Columbidae 63355 225974238 2008-07-16T07:52:44Z Species8473 7119688 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/165.228.72.4|165.228.72.4]] to last version by Nsaa (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{redirect4|Dove|Pigeon}} {{Taxobox | name = Pigeons and Doves |fossil_range=[[Early Miocene]] - Recent | image = Rock dove - natures pics.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Feral Pigeon]] (''Columba livia domestica'') in flight | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[bird|Aves]] | ordo = [[Columbiformes]] | familia = '''Columbidae''' | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = ''see article text'' }} '''Pigeons''' and '''doves''' constitute the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Columbidae''' within the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Columbiformes]], which include some 300 [[species]] of [[near passerine]] [[Aves|birds]]. In general parlance the terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. In ornithological practice, there is a tendency for "dove" to be used for smaller species and "pigeon" for larger ones, but this is in no way consistently applied, and historically the [[common name]]s for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the term "dove" and "pigeon." This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the [[Indomalaya]] and [[Australasia ecozone]]s. The young doves and pigeons are called "squabs." Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy [[cere]]. The species commonly referred to just as the "pigeon" is the [[feral]] [[Rock Pigeon]], common in many cities. Their usually flimsy nests are made of sticks, and the two white [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] are incubated by both sexes. Doves feed on [[seed]]s, [[fruit]] and plants. Unlike most other birds (but see [[flamingo]]), the doves and pigeons produce "[[crop milk]]," which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the [[Crop (anatomy)|crop]]. Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young. ==Biology== ===Morphology=== [[Image:Columbina passerina.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Common Ground Dove]] is the smallest species in the family]] The pigeons and doves exhibit considerable variation in size. The largest species are the [[crowned pigeon]]s of [[New Guinea]], which can weigh up to 2000 g, the smallest species is the new World [[Common Ground-dove]], which is the same size as a [[House Sparrow]] and weighs only 30g.<ref name = "HBW"/> The largest arboreal species are the [[Ducula|imperial-pigeons]] like the [[New Caledonian Imperial-pigeon]] and the [[Kereru]] of [[New Zealand]]. Smaller species tend to be known as doves, and larger species as pigeons, but there is no taxonomic basis for distinguishing between the two. Overall, the Columbidae tend to have short bills and legs, small heads on large compact bodies. The wings are large and have low wing loadings; pigeons have strong wing muscles (wing muscles comprise 31-44% of their body weight) and are amongst the strongest fliers of all birds. They are also highly manoeuvrable in flight. The [[plumage]] of the family is variable. Granivorous species tend to have dull plumage, with a few exceptions, whereas the frugivorous species have brightly coloured plumage.<ref name = "HBW">Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons). ''In:'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): ''Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-22-9</small></ref> The ''[[Ptilinopus]]'' fruit-doves are some of the brightest coloured pigeons, with the three endemic species of Fiji and the Indian Ocean ''[[Alectroenas]]'' being amongst the brightest coloured. Pigeons and doves may be sexually monochromatic or [[sexual dimorphism|dichromatic]]. In addition to bright colours pigeons may sport crests or other ornamentation. ===Distribution and habitat=== [[Image:Phaps chalcoptera.jpg|thumb|The [[Common Bronzewing]] has a widespread distribution across all of Australia and lives in most habitat types except dense rainforest and the driest deserts]] The pigeons and doves are distributed everywhere on Earth except for the driest areas of the [[Sahara Desert]], [[Antarctica]] and its surrounding islands and the high [[Arctic]]. They have colonised most of the world's oceanic islands (with the notable exception of [[Hawaii]]), reaching eastern [[Polynesia]] and the [[Chatham Islands]] in the [[Pacific]], [[Mauritius]], the [[Seychelles]] and [[Reunion]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], and the [[Azores]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The family has adapted to most of the habitats available on the planet. The largest number of species are found in tropical forests and woodlands, where they may be arboreal, terrestrial or semi-terrestrial. Various species also inhabit savannas, grasslands, deserts, temperate woodlands and forests, mangrove forests, and even the barren sands and gravels of atolls. Some species have large natural ranges. The [[Eared Dove]] ranges across the entirety of [[South America]] from [[Colombia]] to [[Tierra Del Fuego]], the [[Eurasian Collared Dove]] has a massive (if discontinuous) distribution from [[Great Britain|Britain]] across [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[India]] and [[China]], and the [[Laughing Dove]] across most of sub-Saharan [[Africa]] as well as India and the Middle-east. Other species have a tiny restricted distribution, this is most common in island [[endemism|endemics]]. The [[Whistling Dove]] is endemic to the tiny island of [[Kadavu]] in [[Fiji]], the [[Caroline Ground-dove]] is restricted to two islands, [[Truk]] and [[Pohnpei]] in the [[Caroline Islands]] and the [[Grenada Dove]] is restricted to [[Grenada]] in the [[Caribbean]]. Some continental species also have tiny distributions; for example the [[Black-banded Fruit-dove]] is restricted to a small area of the [[Arnhem Land]] of [[Australia]], the [[Somali Pigeon]] is restricted to a tiny area of northern [[Somalia]], and [[Bare-eyed Ground-dove]] is restricted to the area around [[Salta]] and [[Tucuman]] in northern [[Argentina]]. [[Image:Geopelia striata NBII.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Zebra Dove]] has been widely introduced around the world]] The largest range of any species is that of the [[Rock Pigeon]] (formerly Rock Dove). The species had a large natural distribution from [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] to northern Africa, across Europe, [[Arabia]], [[Central Asia]], India, the [[Himalayas]] and up into China and [[Mongolia]]. The range of the species increased dramatically upon domestication as the species went feral in cities around the world. The species is currently resident across most of [[North America]], and has established itself in cities and urban areas in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, [[Japan]], Australia and [[New Zealand]]. The species is not the only pigeon to have increased its range due to actions of man, several other species have become established outside of their natural range after [[introduced species|escaping captivity]], and other species have increased their natural ranges due to habitat changes caused by human activities. ===Diet=== [[Image:Treron Sieboldii.jpg|thumb|The [[White-bellied Green-pigeon]] feeding on fruit]] Seeds and fruit form the major component of the diet of pigeons and doves. In fact, the family can be divided into the seed eating or granivorous species (subfamily Columbinae) and the fruit eating or frugivorous species (the other four subfamilies). The granivorous typically feed on seed found on the ground, whereas the species that feed on fruit and mast tend to feed in trees. There are morphological adaptations that can be used to distinguish between the two groups, granivorous species tend to have thick walls in the gizzards, whereas the frugivores tend to have thin walls. In addition fruit eating species have short intestines whereas those that eat seeds have longer ones. Frugivores are capable of clinging to branches and even hang upside down in order to reach fruit. In addition to fruit and seeds a number of other food items are taken by many species. Some species, particularly the [[Gallicolumba|ground-doves]] and [[quail-dove]]s take a large number of prey items such as insects and worms. One species, the [[Atoll Fruit-dove]] is specialised in taking insect and reptile prey. Snails, moths and other insects are taken by [[White-crowned Dove]]s, [[Orange Dove]]s and [[Ruddy Ground Dove]]s. ==Systematics and evolution== This family is a highly coherent group with no members showing obvious links with other bird families, or ''vice versa''. The [[dodo]] and solitaires are clearly related, as discussed below, but equally lacking in obvious links with other bird families. The limited fossil record also consists only of unequivocal Columbidae species. Links to the [[sandgrouse]] and [[parrot]]s have been suggested, but resemblances to the first group are due to [[convergent evolution]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}} and the second depend on the parrot-like features of the [[Tooth-billed Pigeon]]. However, the distinctive features of that bird seem to have arisen from its specialized diet rather than a real relationship to the parrots{{fact|date=April 2008}}. The family is usually divided into five subfamilies, but this is probably inaccurate. For example, the American ground and quail doves which are usually placed in the Columbinae seem to be two distinct subfamilies<ref> Basically, the conventional treatment had 2 large subfamilies, one for the fruit-doves, imperial pigeons and fruit-pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, there were 3 [[monotypic]] subfamilies, one each for the genera ''Goura'', ''Otidiphaps'' and ''Didunculus''. The old subfamily Columbinae consists of 5 distinct lineages, whereas the other 4 groups are more or less accurate representations of the evolutionary relationships.</ref>. The order presented here follows Baptista ''et al.'' (1997) with some updates (Johnson & Clayton 2000, Johnson ''et al.'' 2001, Shapiro ''et al.'' 2002). Note that the arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional because analyzes of different [[DNA sequence]]s yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera. This ambiguity, probably caused by [[Long branch attraction]], seems to confirm that the first pigeons evolved in the Australasian region, and that the "Treronidae" and allied forms (crowned and pheasant pigeons, for example) represent the earliest radiation of the group. As the [[Dodo]] and [[Rodrigues Solitaire]] are in all likelihood part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the 3 small subfamilies mentioned above with the fruit-doves and -pigeons (including the [[Nicobar Pigeon]]), they are here included as a subfamily [[Raphinae]], pending better material evidence of their exact relationships. Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the [[fossil record]]. No truly primitive forms have been found to date. The genus ''[[Gerandia]]'' which most likely belongs to the Columbinae has been described from [[Early Miocene]] deposits of [[France]]. Fragmentary remains of an indeterminate (probably "treronine") Early/[[Middle Miocene]] pigeon were found in [[New Zealand]]. Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the considerable number of more recently extinct prehistoric species, see the respective genus accounts. A list of all the species, sortable by common and scientific name, is at [[list of Columbidae species]] ===Subfamily Columbinae - typical pigeons & doves=== [[Image:Brown cuckoo dove.JPG|thumb|140px|right|[[Brown Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia phasianella''.]] Genus ''[[Columba (genus)|Columba]]'' including ''Aplopelia'' - Old World pigeons (33-34 living species, 2-3 recently [[extinct]]) Genus ''[[Streptopelia]]'' including ''Stigmatopelia'' and ''Nesoenas'' - turtledoves (14-18 living species) Genus ''[[Patagioenas]]'' - American pigeons; formerly included in ''Columba'' (17 species) Genus ''[[Macropygia]]'' (10 species) Genus ''[[Reinwardtoena]]'' (3 species) Genus ''[[Turacoena]]'' (2 species) [[Image:Emerald Dove.JPG|right|thumb|140px|[[Emerald Dove]], ''Chalcophaps indica'', native to tropical southern [[Asia]] and [[Australia]].]] ===Subfamily N.N. - Bronzewings and relatives=== Genus ''[[Turtur]]'' - African wood-doves (5 species; tentatively placed here) Genus ''[[Oena]]'' - Namaqua Dove (tentatively placed here) Genus ''[[Chalcophaps]]'' (2 species) Genus ''[[Henicophaps]]'' (2 species) Genus ''[[Phaps]]'' (3 species) Genus ''[[Ocyphaps]]'' - Crested Pigeon Genus ''[[Geophaps]]'' (3 species) Genus ''[[Petrophassa]]'' - rock-pigeons (2 species) Genus ''[[Geopelia]]'' (3-5 species) ===Subfamily Leptotilinae - Zenaidine and quail-doves=== Genus ''[[Zenaida doves|Zenaida]]'' * [[White-winged Dove]], '' Zenaida asiatica'' * [[Pacific Dove]], '' Zenaida meloda'' * [[Zenaida Dove]], '' Zenaida aurita'' * [[Galapagos Dove]], '' Zenaida galapagoensis'' * [[Eared Dove]], '' Zenaida auriculata'' * [[Mourning Dove]], '' Zenaida macroura'' * [[Socorro Dove]], '' Zenaida graysoni'' ([[reintroduction|extinct in the wild]]) Genus ''[[Ectopistes]]'' - Passenger Pigeon ([[extinct]]; 1914) [[Image:Whitetippeddove.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[White-tipped Dove]] (''Leptotila verreauxi'')]] Genus ''[[Leptotila]]'' * [[White-tipped Dove]], ''Leptotila verreauxi'' * [[White-faced Dove]], ''Leptotila megalura'' * [[Grey-fronted Dove]], ''Leptotila rufaxilla'' * [[Grey-headed Dove]], ''Leptotila plumbeiceps'' * [[Pallid Dove]], ''Leptotila pallida'' * [[Brown-backed Dove]], ''Leptotila battyi'' * [[Grenada Dove]], ''Leptotila wellsi'' * [[Caribbean Dove]], ''Leptotila jamaicensis'' * [[Grey-chested Dove]], ''Leptotila cassini'' * [[Ochre-bellied Dove]], ''Leptotila ochraceiventris'' * [[Tolima Dove]], ''Leptotila conoveri'' Genus ''[[Geotrygon]]'' - quail-doves * [[Purplish-backed Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon lawrencii'' * [[Veracruz Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon carrikeri'' * [[Costa Rica Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon costaricensis'' * [[Russet-crowned Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon goldmani'' * [[Sapphire Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon saphirina'' * [[Grey-headed Quail-dove]], '' Geotrygon caniceps''<!-- Bird Conservation International (2002) 12:169–187. --> ** [[Hispaniolan Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon (caniceps) leucometopius''<!-- Bird Conservation International (2002) 12:169–187. --> * [[Crested Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon versicolor'' * [[Rufous-breasted Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon chiriquensis'' * [[Olive-backed Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon veraguensis'' * [[White-faced Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon albifacies'' * [[Lined Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon linearis'' * [[White-throated Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon frenata'' * [[Key West Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon chrysia'' * [[Bridled Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon mystacea'' * [[Violaceous Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon violacea'' * [[Ruddy Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon Montana'' Genus ''Starnoenas'' * [[Blue-headed Quail-dove]], ''Starnoenas cyanocephala'' ===Subfamily Columbininae - American ground doves=== [[Image:Columbina talpacoti.jpeg|rigth|thumb|140px|[[Ruddy Ground Dove]]]] Genus ''[[Columbina (genus)|Columbina]]'' * [[Common Ground Dove]], ''Columbina passerina'' * [[Plain-breasted Ground Dove]], ''Columbina minuta'' * [[Ecuadorian Ground Dove]], ''Columbina buckleyi'' * [[Ruddy Ground Dove]], ''Columbina talpacoti'' * [[Picui Dove]], ''Columbina picui'' * [[Croaking Ground Dove]], ''Columbina cruziana'' * [[Blue-eyed Ground Dove]], '' Columbina cyanopis'' Genus ''[[Claravis (genus)|Claravis]]'' * [[Blue Ground Dove]], ''Claravis pretiosa'' * [[Purple-winged Ground Dove]], ''Claravis godefrida'' * [[Maroon-chested Ground-dove]], ''Claravis mondetoura'' Genus ''[[Metriopelia]]'' * [[Bare-faced Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia ceciliae'' * [[Moreno's Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia morenoi'' * [[Black-winged Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia melanoptera'' * [[Golden-spotted Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia aymara'' Genus ''[[Scardafella]]'' - possibly belongs into ''Columbina'' * [[Inca Dove]], ''Scardafella inca'' * [[Scaled Dove]], ''Scardafella squammata'' Genus ''Uropelia'' * [[Long-tailed Ground Dove]], ''Uropelia campestris''... ===Subfamily N.N. - Indopacific ground doves=== [[Image:Bleeding Heart Pigeon.JPG|right|thumb|140px|[[Luzon Bleeding-heart]] Pigeon ''Gallicolumba crinigera'', native to the Philippines.]] Genus ''[[Gallicolumba]]'' (16-17 living species, 3-4 recently [[extinct]]) *[[Luzon Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba luzonica'' *[[Mindanao Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba crinigera'' (''criniger'' is a spelling error in the description) *[[Mindoro Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba platenae'' *[[Negros Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba keayi'' *[[Sulu Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba menagei'' - possibly [[extinct]] (late 1990s?) *[[Cinnamon Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba rufigula'' *[[Sulawesi Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba tristigmata'' *[[White-breasted Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba jobiensis'' *[[Norfolk Island Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba norfolciensis'' - [[extinct]] (c.1800) *[[White-throated Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba xanthonura'' *Rota Ground Dove, ''Gallicolumba'' sp. - [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]] *[[Caroline Islands Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba kubaryi'' *[[Polynesian Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba erythroptera'' *[[Great Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba nui'' - [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]] *[[Henderson Island Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba leonpascoi'' - [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]<!-- BiolJLinnSoc56:377,405 --> *[[New Caledonian Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba longitarsus'' - [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]] *[[Shy Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba stairi'' *[[Santa Cruz Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis'' *[[Tanna Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba ferruginea'' - [[extinct]] (late 18th-19th century) *[[Thick-billed Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba salamonis'' - [[extinct]] (mid-20th century) *[[Marquesan Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba rubescens'' *[[Bronze Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba beccarii'' *[[Palau Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba canifrons'' *[[Wetar Ground-dove]], ''Gallicolumba hoedtii'' Genus ''Trugon'' * [[Thick-billed Ground Pigeon]], '' Trugon terrestris'' ===Subfamily Otidiphabinae - Pheasant Pigeon=== Genus ''[[Otidiphaps]]'' - Pheasant Pigeon ===Subfamily Didunculinae - Tooth-billed Pigeon=== Genus ''[[Didunculus]]'' * [[Tooth-billed Pigeon]], ''Didunculus strigirostris'' * [[Tongan Tooth-billed Pigeon]], ''Didunculus placopedetes'' - [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]] ===Subfamily Gourinae - crowned pigeons=== [[Image:bristol.zoo.victoria.crowned.pigeon.arp.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Victoria Crowned Pigeon]] ''Goura victoria'' in [[Bristol Zoo]].]] Genus ''[[Goura (genus)|Goura]]'' (3 species) * [[Western Crowned Pigeon]], ''Goura cristata'' * [[Southern Crowned Pigeon]], ''Goura scheepmakeri'' * [[Victoria Crowned Pigeon]], ''Goura victoria'' ===Subfamily N.N. ("Treroninae") - green and fruit-doves and imperial pigeons=== Genus ''[[Ducula]]'' - imperial-pigeons * [[Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula poliocephala'' * [[White-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula forsteni'' * [[Mindoro Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula mindorensis'' * [[Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula radiata'' * [[Grey-necked Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula carola'' * [[Green Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula aenea'' * [[White-eyed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula perspicillata'' * [[Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula concinna'' * [[Pacific Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pacifica'' * [[Micronesian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula oceanica'' * [[Polynesian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula aurorae'' * [[Nukuhiva Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula galeata'' * [[Red-knobbed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula rubricera'' [[Image:Pied Imperial Pigeon.jpg|right|140px|thumbnail|[[Pied Imperial Pigeon]] ''Ducula bicolor''.]] * [[Spice Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula myristicivora'' * [[Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula rufigaster'' * [[Cinnamon-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula basilica'' * [[Finsch's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula finschii'' * [[Shining Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula chalconota'' * [[Island Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pistrinaria'' * [[Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula rosacea'' * [[Christmas Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula whartoni'' * [[Grey Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pickeringii'' * [[Peale's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula latrans'' * [[Chestnut-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula brenchleyi'' * [[Vanuatu Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula bakeri'' * [[New Caledonian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula goliath'' * [[Pinon's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pinon'' * [[Bismarck Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula melanochroa'' * [[Collared Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula mullerii'' * [[Zoe's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula zoeae'' * [[Mountain Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula badia'' * [[Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula lacernulata'' * [[Timor Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula cineracea'' * [[Pied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula bicolor'' * [[Torresian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula spilorrhoa'' * [[White Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula luctuosa'' Genus ''[[Lopholaimus]]'' - Topknot Pigeon [[Image:NZ-pigeon.JPG|thumb|right|140px|[[Kererū]] (New Zealand Pigeon), ''Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae''.]] Genus ''[[Hemiphaga]]'' * [[Kererū]] ''Hemiphaga novaseelandiae'' * [[Parea]] ''Hemiphaga chathamensis'' Genus ''Cryptophaps'' * [[Sombre Pigeon]], ''Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa'' Genus ''[[Gymnophaps]]'' - mountain-pigeons * [[Papuan Mountain-pigeon]] ''Gymnophaps albertisii'' * [[Long-tailed Mountain-pigeon]] ''Gymnophaps mada'' * [[Pale Mountain-pigeon]] ''Gymnophaps solomonensis'' [[Image:Rose-Crowned-Fruit-Dove,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Rose-crowned Fruit-dove]] (''Ptilinopus regina'') from eastern [[Australia]] and [[Indonesia]]]] Genus ''[[Ptilinopus]]'' - fruit-doves (some 50 living species, 1-2 recently [[extinct]]) Genus ''[[Natunaornis]]'' - Viti Levu Giant Pigeon ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) Genus ''Drepanoptila'' * [[Cloven-feathered Dove]], ''Drepanoptila holosericea'' Genus ''[[Alectroenas]]'' - blue pigeons * [[Madagascar Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas madagascariensis'' * [[Comoro Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas sganzini'' * [[Seychelles Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas pulcherrima'' * Farquhar Blue Pigeon, ''Alectroenas'' sp. ([[extinct]]) * [[Mauritius Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas nitidissima'' ([[extinct]]) * [[Rodrigues Pigeon]] ''"Alectroenas" rodericana'' ([[extinct]]; probably distinct genus) ===Subfamily [[Raphinae]] - didines=== Genus ''[[Raphus]]'' - Dodo ([[extinct]]; late 17th century) Genus ''[[Pezophaps]]'' - Rodrigues Solitaire ([[extinct]]; c.1730) ===Placement unresolved=== [[Image:Nicobar.pigeon.750pix.jpg|thumb|140px|The unusual [[Nicobar Pigeon]], ''Caloenas nicobarica'']] [[Image:Thick-billed Green Pigeon.jpg|thumb|rigth|140px|[[Thick-billed Green Pigeon]]]] Genus ''[[Caloenas]]'' * [[Nicobar Pigeon]], ''Caloenas nicobarica'' * [[Greater Maned Pigeon]], ''Caloenas canacorum'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) * [[Liverpool Pigeon]], ''"Caloenas" maculata'' - [[extinct]]; probably distinct genus Genus ''[[Treron]]'' - green pigeons * [[Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron fulvicollis'' * [[Little Green Pigeon]], ''Treron olax'' * [[Pink-necked Green Pigeon]], ''Treron vernans'' * [[Orange-breasted Green Pigeon]], ''Treron bicincta'' * [[Pompadour Green Pigeon]], ''Treron pompadora'' * [[Thick-billed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron curvirostra'' * [[Grey-cheeked Green Pigeon]], ''Treron griseicauda'' * [[Sumba Green Pigeon]], ''Treron teysmannii'' * [[Flores Green Pigeon]], ''Treron floris'' * [[Timor Green Pigeon]], ''Treron psittacea'' * [[Large Green Pigeon]], ''Treron capellei'' * [[Yellow-footed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron phoenicoptera'' * [[Bruce's Green Pigeon]], ''Treron waalia'' * [[Madagascar Green Pigeon]], ''Treron australis'' * [[African Green Pigeon]], ''Treron calva'' * [[Pemba Green Pigeon]], ''Treron pembaensis'' * [[Sao Tome Green Pigeon]], ''Treron sanctithomae'' * [[Pin-tailed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron apicauda'' * [[Sumatran Green Pigeon]], ''Treron oxyura'' * [[Yellow-vented Green Pigeon]], ''Treron seimundi'' * [[Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron sphenura'' * [[White-bellied Green Pigeon]], ''Treron sieboldii'' * [[Whistling Green Pigeon]], ''Treron formosae'' [[Image:DSC02713.JPG|right|thumbnail|140px|[[Wonga Pigeon]], ''Leucosarcia melanoleuca'', native to Australia.]] Genus ''[[Phapitreron]]'' - brown doves * [[White-eared Brown Dove]], ''Phapitreron leucotis'' * [[Amethyst Brown Dove]], ''Phapitreron amethystina'' * [[Dark-eared Brown Dove]], ''Phapitreron cinereiceps'' Genus ''[[Leucosarcia]]'' - Wonga Pigeon Genus ''[[Microgoura]]'' - Choiseul Crested Pigeon (extinct; early 20th century) Genus ''Dysmoropelia'' * [[St Helena Dove]], ''Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos'' ([[extinct]]) Genus indeterminate * Henderson Island Archaic Pigeon, Columbidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]])<!-- BiolJLinnSoc56:405 --> ==Relationship with humans== [[Image:Dove house.jpg|thumb|Doves in a dove house]] ===Doves as food=== {{mainarticle|Squab (food)}} Several species of pigeon or dove are used as food, and probably any could be; the powerful breast muscles characteristic of the family make excellent meat. In Europe the [[Wood Pigeon]] is commonly shot as a [[game bird]], while [[Rock Pigeon]]s were originally domesticated as a food species, and many breeds were developed for their meat-bearing qualities. The extinction of the [[Passenger Pigeon]] was at least partly due to shooting for use as food. ===Doves in religion=== According to the [[Tanakh]], doves are [[kosher]], and they are the only birds that may be used for a [[korban]]. Other kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a korban. In the [[New Testament]] a dove is the symbol of the [[Holy Spirit]]. ===Threats and conservation=== While many species of pigeons and doves have benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges, many other species have declined in numbers and some have become [[threatened]] or even succumbed to [[extinction]]. Amongst the 10 species that have become extinct since 1600 (the conventional date for estimating modern extinctions) are two of the most famous extinct species, the [[Dodo]] and the [[Passenger Pigeon]]. The Passenger Pigeon was exceptional for a number of reasons, along with being the only pigeon species to have gone extinct in modern times that was not an island species it was once the most numerous species of bird on [[Earth]]. Its former numbers are difficult to estimate but one ornithologist, [[Alexander Wilson]], estimated that one flock he observed contained over two billion birds. The decline of the species was abrupt; in 1871 a breeding colony was estimated to contain over a hundred million birds, yet the last individual in the species was dead by 1914. Although habitat loss was a contributing factor, the species is thought to have been massively overhunted, being used as food for slaves and, later, the poor in the [[United States]] throughout the 19th century. The Dodo, and its extinction, was more typical of the extinctions of pigeons in the past. Like many species that colonize remote islands with few predators it lost much of its [[island tameness|anti-predator behaviour]], along with its ability to fly. The arrival of people, along with a suite of other [[introduced species]] such as rats, pigs and cats, quickly spelt the end for this species and all the other island forms that have become extinct. Around 59 species of pigeon and dove are threatened with extinction today, this is 19% of all species.<ref name = "Walker">Walker, J. (2007) "Geographical patterns of threat among pigeons and doves (Columbidae)" ''Oryx'' '''41''' (3): 289-299.</ref> Most of these are tropical and live on islands. All of the species threatened today are threatened by introduced predators, habitat loss and hunting, or a combination of these factors. In some cases they may be [[extinct in the wild]], as is the [[Socorro Dove]] of [[Socorro Island]], Mexico, which was driven to the edge of extinction by habitat loss and introduced [[feral cat]]s. In some areas a lack of knowledge means that the true status of a species is unknown; the [[Negros Fruit Dove]] has not been seen since 1953 and may or may not be extinct, and the [[Polynesian Ground-dove]] is classified as [[critically endangered]] as it is unknown whether it survives or not on remote islands in the far west of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Various [[conservation biology|conservation]] techniques are employed in order to prevent these extinctions. These include laws and regulations in order to control hunting pressure, the establishment of protected areas to prevent further habitat loss, the establishment of captive populations for reintroduction back into the wild (''[[ex situ]]'' conservation) and the translocation of individuals to suitable habitat to create additional populations. == See also == *[[List of doves and pigeons|Alphabetical species list]] *[[Peace symbol]] == References ==<!-- Condor54:174. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * '''Baptista''', L. F.; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Order Columbiformes. ''In:'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): ''Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-22-9</small> *'''Gibbs, Barnes and Cox''', ''Pigeons and Doves'' (Pica Press 2001) ISBN 1-873403-60-7 * '''Johnson''', Kevin P. & Clayton, Dale H. (2000): Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes Contain Similar Phylogenetic. Signal for Pigeons and Doves (Aves: Columbiformes). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''14'''(1): 141–151. [http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kjohnson/kpj_pdfs/MPE.Johnson.Clayton.2000.pdf PDF fulltext] * '''Johnson''', Kevin P.; de Kort, Selvino; Dinwoodey, Karen, Mateman, A. C.; ten Cate, Carel; Lessells, C. M. & Clayton, Dale H. (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the dove genera ''Streptopelia'' and ''Columba''. [[Auk (journal)|Auk]] '''118'''(4): 874-887. [http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kjohnson/kpj_pdfs/Auk.2001.pdf PDF fulltext] * '''Shapiro''', Beth; Sibthorpe, Dean; Rambaut, Andrew; Austin, Jeremy; Wragg, Graham M.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Lee, Patricia L. M. & Cooper, Alan (2002): Flight of the Dodo. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' '''295''': 1683. <small>{{DOI|10.1126/science.295.5560.1683}}</small> (HTML abstract) [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5560/1683/DC1 Supplementary information] ===Footnotes=== {{reflist}} == External links == {{commons|Columbidae}} <!--==========================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA | | IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page. Or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | =========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================--> * [http://www.columbidae.org.uk columbidae.org.uk] Conservation of pigeons and doves * [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=71 Dove videos] on the Internet Bird Collection * [http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=columbidae Dove sounds] * [http://www.lensculture.com/topaz.html Pigeonniers and Colombiers in France] Architectural photographs from France (in English) [[Category:Bird families]] [[Category:Columbidae]] [[Category:Game birds]] [[Category:Heraldic birds]] [[Category:Peace symbols]] {{Link FA|hu}} [[af:Duif]] [[am:ርግብ]] [[ar:حمام (طير)]] [[ast:Palomba]] [[gn:Pykasu]] [[ay:Kitula]] [[zh-min-nan:Hún-chiáu]] [[ca:Colom (ocell)]] [[cs:Holub]] [[cy:Colomen]] [[da:Due]] [[de:Tauben]] [[el:Περιστέρι]] [[es:Columbidae]] [[eo:Kolombedoj]] [[eu:Uso]] [[fa:کبوتر]] [[fr:Columbidae]] [[gd:Calman]] [[gl:Pomba]] [[ko:비둘기]] [[io:Kolombo]] [[is:Dúfur]] [[it:Columbidae]] [[la:Columba (avis)]] [[lt:Karveliniai]] [[hu:Galambfélék]] [[ml:പ്രാവ്]] [[nl:Duiven en tortels]] [[nds-nl:Duve (voegel)]] [[ja:鳩]] [[no:Duer]] [[nn:Duefamilien]] [[pl:Gołębiowate]] [[pt:Columbidae]] [[qu:Irpa]] [[ru:Голубиные]] [[simple:Dove]] [[sl:Golobi]] [[sr:Голуб]] [[fi:Kyyhkyt]] [[sv:Duvor]] [[tl:Kalapati]] [[th:นกพิราบ]] [[vi:Chim bồ câu]] [[tr:Güvercingiller]] [[uk:Голубові]] [[zea:Duven en tortels]] [[bat-smg:Balondis (paukštis)]] [[zh:鸠鸽科]]