Nozick]], and economists [[Milton Friedman]], Former Afghan Finance Minister [[Ashraf Ghani]], [[Daniel C. Kurtzer]], and communications economist [http://www.harveyjlevin.com Harvey J. Levin] all obtained degrees from Columbia.
In culture and the arts, [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]], [[Lorenz Hart]], screenwriters [[Sidney Buchman]] and [[I.A.L. Diamond]], critic and biographer [[Tim Page (music critic)|Tim Page]] and musician [[Art Garfunkel]] are all among Columbia's alumni. The poets [[Langston Hughes]], [[Federico García Lorca]], [[Joyce Kilmer]] and [[John Berryman]]; the writers [[Eudora Welty]], [[Isaac Asimov]], [[J. D. Salinger]], [[Upton Sinclair]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[Phyllis Haislip]], [[Roger Zelazny]], [[Herman Wouk]], [[Hunter S. Thompson]], and [[Paul Auster]]; playwrights [[Tony Kushner]] and [[Eulalie Spence]]; the architects [[Robert A. M. Stern]], [[Ricardo Scofidio]], [[Peter Eisenman]] and [[Christine Wang]]; the composer [[Béla Bartók]]; and film director and screenwriter [[Cetywa Powell]] also attended the university. [[Trappist]] monk, author, and humanist [[Thomas Merton]] is an alumnus both as an undergraduate and graduate student, and converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] while attending. Urban theorist and cultural critic [[Jane Jacobs]] spent time at the School of General Studies. Educator [[Elisabeth Irwin]] received her M.A. there in 1923. Television talk show host [[Sally Jesse Raphael]] is a graduate. [[Vampire Weekend]] band members [[Ezra Koenig]], Rostam Batmanglij, Chris Tomson, and Chris Baio. [[Allison Starling]] and [[Remy Zaken]], both Broadway actresses, are currently attending Columbia.
Baseball legends [[Lou Gehrig]], [[Mo Berg]] (The Catcher Was a Spy) and [[Sandy Koufax]], along with football quarterback [[Sid Luckman]] and sportscaster [[Roone Arledge]], are alumni.
Celebrities who graduated from Columbia include the actors [[Brian Dennehy]], [[Jesse Bradford]], [[Ben Stein]], [[George Segal]], [[Amanda Peet]], [[Mario Van Peebles]], [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]], [[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]] (Dr. Jack Shephard in the TV drama ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''), [[Rider Strong]] (Corey's best friend in the [[sitcom]] ''[[Boy Meets World]]''), [[Liza Weil]] of [[Gilmore Girls]], and [[Julia Stiles]] of ''[[10 Things I Hate about You]]'' and ''[[Save the Last Dance]]'', among other films. [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]], also of ''10 Things I Hate About You'', as well as ''[[3rd Rock from the Sun]]'', attended Columbia, and the actress [[Famke Janssen]] graduated with a degree in writing and literature. [[Anna Paquin]], who won an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for her performance in the ''[[The Piano]]'', attended Columbia, as did [[Golden Globe]] nominated and [[Academy Award]] nominated actor [[Casey Affleck]]. Singer, [[Sean Lennon]], son of [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]], attended Columbia for several semesters before dropping out. The actors [[James Cagney]], [[Ed Harris]] and [[Jake Gyllenhaal]] attended Columbia for a time before dropping out to pursue their acting careers. R&B singer [[Lauryn Hill]] entered Columbia, but left after one year. Another R&B singer, [[Alicia Keys]], attended Columbia but also dropped out in order to dedicate herself fully to her musical career. Likewise, Japanese-American pop-star [[Utada Hikaru]] opted to pursue a musical career instead of finishing her undergraduate studies at Columbia. Korean-American pop-star [[Lena Park]] attended the University in 2006.<ref>[http://www.enter-t.com/music/star_view1.aspx/|http://www.enter-t.com/music/star_view1.aspx/]</ref> Radio personality [[Tom Griswold]] of the nationally syndicated morning radio show ''[[The Bob and Tom Show]]'' graduated from Columbia. James Doty, the foremost chef of his generation and the "inventor" of pene a la vodka, is a graduate of Columbia College. Director [[Spike Lee]] has been spotted arriving for an evening class on campus.<ref>http://www.ivyleak.com/node/152|http://www.ivyleak.com/node/152</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2008}} Claire-Aimee "Claire" Unabia from [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10]] is also a graduate of the School of General Studies, with a degree in Film Studies and a minor in Psychology. <ref>http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=737623855&ref=ts</ref>
===Faculty and affiliates===
[[Image:John Dewey.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Dewey]] ]] [[Jacques Barzun]], [[Lionel Trilling]], and [[Mark Van Doren]] were legendary Columbia faculty members as well as graduates, teaching alongside such luminaries as the philosopher [[John Dewey]], American historians [[Richard Hofstadter]], [[John A. Garraty]], [[Charles Beard]] and [[Reinhard H Luthin]], educator [[George Counts]], sociologists [[Daniel Bell]], [[C. Wright Mills]], [[Robert K. Merton]], and [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], and art historian [[Meyer Schapiro]]. The history of the discipline of [[anthropology]] practically begins at Columbia with [[Franz Boas]]. [[Margaret Mead]], a [[Barnard College]] alumna, along with Columbia graduate [[Ruth Benedict]], continued this tradition by bringing the discipline into the spotlight. Nuclear physicists [[Enrico Fermi]], [[John R. Dunning]], [[I. I. Rabi]], and [[Polykarp Kusch]] helped develop the [[Manhattan Project]] at the university, and pioneering geophysicist [[Maurice Ewing]] made great strides in the understanding of plate tectonics. [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] discovered the chromosomal basis for genetic inheritance at his famous "fly room" at the university, laying the foundation for modern genetics. Philosopher [[Hannah Arendt]] was a visiting professor in the 1960s. Noted Chinese author and illustrator, [[Chiang Yee]] taught Chinese from 1955 to 1977, and retired as Emeritus Professor of Chinese. In 1978 [[Frank Daniel]] began his Columbia teaching career, he is most notable for his development of the [[Sequence (film)|sequence paradigm]] of screenwriting.
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Edward Said.jpg|thumb|[[Edward Said]] ]] -->More recently, architects [[Bernard Tschumi]], [[Santiago Calatrava]] and [[Frank Gehry]] have taught at the school. The postcolonial scholar [[Edward Said]] taught at Columbia, where he spent virtually the entirety of his academic career, until his death in 2003.
Today, celebrated faculty members include string-theory expert [[Brian Greene]], Ricci flow inventor [[Richard Hamilton (professor)|Richard Hamilton]], American historian [[Eric Foner]], Middle Eastern studies expert [[Richard Bulliet]], Eric Kandel, a [[Nobel prize]] winner who conducted fundamental research in neuroscience, New York City historian [[Kenneth T. Jackson]], Je Tsong Khapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies [[Robert Thurman]], composers [[Tristan Murail]], [[Fred Lerdahl]] and [[George Lewis]], literary theorist [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], philosopher [[Philip Kitcher]], British historian [[Simon Schama]], art historian [[Rosalind Krauss]], director [[Mira Nair]], East Asian studies expert [[Wm. Theodore de Bary|William Theodore de Bary]], scientist, critic, writer and physician [[Oliver Sacks]], Turkish author and Nobel prize winner [[Orhan Pamuk]], and economists [[Jeffrey Sachs]], [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Edmund Phelps]], [[Xavier Sala-i-Martin]], [[Robert Mundell]].
In November and December, 2006, [[Václav Havel]] spent eight weeks as an [[artist-in-residence]] at Columbia University.<ref>{{cite web|date = [[June 21]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/06/havel.html | title = Václav Havel, Artist in Residence at Columbia This Fall | work = Columbia News | publisher = Columbia University | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
[[Sunil Gulati]], President of [[US Soccer]], is a professor of Economics at the University.
===Fictitious Columbians===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=February 2008}}
In ''[[Spider-Man]]'' films directed by [[Sam Raimi]], Peter Parker attains his powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider at a Columbia laboratory, and later attends the school. The [[Marvel Comics]] superhero [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]] was valedictorian of his class at Columbia Law School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comicoo.com/daredevil_v2/index.htm|title=Daredevil|publisher=www.comicoo.com|accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> Willie Keith, the protagonist in [[Herman Wouk]]'s ''[[The Caine Mutiny]]'', is a Columbia student when he signs up for the Navy at the beginning of World War II; Wouk specifically refers to the campus, including buildings such as Furnald Hall. ''[[Law & Order]]'' prosecutor [[Jamie Ross]] (later a judge on ''[[Law & Order: Trial by Jury]]'') attended Columbia Law. [[Meadow Soprano]], of the television series ''[[The Sopranos]]'', attends Columbia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hbo.com/sopranos/cast/character/meadow_soprano.shtml | title = Meadow Soprano, played by Jamie-Lynn Sigler | work = The Sopranos|publisher = HBO|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> Michael Moscovitz, a character in the ''[[The Princess Diaries]]'' series by [[Meg Cabot]], also attends Columbia University. On the [[NBC]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Will & Grace]]'', both main characters, [[Will Truman]] and [[Grace Adler]], played by [[Eric McCormack]] and [[Debra Messing]], respectively, were Columbia graduates.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]]) from ABC's ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' graduated from [[Columbia University Medical Center]]. [[Jessie Spano]] from ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' attended Columbia University in the show's spin-off. [[Jessica Darling]], the protagonist of [[Megan McCafferty]]'s ''Sloppy Firsts, Second Helpings, and Charmed Thirds'', attends Columbia. Dr. Joel Fleishman ([[Rob Morrow]]) on the television series ''[[Northern Exposure]]'' was a graduate of Columbia. Valerie Tyler in the TV show ''[[What I Like About You (TV series)|What I Like About You]]'' is a Columbia graduate.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Carol Seaver from the family sitcom ''[[Growing Pains]]'' ([[Tracey Gold]]) also attended the university.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In ''[[How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days]]'', Andie Anderson ([[Kate Hudson]]) graduated from Columbia Journalism. In the film ''[[I Think I Love My Wife]]'', Richard Cooper ([[Chris Rock]]) held an [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] degree from Columbia (An M.B.A. diploma from Columbia can be seen hanging on the wall in the character's office). [[Marshall Eriksen]] of ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' is a Columbia Law school graduate.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In addition, the television comedy series ([[Seinfeld]]) was fictionally filmed near the Columbia campus, as the famous Seinfeld diner "Monk's" is in fact Tom's Restaurant on Broadway at 112th Street. Similarly, the pop song ([[Tom's Diner]]) by Columbia alum ([[Suzanne Vega]]) is also set in Tom's Restaurant.
== In film, television, and the arts ==
Movies featuring scenes shot on the Morningside campus include:
[[Image:Scarlett Johansson on Columbia campus.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Scarlett Johansson]] at Columbia University during the shooting of [[The Nanny Diaries (film)|''The Nanny Diaries'']].]]
[[Image:Columbia University fountain.jpg|thumb|right|300px|One of the fountains in Columbia University]]
* ''[[3 lbs|3 lb]]'' <!--Shot scenes outside Earl & Mathematics Hall in October 2006-->
* ''[[A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy]]'' <!--Columbia location not even mentioned in linked article-->
* ''[[Across the Universe (film)|Across the Universe]]
* ''[[Altered States]]'' <!--Columbia location not even mentioned in linked article-->
* ''[[Anger Management]]'' <!--Lerner hall from quad-->
* ''[[August Rush]]''
* ''[[Awakenings]]'' <!--Columbia location not even mentioned in linked article-->
* ''[[Black and White (movie)|Black and White]]'' <!--Columbia location not even mentioned in linked article-->
* ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' <!--Lerner Hall Ramps-->
* ''[[Crimes and Misdemeanors]]'' <!--Columbia location not even mentioned in linked article-->
* ''[[Cruising (film)|Cruising]]''
* ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'' <!-- College walk during on of the songs-->
* ''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]''<!--Columbia location mentioned in linked article, but no citation given-->
* ''[[Everyone Says I Love You]]'' <!--Columbia location not even mentioned in linked article-->
* ''[[Ghostbusters]]''
* ''[[Ghostbusters II]]''
* ''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]''
* ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]''
* ''[[K-PAX (film)|K-PAX]]''
* ''[[In the Blood (film)|In the Blood]]''
* ''[[Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna]]''
* ''[[Kinsey (film)|Kinsey]]''
* ''[[Made of Honor]]''
* ''[[Malcolm X (film)|Malcolm X]]''
* ''[[Manhattan (film)|Manhattan]]''
* ''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]''
* ''[[The Mirror Has Two Faces]]''
* ''[[Mona Lisa Smile]]''
* ''[[The Nanny Diaries (film)|The Nanny Diaries]]''<!--Shooting was occurring in front of Low Library on Apr 26, 2006-->
* ''[[New York Minute (movie)|New York Minute]]''
* ''[[Porn 'n Chicken]]''
* ''[[The Producers: The Movie Musical]]''
* ''[[P.S.]]''
* ''[[Simon]]''
* ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]''
* ''[[Spider-Man 2]]''
* ''[[Stay (2005 film)|Stay]]''
* ''[[Tadpole (film)|Tadpole]]''
* ''[[Thirteen Conversations About One Thing]]''
* ''[[West Side Story (film)|West Side Story]]''
Movies or shows with significant portrayals of Columbia alumni or students:
* ''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]'' - [[Dustin Hoffman]] plays a Columbia graduate student studying history.
* ''[[Husbands and Wives]]'' - [[Woody Allen]] plays a Barnard professor in love with his Barnard student, played by [[Juliette Lewis]].
* ''[[Finding Forrester]]'' - William Forrester bears a likeness to [[J. D. Salinger]], a Columbia alumnus.
* ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]'' - Alex Hitchinson, played by [[Will Smith]], went to Columbia. He met a girl there and fooled around in the stacks of Butler Library.
* ''[[Igby Goes Down]]'' - Igby's elder brother, the class-conscious snob attends Columbia University
* ''[[The Pride of the Yankees]]'' - Biopic of Lou Gehrig, who attended Columbia in the 1920s.
*''[[Quiz Show]]'' - Noted alum [[Charles Van Doren]] and the [[Twenty One (game show)|quiz show scandal]] of the 1950s.
* ''[[Real Women Have Curves]]'' - Ana wins a scholarship to Columbia and leaves for college near the end of the movie.
* ''[[The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants]]'' - Eric is a student at Columbia.
* ''[[The Sopranos]]'' - the daughter of [[Tony Soprano]] is an undergraduate Columbia student.
* ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' - [[Dr. Erica Noughton]], the mother of Julia McNamara, is a Columbia alumna with a Ph. D in clinical psychology.
* ''[[The Rock (film)]]'' - Nicholas Cage's character, Stanley Goodspeed, is a Columbia alumnus.
* ''[[Will & Grace]]'' - [[Will Truman]] and [[Grace Adler]] met in college at Columbia.
* ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' - [[Jessie Spano]] attends Columbia
* ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' - Marshall Eriksen is a Law student at Columbia. Many references are made to the school, including some episodes where his life as a student has a key factor in the plot.
* ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' - Both [[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]] and his character, Dr. Jack Shephard, are Columbia alumni.
* "[[Clark and Michael]]" - In the last episode of the Internet TV show, Clark Duke is accepted to Columbia University but chooses not to go after his and Michael Cera's fictional TV show, "The Family Cruise", is picked up by CBS.
* ''[[Growing Pains]]'' - Carol Seaver attends Columbia.
Currently shooting on or near the University's campus:
* ''[[What I Like About You (TV series)|What I Like About You]]''- Val's character is an alumna of Columbia, and Holly goes for an interview at the campus, but then decided the college isn't right for her.
* ''[[7th Heaven]]'' - [[Matt Camden|Matt]] and Sarah (Glass) Camden were students here until they graduated just after the 10th season finale.
Recording artist [[Nellie McKay]] has released a song on her second album ''[[Pretty Little Head]]'', entitled "Columbia Is Bleeding", discusses alleged animal abuse as part of the practice of [[animal testing]] at Columbia University.
== In geography ==
The [[Columbia Glacier (Alaska)|Columbia Glacier]], one of the largest in [[Alaska]]'s [[College Fjord]], is named after the university, where it sits among other glaciers named for the [[Ivy League]] and [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] schools. [[Mount Columbia (Colorado)|Mount Columbia]] in the [[Collegiate Peaks Wilderness]] of [[Colorado]] also takes its name from the university and is situated among peaks named for [[Mount Harvard|Harvard]], [[Mount Yale|Yale]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].
==See also==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Education in New York City]]
* [[List of Columbia University people]]
**[[List of Columbia College people]]
** [[List of Columbia Law School alumni]]
* [[Nobel laureates by university affiliation]]
* ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]''
* ''[[The Fed (Columbia newspaper)|The Fed]]''
* ''[[The Blue and White]]''
* ''[[WKCR]]''
* ''[[Jester of Columbia]]''
* The [[Varsity Show]]
* [[The Philolexian Society]]
*''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]''
* [[Columbia University Tunnels]]
* [[Columbia University Library System]]
* [[Columbia University Press]]
* [[Medical School for International Health]]
* [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]]
* [[Go Ask Alice!]]
* The [[Pulitzer Prize]]
* The [[Bancroft Prize]]
* [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]
* [[John Bates Clark Medal]]
* [[Columbia University Marching Band]]
</div>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*Robert A. McCaughey: ''Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754-2004'', Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0231130082
*''Living Legacies at Columbia'', ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 2006, ISBN 0231138849
==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/ Columbia University] - Official website
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/ Columbia Libraries]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/prospective_students/index.html Admissions]
* [http://www.columbiaspectator.com/ Columbia Daily Spectator] - Student newspaper
* [http://alumni.columbia.edu/ Columbia Connection] - Alumni website
* [http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ Columbia Athletics]
* [http://www.Theschool.columbia.edu The School At Columbia, A school for Columbia Faculty and for neighborhood children]
{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|40.808783|-73.962278}}
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{{Ivy_League}}
{{Association of American Universities}}
{{New York City}}
{{Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges}}
{{NYC Colleges}}
[[Category:Columbia University]]
[[Category:Association of American Universities]]
[[Category:Colonial colleges]]
[[Category:Ivy League]]
[[Category:Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1750s]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in New York City]]
[[Category:McKim, Mead, and White buildings]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in New York]]
[[Category:Rockefeller Center]]
[[Category:1754 establishments]]
[[Category:New York in the American Revolution]]
[[ar:جامعة كولومبيا]]
[[bn:কলাম্বিয়া ইউনিভার্সিটি]]
[[be-x-old:Калюмбійскі ўнівэрсытэт]]
[[bs:Columbia univerzitet]]
[[bg:Колумбийски университет]]
[[ca:Universitat de Columbia]]
[[cs:Columbia University]]
[[da:Columbia University]]
[[de:Columbia University]]
[[el:Πανεπιστήμιο Κολούμπια]]
[[es:Universidad Columbia]]
[[eo:Universitato Kolumbio]]
[[fa:دانشگاه کلمبیا]]
[[fr:Université Columbia]]
[[gl:Universidade de Columbia]]
[[ko:컬럼비아 대학교]]
[[id:Universitas Columbia]]
[[is:Columbia-háskóli]]
[[it:Columbia University]]
[[he:אוניברסיטת קולומביה]]
[[ka:კოლუმბიის უნივერსიტეტი]]
[[la:Universitas Columbiae]]
[[hu:Columbia Egyetem]]
[[nl:Columbia-universiteit]]
[[ja:コロンビア大学]]
[[no:Columbia University]]
[[pl:Uniwersytet Columbia]]
[[pt:Universidade Columbia]]
[[ru:Колумбийский университет]]
[[simple:Columbia University]]
[[fi:Columbian yliopisto]]
[[sv:Columbia University]]
[[ta:கொலம்பியா பல்கலைக்கழகம்]]
[[tt:Columbia universitetı]]
[[th:มหาวิทยาลัยโคลัมเบีย]]
[[vi:Đại học Columbia]]
[[uk:Колумбійський університет]]
[[yi:קאלומביע אוניווערסיטעט]]
[[zh:哥倫比亞大學]]