Common Crossbill
367087
223070251
2008-07-02T12:45:27Z
216.106.239.4
/* External links */
{{Taxobox
| name = Common Crossbill
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| image = Red Crossbills (Male).jpg
| image_width = 220px
| image_caption = ''Male Common Crossbill''
| image2 = Red Crossbill (Female).jpg
| image2_width = 220px
| image2_caption = ''Female Common Crossbill''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passerine|Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Finch|Fringillidae]]
| genus = ''[[Crossbill|Loxia]]''
| species = '''''L. curvirostra'''''
| binomial = ''Loxia curvirostra''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
}}
The '''Common Crossbill''' ('''''Loxia curvirostra''''') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the [[finch]] family Fringillidae. It breeds in the [[spruce]] forests of [[North America]], where it is known as '''Red Crossbill''', as well as [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]; some populations (different species?) breed in [[pine]] forests in certain areas of all three continents, and in North America, also in [[Douglas-fir]]. It nests in [[Pinophyta|conifers]], laying 3–5 eggs.
This [[crossbill]] is mainly resident, but will regularly [[bird migration|erupt]] south if its food source fails. This species will form flocks outside the breeding season, often mixed with other crossbills.
The crossbills are characterised by the [[mandible]]s crossing at their tips, which gives the group its [[English language|English]] name. They are specialist feeders on [[conifer cone]]s, particularly the various spruce species but also some populations (different species?) in Douglas-fir and various pine species, and the unusual bill shape is an adaptation to assist the extraction of the seeds from the cone.
Adult males tend to be red or orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation.
This species is difficult to separate from [[Parrot Crossbill]] and [[Scottish Crossbill]], both of which breed within its Eurasian range. The identification problem is less severe in North America, where only Red Crossbill and [[Two-barred Crossbill|White-winged Crossbill]] occur.
[[Plumage]] distinctions from Parrot and Scottish Crossbills are negligible. The head and bill are smaller than in either of the other species. Care is needed to identify this species. The ''glip'' or ''chup'' call is probably the best indicator.
Work on vocalisation in North America suggest that, in that continent alone, there are eight or nine populations of Red Crossbill with different calls, which rarely if ever interbreed. These forms also vary in terms of bill size and structure, and specialise on the seed cones of different species of conifer. Few [[ornithology|ornithologists]] seem inclined to give these forms species status at present.
Some large-billed, pine-feeding populations currently assigned to this species in the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] area may possibly be better referred to either Parrot Crossbill or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very early stage. These include Balearic Crossbill ''L. curvirostra balearica'' and North African Crossbill ''L. curvirostra poliogyna'', feeding primarily on [[Aleppo Pine]] (''Pinus halepensis''); Cyprus Crossbill ''L. curvirostra guillemardi'', feeding primarily on [[European black pine]] (''Pinus nigra''); and an as-yet unidentified crossbill with a Parrot Crossbill-size bill feeding primarily on [[Bosnian Pine]] (''Pinus heldreichii'') in the [[Balkans]]. These populations also differ on plumage, with the Balearic, North African and Cyprus races having yellower males, and the Balkan type having deep purple-pink males; this however merely reflects the differing [[anthocyanin]] content of the cones they feed on, as these pigments are transferred to the feathers.
==Common Crossbill diversity==
'''Distinct Eurasian Common Crossbill populations:'''
* Balearic Crossbill, ''Loxia curvirostra balearica''
**Associated with [[Aleppo Pine]] ''Pinus halepensis''
* North African Crossbill, ''Loxia c. poliogyna''
**Associated with [[Aleppo Pine]] ''Pinus halepensis''
* Corsican Crossbill, ''Loxia c. corsicana''
**Associated with [[European Black Pine]], ''Pinus nigra''
* Cyprus Crossbill, ''Loxia c. guillemardi''
**Associated with [[European Black Pine]], ''Pinus nigra''
* Crimean Crossbill, ''Loxia c. mariae''
**Associated with [[European Black Pine]], ''Pinus nigra''?
* Luzon Crossbill, ''Loxia c. luzoniensis''
**Associated with [[Khasi Pine]], ''Pinus kesiya''
* Annam Crossbill, ''Loxia c. meridionalis''
**Associated with [[Khasi Pine]], ''Pinus kesiya''
As with Parrot and Scottish Crossbills, all of the above are fairly sedentary forms associated with hard-coned ''[[Pinus]]'' species. The following are more associated with the softer cones of [[spruce]] and [[larch]]:
* Altai Crossbill, ''Loxia c. altaiensis''
**Associated with [[spruce]]s
* Tien Shan Crossbill, ''Loxia c. tianschanica''
**Associated with [[Schrenk's Spruce]] ''Picea shrenkiana''
* Himalayan Crossbill, ''Loxia c. himalayensis''
**Associated with [[Himalayan Hemlock]] ''Tsuga dumosa''
* Japanese Crossbill, ''Loxia c. japonica''
'''North American Red Crossbill subspecies list based on biometrics:'''
* Newfoundland Crossbill, ''Loxia c. percna'' Possibly extinct
* Lesser Crossbill, ''Loxia c. minor''
* Sitka Crossbill, ''Loxia c. sitkensis''
* ''Loxia c. neogaea''
* Rocky Mountain Crossbill, ''Loxia c. benti''
* Sierra Crossbill, ''Loxia c. grinnelli''
* Bendire Crossbill, ''Loxia c. bendirei''
* Mexican Crossbill, ''Loxia c. stricklandi''
* Central American Crossbill, ''Loxia c. mesamericana''
* South Hills Crossbill (no scientific name{{Verify source|date=February 2008}})
'''Jeff Groth's classification of North American Red Crossbill forms based on call-types:'''
* Type 1, corresponds with ''Loxia c. neogaea''
**Recorded on ''Tsuga'' species, ''Picea glauca'', ''Pinus strobus''
* Type 2, corresponds with ''Loxia c. benti/grinnelli/bendirei''
**Recorded on Rocky Mountains [[Ponderosa Pine]] ''Pinus ponderosa scopulorum'' in the west and in various [[Pinus]] species in the east
* Type 3, corresponds with ''Loxia c. sitkensis'' and ''Loxia c. minor''
**Recorded on [[Western Hemlock]] ''Tsuga heterophylla''
* Type 4, corresponds with ''Loxia c. neogaea''
**Recorded on [[Douglas Fir]] ''Pseudotsuga menziesii''
* Type 5, corresponds with ''Loxia c. benti/grinnelli/bendirei''
**Recorded on [[Lodgepole Pine]] ''Pinus contorta latifolia''
* Type 6, corresponds with ''Loxia c. stricklandi''
**Uses [[Pine]] species in Section Trifoliae
* Type 7, corresponds with ''Loxia c. benti/grinnelli/bendirei''
** In terms of diet this type is possibly a generalist
* Type 8, corresponds with ''Loxia c. percna''
**Uses [[Black Spruce]] ''Picea mariana''
* Type 9, corresponds with South Hills Crossbill
**Isolated population of [[Lodgepole Pine]] ''Pinus contorta latifolia''
'''Summers' list of European Common Crossbill forms (with Parrot & Scottish) based on Flight/Excitement calls:'''
* 1A, corresponds with "British" Crossbill
* 2B, corresponds with "Wandering" Crossbill
* 2D, corresponds with Parrot Crossbill ''Loxia pytyopsittacus''
* 3C, corresponds with Scottish Crossbill ''Loxia scotica''
* 3D, corresponds with Balearic Crossbill
* 3E, corresponds with North African Crossbill
* 4E, corresponds with "Glip" Crossbill
* 5D, corresponds with Cyprus Crossbill
'''"The Sound Approach's" classification of European Common Crossbill types based on call-types:'''
* "Wandering" Crossbill (Type A - flight call "Keep")
* "Bohemian" Crossbill (Type B - flight call "Weet")
* "Glip" Crossbill (Type C - flight call "Glip")
* "Phantom" Crossbill (Type D - flight call "Jip")
* "British" Crossbill (Type E - flight call "Chip")
* "Scarce" Crossbill (Type F - flight call "Trip")
* "Parakeet" Crossbill (Type X - flight call "Cheep")
==References==<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=53487|title=Loxia curvirostra|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
== External links ==
{{Commons|Loxia curvirostra}}
*[http://research.amnh.org/ornithology/crossbills/ American Museum of Natural History] - audiovisual guide
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=8823 Internet Bird Collection: Common Crossbill videos]
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Red_Crossbill.html Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Red Crossbill]
*[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5210id.html USGS - Red Crossbill Information]
*[http://sdakotabirds.com/species/red_crossbill_info.htm South Dakota Birds - Red Crossbill Information and Photographs]
*[http://pinemuncher.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2007-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&updated-max=2008-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&max-results=39 Loxia Fantastica] Blog dealing with crossbills in [[Scotland]]
*[http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/photos/common.crossbill.html Oiseaux] Photo
*[http://www.ibercajalav.net/img/436_CommonCrossbillL.curvirostra.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta]
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==Further reading==
===Book===
Adkisson, C. S. 1996. Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). In The Birds of North America, No. 256 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
===Thesis===
* Benkman CW. Ph.D. (1985). ''THE FORAGING ECOLOGY OF CROSSBILLS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA (AVES, BREEDING BEHAVIOR, MORPHOLOGY, CONIFERS)''. State University of New York at Albany, United States -- New York.
* Coombs-Hahn TP. Ph.D. (1993). ''Integration of environmental cues to time reproduction in an opportunistic breeder, the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra)''. University of Washington, United States -- Washington.
* Groth JG. Ph.D. (1990). ''Cryptic species of nomadic birds in the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) complex of North America''. University of California, Berkeley, United States -- California.
* Simard JH. M.Sc. (2001). ''Habitat selection, ecological energetics, and the effects of changes in white pine forests on breeding red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra ) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario''. McGill University (Canada), Canada.
* Smith JW. Ph.D. (2005). ''The role of coevolution in promoting ecological speciation in red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra complex)''. New Mexico State University, United States -- New Mexico.
* Wren LS. M.Sc. (2001). ''Continental and regional distribution and abundance patterns of boreal cardueline finches: Influences of conifer seed availability''. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada.
===Articles===
* Alonso D, Arizaga J, Miranda R & Campos F. (2003). ''Comparative biometrics of common crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) on the Iberian Peninsula and the Bealearic Islands''. Vogelwarte. vol '''42''', no 1-2. p. 116-117.
* Alonso D, Arizaga J, Miranda R & Hernandez MA. (2006). ''Morphological diversification of common crossbill Loxia curvirostra populations within Iberia and the Balearics''. Ardea. vol '''94''', no 1. p. 99-107.
* Arnaiz-Villena A, Guillen J, Ruiz-de-Valle V, Lowy E, Zamora J, Varela P, Stefani D & Allende LM. (2001). ''Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches''. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. vol '''58''', no 8. p. 1159-1166.
* Barboza PS & Jorde DG. (2002). ''Intermittent fasting during winter and spring affects body composition and reproduction of a migratory duck''. Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. vol '''172''', no 5. p. 419-434.
* Benkman CW. (1987). ''Food Profitability and the Foraging Ecology of Crossbills''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''57''', no 3. p. 251-267.
* Benkman CW. (1988). ''Flock Size Food Dispersion and the Feeding Behavior of Crossbills''. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol '''23''', no 3. p. 167-176.
* Benkman CW. (1988). ''On the Advantages of Crossed Mandibles an Experimental Approach''. Ibis. vol '''130''', no 2. p. 288-293.
* Benkman CW. (1993). ''ADAPTATION TO SINGLE RESOURCES AND THE EVOLUTION OF CROSSBILL (LOXIA) DIVERSITY''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''63''', no 3. p. 305-325.
* Benkman CW. (1993). ''The evolution, ecology, and decline of the red crossbill of Newfoundland''. American Birds. vol '''47''', no 2. p. 225-229.
* Benkman CW. (1999). ''The selection mosaic and diversifying coevolution between crossbills and lodgepole pine''. American Naturalist. vol '''153''', p. S75-S91.
* Benkman CW. (2003). ''Divergent selection drives the adaptive radiation of crossbills''. Evolution. vol '''57''', no 5. p. 1176-1181.
* Benkman CW, Colquitt JS, Gould WR, Fetz T, Keenan PC & Santisteban L. (2005). ''Can selection by an ectoparasite drive a population of red crossbills from its adaptive peak?''. Evolution. vol '''59''', no 9. p. 2025-2032.
* Benkman CW, Holimon WC & Smith JW. (2001). ''The influence of a competitor on the geographic mosaic of coevolution between crossbills and lodgepole pine''. Evolution. vol '''55''', no 2. p. 282-294.
* Benkman CW & Lindholm AK. (1991). ''THE ADVANTAGES AND EVOLUTION OF A MORPHOLOGICAL NOVELTY''. Nature. vol '''349''', no 6309. p. 519-520.
* Benkman CW & Miller RE. (1996). ''Morphological evolution in response to fluctuating selection''. Evolution. vol '''50''', no 6. p. 2499-2504.
* Benkman CW, Parchman TL, Favis A & Siepielski AM. (2003). ''Reciprocal selection causes a coevolutionary arms race between crossbills and lodgepole pine''. American Naturalist. vol '''162''', no 2. p. 182-194.
* Brauning DW, Brittingham MC, Gross DA, Leberman RC, Master TL & Mulvihill RS. (1994). ''Pennsylvania breeding birds of special concern: A listing rational and status update''. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. vol '''68''', no 1. p. 3-28.
* Brazier FH. (1996). ''A second breeding record of Red Crossbill in Regina''. Blue Jay. vol '''54''', no 1.
* Clark WH. (1981). ''Highway Mortality of the Red Crossbill Loxia-Curvirostra''. Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science. vol '''17''', no 1. p. 1-2.
* Clouet M. (2000). ''The breeding biology of the Common Crossbill Loxia Curvirostra in the Central Pyrenees''. Bird Study. vol '''47''', p. 186-194.
* Clouet M. (2003). ''Bill size and breeding periode of pine forest crossbills''. Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie. vol '''58''', no 4. p. 419-433.
* Clouet M & Goar J-L. (2001). ''Note on the Philippine cross-bill Loxia curvirostra luzoniensis''. Alauda. vol '''69''', no 2. p. 331-334.
* Coffey K, Benkman CW & Milligan BG. (1999). ''The adaptive significance of spines on pine cones''. Ecology. vol '''80''', no 4. p. 1221-1229.
* Constantine M, & "The Sound Approach". (2006). ''The Sound Approach to Birding. A guide to understanding bird sound''. ISBN-10: 9081093312
* Cornelius JM, Breuner CW & Hahn TP. (2004). ''Effects of food reduction on stress reactivity in an irruptive nomad, the red crossbill''. Integrative and Comparative Biology. vol '''44''', no 6. p. 684-684.
* Dinsmore JJ. (1998). ''Iowa's avifauna: Recent changes and prospects for the future''. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol '''105''', no 3. p. 115-122.
* Edelaar P. (2003). ''Are there morphological differences between the vocal types of the common crossbill?''. Vogelwarte. vol '''42''', no 1-2. p. 115-116.
* Edelaar P. (2003). ''Is there assortative mating between the vocal types of the common crossbill?''. Vogelwarte. vol '''42''', no 1-2.
* Edelaar P & Benkman CW. (2006). ''Replicated population divergence caused by localized coevolution? A test of three hypotheses in the red crossbill-lodgepole pine system''. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. vol '''19''', no 5. p. 1651-1659.
* Edelaar P, Phillips RE & Knops P. (2005). ''Sexually dimorphic body plumage in juvenile Crossbills''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''117''', no 4. p. 390-393.
* Edelaar P & Terpstra K. (2004). ''The nominate subspecies of the Common Crossbill Loxia c. curvirostra polytypic? I. Morphological differences among years at a single site''. Ardea. vol '''92''', no 1. p. 93-102.
* Förschler MI, Förschler L & Dorka U. (2006). ''Population fluctuations of siskins Carduelis spinus, common crossbills Loxia curvirostra, and citril finches Carduelis citrinella in relationship to flowering intensity of spruce Picea abies''. Ornis Fennica. vol '''83''', no 2. p. 91-96. http://www.birdlife.fi/julkaisut/of/pdf/vol83-2/6F%F6rschler2524.pdf
* Frost MP. (1985). ''Citril Finches Serinus-Citrinella and Crossbills Loxia-Curvirostra Eating Minerals''. British Birds. vol '''78''', no 1.
* Genard M & Lescourret F. (1987). ''The Common Crossbill Loxia-Curvirostra in the Pyrenees France Some Observations on Its Habitats and on Its Relations with Conifer Seeds''. Bird Study. vol '''34''', no 1. p. 52-63.
* Gilbert FF & Allwine R. (1991). ''Spring Bird Communities in the Oregon Cascade Range USA''. U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. vol '''285''', p. 145-159.
* Groth JG. (1988). ''Resolution of Cryptic Species in Appalachian Red Crossbills''. Condor. vol '''90''', no 4. p. 745-760.
* Groth JG. (1993). ''Call matching and positive assortative mating in Red Crossbills''. The Auk. vol '''110''', no 2. p. 398.
* Hahn T. (1990). ''PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF OPPORTUNISTIC BREEDING IN THE RED CROSSBILL''. American Zoologist. vol '''30''', no 4. p. A53-A53.
* Hahn T. (1992). ''Seasonal components of reproductive function in a reproductive opportunist, the red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra''. American Zoologist. vol '''32''', no 5.
* Hahn TP. (1994). ''Crossbill diversity -- Evolutionary Differentiation in Morphology, Vocalizations, and Allozymes Among Nomadic Sibling Species in the North American Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) Complex by J. G. Groth''. The Condor. vol '''96''', no 3. p. 835.
* Hahn TP. (1995). ''Integration of Photoperiodic and Food Cues to Time Changes in Reproductive Physiology by an Opportunistic Breeder, the Red Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (Aves: Carduelinae)''. Journal of Experimental Zoology. vol '''272''', no 3. p. 213-226.
* Hahn TP. (1996). ''Habitat preferences and biogeography of cryptic species in the North American red crossbill complex (Loxia curvirostra; Aves: Carduelinae)''. American Zoologist. vol '''36''', no 5.
* Hahn TP. (1998). ''Reproductive seasonality in an opportunistic breeder, the red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra''. Ecology. vol '''79''', no 7. p. 2365-2375.
* Hau M. (2001). ''Timing of breeding in variable environments: Tropical birds as model systems''. Hormones and Behavior. vol '''40''', no 2. p. 281-290.
* Hau M, Wikelski M & Wingfield JC. (2000). ''Visual and nutritional food cues fine-tune timing of reproduction in a neotropical rainforest bird''. Journal of Experimental Zoology. vol '''286''', no 5. p. 494-504.
* Herbers JR, Serrouya R & Maxcy KA. (2004). ''Effects of elevation and forest cover on winter birds in mature forest ecosystems of southern British Columbia''. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol '''82''', no 11. p. 1720-1730.
* Hernandez M, Alonso D, Arizaga J, Amezcoa A, Alda F, Murua A, Schroder P-C & Campos F. (2003). ''Comparative molecular study of populations of common crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) on the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands''. Vogelwarte. vol '''42''', no 1-2.
* Hill GE & Benkman CW. (1995). ''Exceptional response by female red crossbills to dietary carotenoid supplementation''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''107''', no 3. p. 555.
* Hogstad O. (1990). ''Winter Territoriality and the Advantages of Social Foraging in the Treecreeper Certhia-Familiaris''. Fauna Norvegica Series C Cinclus. vol '''13''', no 2. p. 57-64.
* Holimon WC, Benkman CW & Willson MF. (1998). ''The importance of mature conifers to red crossbills in southeast Alaska''. Forest Ecology and Management. vol '''102''', no 2-3. p. 167-172.
* Hubalek Z. (1984). ''Avifauna of the Island of Brac Yugoslavia''. Larus. vol '''37''', p. 167-174.
* Iovchenko NP. (2003). ''Relationship of moult and breeding in the Tien Shan subspecies of the common crossbill Loxia curvirostra tianshanica''. Vogelwarte. vol '''42''', no 1-2.
* Jacobs JD & Wingfield JC. (2000). ''Endocrine control of life-cycle stages: A constraint on response to the environment?''. Condor. vol '''102''', no 1. p. 35-51.
* Jardine DC. (1994). ''Brood patch on a Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra still in juvenile plumage''. Bird Study. vol '''41''', no 2. p. 155-156.
* Jardine DC. (1994). ''Observations on the occurrence of red-orange female common crossbills Loxia curvirostra''. Ringing & Migration. vol '''15''', no 2. p. 98-100.
* Jardine DC. (2000). ''Common Crossbill eating adelgids''. Scottish Birds. vol '''21''', no 1. p. 52-53.
* Johnson NK, Marten JA & Ralph CJ. (1989). ''Genetic Evidence for the Origin and Relationships of Hawaiian Honeycreepers Aves Fringillidae''. Condor. vol '''91''', no 2. p. 379-396.
* Kelsey R & Hahn TP. (2004). ''Distribution and abundance of a nomadic seed specialist, the red crossbill, in the western United States''. Integrative and Comparative Biology. vol '''44''', no 6. p. 712-712.
* Knox AG. (1990). ''Identification of Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill''. British Birds. vol '''83''', no 3. p. 89-94.
* Knox AG. (1990). ''THE SYMPATRIC BREEDING OF COMMON AND SCOTTISH CROSSBILLS LOXIA-CURVIROSTRA AND LOXIA-SCOTICA AND THE EVOLUTION OF CROSSBILLS''. Ibis. vol '''132''', no 3. p. 454-466.
* Koenig WD. (2001). ''Synchrony and periodicity of eruptions by boreal birds''. Condor. vol '''103''', no 4. p. 725-735.
* Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '''70''', no 4. p. 609-620.
* Lewartowski Z & Wolk K. (1983). ''Breeding Avi Fauna of a Moss Spruce Forest and Related Habitats in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest Poland''. Acta Ornithologica. vol '''19''', no 1-6. p. 97-112.
* MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Deviche PJ, Crain RD, Ball GF & Hahn TP. (2001). ''Seasonal changes in brain GnRH immunoreactivity and song-control nuclei volumes in an opportunistically breeding songbird''. Brain Behavior and Evolution. vol '''58''', no 1. p. 38-48.
* MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2006). ''Tests of absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in reproductive schedule''. Journal of Experimental Biology. vol '''209''', no 19. p. 3786-3794.
* Manuwal DA & Huff MH. (1987). ''Spring and Winter Bird Populations in a Douglas-Fir Forest Sere''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''51''', no 3. p. 586-595.
* Marquiss M. (1980). ''Some Biometrics of Common Crossbills Loxia-Curvirostra from Ae Forest Dumfriesshire''. Ringing & Migration. vol '''3''', no 1. p. 35-36.
* Marquiss M & Rae R. (1994). ''Seasonal trends in abundance, diet and breeding of common crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) in an area of mixed species conifer plantation following the 1990 crossbill 'Irruption'''. Forestry. vol '''67''', no 1. p. 31-47.
* Marten JA & Johnson NK. (1986). ''Genetic Relationships of North American Cardueline Finches''. Condor. vol '''88''', no 4. p. 409-420.
* Massa B. (1987). ''Variations in Mediterranean Crossbills Loxia-Curvirostra''. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. vol '''107''', no 3. p. 118-128.
* McGhie HA & Summers RW. (2000). ''Egg sizes of crossbills in Scotland''. Scottish Birds. vol '''21''', no 2. p. 85-87.
* Mezquida ET & Benkman CW. (2005). ''The geographic selection mosaic for squirrels, crossbills and Aleppo pine''. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. vol '''18''', no 2. p. 348-357.
* Newton I. (2006). ''Movement patterns of common crossbills Loxia curvirostra in Europe''. Ibis. vol '''148''', no 4. p. 782-788.
* Noskov GA, Iovchenko NP & Smirnov YN. (2003). ''Sexual activity, moult and movements in the annual cycle in the common crossbill Loxia curvirostra''. Vogelwarte. vol '''42''', no 1-2. p. 114-115.
* Parchman TL & Benkman CW. (2002). ''Diversifying coevolution between crossbills and black spruce on Newfoundland''. Evolution. vol '''56''', no 8. p. 1663-1672.
* Parchman TL, Benkman CW & Britch SC. (2006). ''Patterns of genetic variation in the adaptive radiation of New World crossbills (Aves : Loxia)''. Molecular Ecology. vol '''15''', no 7. p. 1873-1887.
* Patterson IJ, Ollason JG & Doyle P. (1995). ''Bird populations in upland spruce plantations in northern Britain''. Forest Ecology and Management. vol '''79''', no 1-2. p. 107-131.
* Payne RB. (1987). ''Populations and Type Specimens of a Nomadic Bird Comments on the North American Crossbills Loxia-Pusilla Gloger 1834 and Crucirostra-Minor Brehm 1845''. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan. vol '''714''', p. 1-37.
* Pereyra ME, MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Sharbaugh SM, Morton ML, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2001). ''Relationships between photorefrac-toriness and reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches''. American Zoologist. vol '''41''', no 6.
* Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Hahn TP. (2005). ''Interspecific variation in photo-induced GnRH plasticity among nomadic cardueline finches''. Brain Behavior and Evolution. vol '''66''', no 1. p. 35-49.
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[[Category:Loxia]]
[[Category:Birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Birds of Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Birds of Turkey]]
[[bg:Обикновена кръсточовка]]
[[ca:Trencapinyes]]
[[cs:Křivka obecná]]
[[cy:Gylfin Groes]]
[[de:Fichtenkreuzschnabel]]
[[es:Loxia curvirostra]]
[[eo:Malgranda krucbekulo]]
[[fr:Bec-croisé des sapins]]
[[gd:Cam-ghob]]
[[is:Krossnefur]]
[[it:Loxia curvirostra]]
[[ka:ნისკარტმარწუხა]]
[[lt:Eglinis kryžiasnapis]]
[[hu:Keresztcsőrű]]
[[nl:Kruisbek]]
[[ja:イスカ]]
[[no:Grankorsnebb]]
[[nn:Grankorsnebb]]
[[pms:Loxia curvirostra]]
[[pl:Krzyżodziób świerkowy]]
[[ru:Клёст-еловик]]
[[fi:Pikkukäpylintu]]
[[sv:Mindre korsnäbb]]
[[tr:Bayağı çaprazgaga]]
[[uk:Ялиновий шишкар]]
[[zh:紅交嘴雀]]