Concertgebouw (Amsterdam)
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The '''Concertgebouw''' is a concert hall in [[Amsterdam]], the [[Netherlands]]. The Dutch term "concertgebouw" literally translates into English as "concert building". Because of its highly regarded [[Architectural acoustics|acoustics]], the Concertgebouw is considered one of the finest [[concert hall]]s in the world, along with places such as [[Boston|Boston's]] [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]] and the [[Musikverein, Vienna|Musikverein]] in [[Vienna]].<ref name = ac>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ark.fi/ark4_96/acoustics.html
|title=Concert Hall Acoustics and the Computer
|author=Tapio Lahti and Henrik Möller
|publisher=[http://www.ark.fi/index.html ARK] -The Finnish Architectural Review
}}</ref>
[[Image:Concertgebouw.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Concertgebouw]]
[[Image:Jacob Olie - Concertgebouw Amsterdam 10 november 1902.jpeg|thumb|The Concertgebouw in 1902]]
[[Image:Concertgebouw Amsterdam Night View.jpg|thumb|View of Concertgebouw at Night, Feb 2008]]
==History==
The architect of the building was [[Adolf Leonard van Gendt]], who was inspired by the Neue Gewandhaus in [[Leipzig]], built two years earlier (and destroyed in 1943).
Construction began in 1883 in a pasture that was then outside the city, in [[Amstelveen]]. 2,186 piles twelve to thirteen meters (forty to forty-three feet) in length were sunk into the soil.
The hall opened on [[April 11]], [[1888]], with an inaugural concert in which an orchestra of 120 musicians and a chorus of 500 singers participated, performing works of [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]], [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]. The resident orchestra of the Concertgebouw is the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]] (''Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest''), which gave its first concert in the hall on 3 November 1888, as the Concertgebouw Orchestra (''Concertgebouworkest'').
The ''Grote Zaal'' ("Main Hall") seats 2037, and is 44 meters (144 ft) long, 28 meters (92 ft) wide, and 17 meters (56 ft) high. Its [[reverberation time]] is 2.8 seconds without audience, 2.2 seconds with, making it ideal for the late Romantic repertoire such as [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]. Though this characteristic makes it largely unsuited for amplified music, groups such as [[The Who]] and [[Pink Floyd]] performed there in the 1960s. In addition to orchestras, jazz and world music groups perform in the Grote Zaal.
A smaller, oval-shaped venue, the ''Kleine Zaal'' ("Small Hall"), is located behind the main hall. The Kleine Zaal is 20 meters (66 ft) long and 15 meters (50 ft) wide. Its more intimate space is well-suited for [[chamber music]] and [[lieder]]. The Kleine Zaal has 478 seats.
When the Concertgebouw was built, [[Architectural acoustics|acoustics]] were something of a ''black art''. As in shipbuilding, designers drew upon what had worked in the past without entirely understanding the underlying science (which even today is still not well understood). When the building was completed, the acoustics were not perfect, and a lot of effort went into fine-tuning the aural ambience. During later restorations, particular care has been taken not to alter the materials used for interior decoration with this in mind. In the 1980s, the hall embarked on extensive fund-raising for renovations after the hall was found to be slowly sinking into the ground. Pi De Bruijn was the architect for the contemporary annex to the original hall.<ref>{{cite news | author=Paul L. Montgomery | title=Dutch Hail Concertgebouw's 100th | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DB1738F930A25757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | work=New York Times | date=1988-04-13 | accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref>
Today, some eight hundred concerts per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of 850,000, making it the second most-visited concert hall in the world (Rome's [[Parco della musica]] ranking N. 1 with over one million). One of the highlights of Concertgebouw season is the annual New Year's Concert by the [[Nederlands Blazers Ensemble]] (Netherlands Wind Ensemble), a fresh, contemporary answer to the traditional Vienna Waltzfest.
<!-- A Dutch [[Richard Wagner]] society decided to build the Concertgebouw as a place to hold its concerts. -->
==Names of composers in the Grote Zaal==
In the Grote Zaal, the family names of a number of classical music composers are displayed on the balcony ledges and on the walls. These composers include the following:
{|
|valign="top"|
*[[Bernard Zweers]]
*[[Anton Bruckner]]
*[[Gustav Mahler]]
*[[César Franck]]
*[[Alphons Diepenbrock]]
*[[Claude Debussy]]
*[[Cornelis Dopper]]
*[[Richard Strauss]]
*[[Julius Röntgen]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Bela Bartok]]
*[[Antonín Dvořák]]
*[[George Frideric Handel]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Lully]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
*[[Luigi Cherubini]]
*[[Carl Maria von Weber]]
*[[Hector Berlioz]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Frederic Chopin]]
*[[Franz Liszt]]
*[[Richard Wagner]]
*[[Charles Gounod]]
*[[Carl Reinecke]]
*[[Cornelis Schuijt]]
*[[Jacob Obrecht]]
*[[Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck]]
*[[Orlando di Lasso]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Jacobus Clemens non Papa]]
*[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
*[[Igor Stravinsky]]
*[[Johan Wagenaar]]
*[[Max Reger]]
*[[Maurice Ravel]]
*[[Willem Pijper]]
*[[Franz Schubert]]
*[[Felix Mendelssohn]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Robert Schumann]]
*[[Johannes Verhulst]]
*[[Niels Gade]]
*[[Anton Rubinstein]]
*[[Louis Spohr]]
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
*[[Johannes Brahms]]
*[[Joseph Haydn]]
*[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
|}
==See also==
* [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]]
* [[History of Amsterdam]]
* [[List of major concert halls]]
* [[Amsterdam Tourist Attractions]]
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
{{commonscat|Concertgebouw}}
*[http://www.concertgebouw.nl/ Concertgebouw website]
*[http://travel.duchs.com/Netherlands/Amsterdam/See/Concertgebouw/ Images from the Concertgebouw]
{{coor title d|52.356223|N|4.879517|E|type:landmark_region:NL}}
[[Category:Concert halls in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Culture in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:1888 architecture]]
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