Common Chimpanzee 7844 225901282 2008-07-15T22:52:34Z GameKeeper 733794 revert, not commonly considered part of homo genus {{Taxobox | name = Common Chimpanzee<ref name=MSW>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=183|id=12100797}}</ref> | status = EN | status_system = iucn3.1 | trend = down | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2007|assessors=Oates, J.F., Tutin, C.E.G., Humle, T., Wilson, M.L., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmforth, Z., Blom, A., Boesch, C., Cox, D., Davenport, T., Dunn, A., Dupain, J., Duvall, C., Ellis, C.M., Farmer, K.H., Gatti, S., Greengrass, E., Hart, J., Herbinger, I., Hicks, C., Hunt, K.D., Kamenya, S., Maisels, F., Mitani, J.C., Moore, J., Morgan, B.J., Morgan, D.B., Nakamura, M., Nixon, S., Plumptre, A.J., Reynolds, V., Stokes, E.J. & Walsh, P.D.|year=2007|id=15933|title=Pan troglodytes|downloaded=[[2007-09-12]]}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered </ref> | image = Lightmatter chimp.jpg | image_width = 250px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Primate]]s | familia = [[Hominidae]] | genus = ''[[Chimpanzee|Pan]]'' | species = '''''P. troglodytes''''' | binomial = ''Pan troglodytes'' | binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1775) | range_map = Pan troglodytes area.png | range_map_width = 250px | range_map_caption = distribution of Common Chimpanzee. 1. ''Pan troglodytes verus''. 2. ''P. t. vellerosus''. 3. ''P. t. troglodytes''. 4. ''P. t. schweinfurthii''. }} The '''Common Chimpanzee''' (''Pan troglodytes''), also known as the '''Robust Chimpanzee''', is a [[Hominidae|great ape]]. The name ''troglodytes'', Greek for 'cave-dweller', was coined by [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] in his ''Handbuch der Naturgeschichte'' (Handbook of Natural History) published in 1779. Colloquially, it is often called the [[chimpanzee]] (or simply 'chimp'), though technically this term refers to both [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Chimpanzee|Pan]]'': the Common Chimpanzee and the closely-related [[Bonobo]], or Pygmy Chimpanzee. ==Subspecies== Several subspecies of the Common Chimpanzee have been recognized: * [[Central Chimpanzee]], ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', in [[Cameroon]], the [[Central African Republic]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; * [[Western Chimpanzee]], ''Pan troglodytes verus'', in [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], and [[Nigeria]]; * [[Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee]], ''Pan troglodytes vellerosus'', in [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]]; * [[Eastern Chimpanzee]], ''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'', in the [[Central African Republic]], the [[Sudan]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Zambia]]. ==Basic facts== Common Chimpanzees are found in the [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical forests]] and wet [[savanna]]s of Western and Central [[Africa]]. They once inhabited most of this region, but their [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] has been dramatically reduced in recent years. Adults in the wild weigh between 40 and 65&nbsp;[[kilogram]]s (88 and 143&nbsp;[[pound (mass)|lb]]); males can measure up to 160&nbsp;[[centimetre]]s (63&nbsp;[[Inch|in]]) and females to 130&nbsp;cm (51&nbsp;in), and although lighter than humans they have a pull five to six times stronger.<ref>[http://www.janegoodall.org/jane/study-corner/chimpanzees/fact-sheet.asp The Jane Goodall Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This is because the muscles of the Common Chimpanzee and other primates are far more effective than those of humans.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6981/abs/nature02358.html Myosin mutation]</ref> Its body is covered by a coarse dark brown hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Both of its thumbs and its big toes are opposable, allowing a precision grip. Its [[pregnancy|gestation]] period is eight months. Infants are weaned when they are about three years old, but usually maintain a close relationship with their mother for several more years; they reach [[puberty]] at the age of eight to ten, and their lifespan in captivity is about fifty years. Although [[omnivore|omnivorous]], its diet is mainly [[vegetarian]], consisting of [[fruit]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[seed]]s, [[tuber]]s, and other miscellaneous vegetation, supplemented by [[insect]]s and small prey. There are also instances of organized hunting; in some cases, such as the killing of [[Leopard]] cubs, this primarily seems to be a protective effort, since the Leopard is the main natural predator of the Common Chimpanzee. However, the Common Chimpanzee sometimes band together and hunt [[Western Red Colobus|Western Red Colobus Monkeys]] (''Piliocolobus badius'') for meat. Isolated cases of [[cannibalism]] have been documented. Chimpanzees have also been known on rare occasions to attack and eat human infants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html | title = Frodo: The Alpha Male | accessdate = 2006-12-06 | year = 2003}}</ref> The West African Chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') is the only animal besides humans known to routinely create and use specialized tools specifically for hunting. Chimpanzees near [[Kédougou]], [[Senegal]] were observed to create spears by breaking off tree limbs, stripping them of their bark, and sharpening one end with their teeth. They then used these weapons to kill [[galago]]s sleeping in hollows.<ref name=Pruetz1>{{cite journal |author=Pruetz JD, Bertolani P |title=Savanna chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, hunt with tools |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=412–7 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17320393 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.042 |url=http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0960982207008019}}</ref> ==Behavior== [[Image:Baby chimpanze.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Common Chimpanzee infant and [[mother]].]] Common Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from twenty to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time travelling in small parties of just a few individuals. They are both [[Brachiation|arboreal]] and terrestrial, spending equal time in the trees and on the ground. Their habitual gait is [[quadruped]]al, using the soles of their feet and resting on their knuckles, but they can walk upright for short distances. Common Chimpanzees are 'knuckle walkers', like [[gorilla]]s, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of [[orangutan]]s and bonobos, 'palm walkers' who use the outside edge of their palms. The Common Chimpanzee lives in a [[fission-fusion society]], where [[mating]] is promiscuous, and may be found in groups of the following types: all-male, adult females and offspring, consisting of both sexes, one female and her offspring, or a single individual. At the core of social structures are males, who roam around, protect group members, and search for food. Among males, there is generally a dominance hierarchy. However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest",<ref>{{cite book | last = Goodall | first = Jane | authorlink = Jane Goodall | year = 1986 | title = The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior}}</ref> is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is mainly due to chimpanzees having a high level of individual autonomy within their fission-fusion social groups. Also, communities have large ranges that overlap with those of other groups. As a result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups (as opposed to the much larger ''parent'' group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees who regularly come into contact and congregate into parties in a particular area). As stated, these smaller groups also emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organized in order to [[hunt]] for meat, while a group consisting of one mature male and one mature female may occur for the purposes of [[copulation]]. An individual may encounter certain individuals quite frequently, but have run-ins with others almost never or only in large-scale gatherings. Due to the varying frequency at which chimpanzees associate, the structure of their societies is highly complicated. When confronted by a predator, chimpanzees will react with loud screams and use any object they can get against the threat. As noted above, the leopard is the chimp's main natural predator, but they have also fallen prey to [[lion]]s as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tsukahara T |title=Lions eat chimpanzees: The first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees |journal=American Journal of Primatology |year=1992 |month=10 September |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350290102}}</ref> ===Tool use=== While it has long been known that modern chimpanzees use tools, recent research indicates that chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4300 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mercader J, Barton H, Gillespie J, ''et al'' |title=4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=3043–8 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17360606 |pmc=1805589 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0607909104 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/9/3043}}</ref> A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears, which West African Chimpanzees in [[Senegal]] sharpen with their teeth, being used to spear [[Senegal Bushbaby|Senegal Bushbabies]] out of small holes in trees.<ref>{{cite web | author = Fox, M. | title = Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc | accessdate = 2007-02-22 | date = [[2007-02-22]]}}</ref> An Eastern Chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a squirrel.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Huffman MA, Kalunde MS |title=Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania |journal=Primates |year=1993 |month=January |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=93–8 |doi=10.1007/BF02381285 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/u1g710357w253541/fulltext.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> ==Chimpanzee Genome Project== {{main|Chimpanzee Genome Project}} [[Image:Apeclade.png|thumb|right|'''Relationships among apes'''. The numbers in this diagram are branch lengths, a measure of [[evolution]]ary distinctness. Based on protein [[electrophoresis]] data of Goldman ''et al.'', ''[[PNAS]]'' 84: 3307-3311{{Fact|date=September 2007}}.]] [[Human]] and Common Chimpanzee [[DNA]] is very similar. After the completion of the [[Human genome project]], a Common [[Chimpanzee Genome Project]] was initiated. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes, such as the forkhead-box P2 [[transcription factor]] which is involved in speech development, have undergone rapid evolution in the human lineage. A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published on [[September 1]], [[2005]], in an article produced by the [[Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium]].<ref> {{cite journal |author=Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium |title=Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=69–87 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16136131 |doi=10.1038/nature04072 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04072.html}}<br/> {{cite journal |author=Cheng Z, Ventura M, She X, ''et al'' |title=A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=88–93 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16136132 |doi=10.1038/nature04000 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04000.html}}</ref> The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees is about thirty-five million [[Point mutation|single-nucleotide]] changes, five million [[Mutation#Structural classification|insertion/deletion]] events, and various [[chromosome|chromosomal]] [[Chromosomal translocation|rearrangements]]. Typical human and chimp [[protein]] [[homology (biology)|homologs]] differ in only an average of two [[amino acid]]s. About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimp protein. Duplications of small parts of [[chromosome]]s have been the major source of differences between human and chimp genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions, during the approximately four to six million years since humans and chimps diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. Results from human and chimp genome analyses, currently being conducted by [[geneticist]]s including [[David Reich]], should help in understanding the genetic basis of some human diseases. ==Link with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1== Two types of [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]] (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa.<ref name=Reeves>{{cite journal |author=Reeves JD, Doms RW |title=Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 |journal=J. Gen. Virol. |volume=83 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=1253–65 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12029140 |doi= |url=http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12029140}}</ref> Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a [[Simian Immunodeficiency Virus]] (SIVcpz) found in the Common Chimpanzee subspecies, ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', native to southern [[Cameroon]].<ref name=Keele>{{cite journal |author=Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, ''et al'' |title=Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 |journal=Science (journal) |volume=313 |issue=5786 |pages=523–6 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16728595 |doi=10.1126/science.1126531 |url=}}</ref><ref name=Gao>{{cite journal |author=Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, ''et al'' |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes |journal=Nature |volume=397 |issue=6718 |pages=436–41 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9989410 |doi=10.1038/17130 |url=}}</ref> Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting that the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in the [[Sooty Mangabey]], monkeys in [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name=Reeves/> ==Divergence from the Bonobo== Recent DNA evidence suggests the Bonobo and Common Chimpanzee species separated from each other less than one million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Won YJ, Hey J |title=Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=297–307 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15483319 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi017 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fischer A, Wiebe V, Pääbo S, Przeworski M |title=Evidence for a complex demographic history of chimpanzees |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=799–808 |year=2004 |month=May |pmid=14963091 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh083 |url=}}</ref> The chimpanzee line split from the [[human evolution|last common ancestor]] of the [[human]] line approximately six million years ago. Because no species other than ''Homo sapiens'' has survived from the human line of that branching, both chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives of humans. ==See also== * [[Bili Ape]] * [[Great Ape personhood]] * [[Jane Goodall]] * [[List of apes]] - notable individual apes **[[Washoe (chimpanzee)|Washoe]], [[Nim Chimpsky]] * [[Theory of mind]] ==References==<!-- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1997), 61: 301–324 --> {{reflist|2}} ;General references * [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], ''De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa'', 1775. ==External links== {{commons|Common Chimpanzee}} {{Wikispecies|Pan troglodytes|Common Chimpanzee}} * [http://www.lpzoo.org/conservation/Fisher-Center/index.php Fisher Center for Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago] * [http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/default.asp Jane Goodall web site] * [http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org DiscoverChimpanzees.org] * [http://www.chimphaven.org Chimp Haven, The National Chimpanzee Sanctuary (ChimpHaven.org) ] * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/chimp/ Chimpanzee Genome resources] * [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/chimpanzee Primate Info Net ''Pan troglodytes'' Factsheets] * [http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/servlet/gov.doi.species_profile.servlets.SpeciesProfile?spcode=A06C U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile] * [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3744 New Scientist 19 May 2003 - Chimps are human, gene study implies] {{Hominidae nav}} {{Apes}} [[Category:Apes]] [[Category:Fauna of Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Fauna of West Africa]] [[Category:Mammals of Africa]] [[Category:Tool-using species]] [[ca:Ximpanzé comú]] [[cs:Šimpanz učenlivý]] [[da:Chimpanse]] [[de:Gemeiner Schimpanse]] [[et:Šimpans]] [[es:Pan troglodytes]] [[gl:Chimpancé]] [[ko:침팬지]] [[hr:Obična čimpanza]] [[it:Pan troglodytes]] [[he:שימפנזה מצוי]] [[lt:Paprastoji šimpanzė]] [[li:Gewoene sjimpansee]] [[hu:Közönséges csimpánz]] [[nl:Chimpansee]] [[ja:チンパンジー]] [[pl:Szympans zwyczajny]] [[pt:Chimpanzé-comum]] [[sk:Šimpanz učenlivý]] [[sl:Navadni šimpanz]] [[fi:Simpanssi]] [[sv:Schimpans]] [[tr:Bayağı şempanze]] [[zh:黑猩猩]]