Copenhagen
5166
225768241
2008-07-15T09:00:57Z
87.60.169.63
/* Copenhagen municipalities */
{{Otheruses}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; float:right; width:300px; border-collapse:collapse;" class="toccolours"
|+ style="font-size: larger; margin-left:inherit;"|'''<big>København</big>'''
|- style="text-align:center; background: #FFF;"
|colspan="2"|[[Image:Københavns byvåben 1894.png|200px|]]
|- style="text-align:center; background: #FFF;"
|colspan="2"|[[Coat of arms of Copenhagen|City coat of arms]]
|- style="text-align:center; background: #FFF;"
|colspan="2"|[[Image:map DK Urban Copenhagen.PNG|250px|]]
<br />Location in [[Denmark]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Area]]
|-
| - Municipal || 88.25 [[square kilometre|km²]]
|-
<!-- We don't know the area that corresponds to urban pop.
| - Urban || 622 km²
|- -->
| - Capital region ||2673 km²
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Population]] (2008-01-01)
|-
| - Municipal || 503,861
|-
| - City || 1,145,804
|-
| - Metropolitan Area(Central [[Øresund Region]]) || 2,812,977
|-
| - [[Density]] (city/met/region/region+) ||5777/1947/812/686/km²
|-
! colspan="2" | Additional information
|-
|[[Time zone]]||Central European: [[UTC]]+1
|-
|Latitude<br />Longitude
|55°43' N<br />12°34' E
|}
'''Copenhagen''' ({{IPAEng|ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən, ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən, ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən, ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən}}; {{audio-da|København|Da-København.ogg}} {{IPA2|kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn, kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn}}) is the capital and largest city of [[Denmark]]. It is situated on the [[Zealand]] and [[Amager]] Islands and is separated from [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]] by the strait of [[Øresund]].
With the completion of the transnational [[Oresund Bridge]] in 2000, Copenhagen and the [[Sweden|Swedish]] city of [[Malmö]] are connected by a car/rail link and are in the process of integrating their labour markets, resulting in the number of commuters from both sides growing annually.
In 2008, the magazine ''[[Monocle (2007 magazine)|Monocle]]'' listed Copenhagen first in their ''Top 20 Most Livable Cities Chart''<ref>[http://www.monocle.com/sections/edits/Web-Articles/Copenhagen/ Monocles page on Copenhagen]</ref>, and gave the city the special award as "Best Design City". In addition, it has also been classified as a GaWC [[Global city|Cultural World City]], while it is 3rd in Western Europe in the rivalry over regional headquarters and distribution centers, only surpassed by London and Paris.<ref>[http://www.ambottawa.um.dk/en/servicemenu/News/Copenhagen+region+ranks+3rd+in+western+EuropeForAttractingHeadOffices.htm Copenhagen region ranks 3rd in western Europe for attracting head offices - Embassy of Denmark Canada<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The original designation for the city, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was ''Køpmannæhafn'', "merchants' harbor". The English name for the city is derived from its [[Low German]] name, ''Kopenhagen''. The element [[hafnium]] is named after the city's [[Latin language|Latin]] name, ''Hafnia''<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/hevesy-bio.html Biography of George de Hevesy]</ref>.
==Climate==
The weather in Copenhagen is mild through all the four seasons. Summers bring high temperatures averaging around 68°F (20°C) and lows of around 53°F (12°C), while in mid-winter temperatures hover just above or below zero. However, average daily temperature in january is 32°F (0°C) and july 62°F (16.5°C). Rainfall is moderate too, but spread throughout the year, so showers are possible in any season. Snowfall is light.
==Copenhagen municipalities==
The [[conurbation]] of Copenhagen consists of several municipalities. The central and largest is [[Copenhagen municipality]], the second largest is [[Frederiksberg|Frederiksberg municipality]] which is an enclave inside Copenhagen municipality. Both are contained in the larger [[Capital Region of Denmark]], which contains most of the Copenhagen metropolitan area.
Previously, the areas of [[Frederiksberg]], [[Gentofte]] and Copenhagen municipalities have been used to define the city of Copenhagen. This definition is now obsolete. To meet statistical needs after the latest municipal reform, which took place in the beginning of 2007, an effort has been made to work out definitions of lands (''landsdele'') in Denmark. A land is basically a geographical and statistical definition, and the area is not considered to be an administrative unit. The land of Copenhagen City includes the municipalities of Copenhagen, [[Dragør]], Frederiksberg and [[Tårnby]], with a total population of 656,582 in the beginning of 2008.<ref name="StatDen Pop 080101"> [http://www.statistikbanken.dk/BEF1A07 Statistics Denmark, table BEF1A07: Population 1 January by region, age, sex, marital status] Retrieved on 2008-03-26. </ref><ref name="StatDen Lands"> [http://www.dst.dk/upload/landsdele.xls Statistics Denmark, definitions of lands as of 2007-01-01 ('''excel-file, in danish''')] Retrieved on 2008-03-26. </ref>
Copenhagen and Frederiksberg were two of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a [[Counties of Denmark|county]]. On [[1 January]] [[2007]], the municipalities lost their county privileges and became part of [[Copenhagen Capital Region]].
[[Image:Norrebro.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Nørrebro]] seen from "Søerne"]]
==History==
{{main|History of Copenhagen}}
From its humble origins as a fishing village to its heyday as the glittering capital of the Danish Empire, to its current position as one of the world's premier design capitals and Scandinavia's pre-eminent city, the stories and characters of Copenhagen's history can be discovered in its sumptuous palaces, copper-roofed town houses and atmospheric cobbled squares.
From the Viking Age there was a [[fishing]] [[village]] by the name of "Havn" (harbour) at the site. From the middle of the 12th century it grew in importance after coming into the possession of the [[Bishop]] [[Absalon]], who fortified it in 1167, the year traditionally marking the foundation of Copenhagen. The excellent [[harbour]] encouraged Copenhagen's growth until it became an important centre of commerce (hence its name - the first part of the word denoting commerce in Danish language). It was repeatedly attacked by the [[Hanseatic League]] as the Germans took notice. In 1254, it received its charter as a city under Bishop [[Jakob Erlandsen]].
[[Image:Copenhagen 1895.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Copenhagen c. 1895]]
During 1658-59 it withstood a severe siege by the [[Sweden|Swedes]] under [[Charles X of Sweden|Charles X]] and successfully repelled a major [[The assault on Copenhagen|assault]]. In 1801 a British fleet under Admiral Parker fought a major battle, the [[Battle of Copenhagen]], with the Danish navy in Copenhagen harbour. It was during this battle [[Horatio Nelson|Lord Nelson]] famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire. When a British expeditionary force [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|bombarded Copenhagen in 1807]], to gain control of the Danish navy, the city suffered great damage and hundreds of people were killed. The reason why the devastation was so great was that Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line rendered virtually useless by the increase in shooting range available to the British. But not until the 1850s were the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around the lakes ("''Søerne''") which bordered the old defence system to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, not only because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, but also because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before the opening, Copenhagen Center was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making [[Frederiksberg]] an [[enclave]] within Copenhagen.
During [[World War II]], Copenhagen was [[Occupation of Denmark|occupied by German troops]] along with the rest of the country from [[9 April]] [[1940]] until [[4 May]] [[1945]]. In August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent them being used by the Germans. The city has grown greatly since the war, in the seventies using the so-called five-finger-plan of commuter trainlines to surrounding towns and suburbs.
[[Image:KgsNytorv.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Kongens Nytorv]] in the wintertime]]
Since the summer 2000, the cities of Copenhagen and [[Malmö]] have been connected by a toll [[bridge]]/tunnel ([[Oresund Bridge|Øresund Bridge]]), which allows both rail and road passengers to cross. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has led to a large number of changes to the public transportation system and the extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of the main city.
[[Image:Nyhavn, Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Nyhavn]]]]
==Copenhagen in the future==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Our City - Carlsberg.jpg|thumb|200px|Our City - Carlsberg]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:DI at night.jpg|thumb|200px|DI new HQ at night]] -->
Copenhagen is known as a low-rise city with its old beautiful buildings. But this is going to change. Many modern buildings will be built in the coming years. Some examples:
'''The Marble Pier'''
The upcoming high-rise area in Copenhagen, The Marble Pier, where [[UN]] headquarters in [[Denmark]], hotel, offices etc. will be placed. Tallest building 144 m.
'''Our City'''
Carlsberg's upcoming building project. Expected to start in 2010 and end in 2029, with an estimated cost of over 2,8 billion Euro.
'''DI new HQ'''
DI ([[Dansk Industri]]) will in 2009/2010 restore and modernise their current HQ. The building will give [[Rådhuspladsen]] a more modern and futuristic look.
'''Copenhagen Towers'''
Crowne Plaza/Office Towers. Expected to complete in 2009. Just in time for the global climate conference held by [[UN]]
'''[[Ørestad]] Business Center'''
'''Bella Center Hotel'''
'''Fields Tårn'''
==Location==
Copenhagen is located on the eastern shore of the island of [[Zealand|Zealand ''(Sjælland)'']] and partly on the island of [[Amager]]. Copenhagen faces the [[Oresund|Øresund]] to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from [[Sweden]], and that connects the [[North Sea]] with the [[Baltic Sea]]. On the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen, lie the towns of [[Malmö]] and [[Landskrona]].
Copenhagen is also a part of the [[Øresund]] region, which consists of the eastern part of Zealand in Denmark and the western part of [[Scania (region)|Scania]] in [[Sweden]].
===Boroughs and Areas===
Copenhagen consists of a number of boroughs and areas, including
* [[Indre By]]
* [[Østerbro]]
* [[Nørrebro]]
* [[Vesterbro (København)|Vesterbro]]
* [[Amagerbro]]
* [[Nordhavnen]] (North Habour)
* [[Valby]]
* [[Kongens Enghave]] (King's Meadow Garden), also known as ''Sydhavnen'' (meaning South Harbour)
* [[Christianshavn]]
* [[Freetown Christiania|Christiania]] (Freetown)
* [[Sundbyvester]] (Sundby West),
* [[Sundbyøster]] (Sundby East)
* [[Ørestad]]
* [[Islands Brygge]]
* [[Bellahøj]]
* [[Brønshøj]]
* [[Ryparken]]
* [[Bispebjerg]]
* [[Vigerslev]]
* [[Vestamager]]
* [[Vanløse]]
The term ''bro'' in the names Østerbro, Nørrebro, and Vesterbro should not be confused with the Danish word for ''bridge'', which is also 'bro'. The term is thought to be an [[abbreviation]] or short form of the Danish word ''brolagt'' meaning ''paved'' referring to the roads paved with cobblestones leading to the city's former gates - ''Østerport'', ''Nørreport'', and ''Vesterport'' - around which these boroughs grew. Thus the names could roughly be translated as ''Eastern'', ''Northern'', and ''Western Paved (Road)'', respectively.
Today the names [[Østerport]], [[Nørreport]], and [[Vesterport]] all refer to train stations located on the railroad that was built where the city-walls used to be. This is the border between the medieval town and the rest of [[Indre By]].
===Outer suburbs===
'''Transport''' Mostly all of Copenhagen's suburbs are linked to central Copenhagen by highways. Lately many of these highways have been widened with 2 or 3 lanes, beacause of the heavily increasing rush-hour traffic. The [[S-Train]] also connects almost all the suburbs of Copenhagen. There have been suggestions of a new plan for a tram line running from the northern to the southern suburbs. Ideas that some of the new lines of The [[Copenhagen Metro]], should be running to some of the inner-suburbs, have been suggested as well.
====Northern suburbs====
* [[Lyngby]]
* [[Klampenborg]]
* [[Hørsholm]]
* [[Kokkedal]]
* [[Rungsted]]
* [[Søllerød]]
* [[Trørød]]
* [[Brede, Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune|Brede]]
* [[Gentofte]]
* [[Charlottenlund]]
* [[Virum]]
* [[Sorgenfri]]
* [[Nærum]]
* [[Vedbæk]]
* [[Skodsborg]]
* [[Holte]]
* [[Birkerød]]
Some of these suburbs are spoken of as "The Whiskey Belt" because most families have a high income. Especially along the [[Strandvejen]] (Beach Road), where mostly owners of private enterprises live. Approx. 200,000 people live in the northern suburbs.
====North-Western suburbs====
* [[Værløse]]
* [[Farum]]
* [[Bagsværd]]
* [[Buddinge]]
* [[Mørkhøj]] or Tingbjerg
* [[Søborg]]
* [[Vangede]]
* [[Gladsaxe]]
* [[Høje-Gladsaxe]] ([[Gladsaxe Heights]])
* [[Hareskovby]]
These suburbs are mostly middle-class suburban. Mostly covered by [[single-family houses]] and in some areas housing projects. These suburbs are typically sleepy-towns with not much cultural life and mostly all shops closing at 6pm. Some of the areas have 65% or more percent of immigrants, while other areas, only have 5-6% immigrants or people with foreign-background. Approx. the north-western suburbs has 98,000 inhabitants
====Western suburbs====
* [[Herlev]]
* [[Ballerup]]
* [[Skovlunde]]
* [[Smørumnedre]]
* [[Islev]]
* [[Måløv]]
* [[Rødovre]]
* [[Glostrup]]
* [[Brøndby]]
* [[Hvessinge]]
* [[Albertslund]]
* [[Taastrup]]
* [[Høje-Taastrup]] (Taastrup Heights)
* [[Hedehusene]]
Most of these suburbs have many industrial zones and low income shops along the main roads, especially along [[Roskildevej]]. The suburbs' inhabitants live in either [[single-family houses]] and high-rise housing projects as in [[Brøndby]] and in [[Rødovre]] which also houses a high number of immigrants. In [[Albertslund]] you find Denmark's largest concrete low-rise housing project. Approx. 294,000 people live in the westerne suburbs.
====South-Western suburbs====
* [[Avedøre]]
* [[Friheden]]
* [[Hvidovre]]
* [[Brøndby Strand]]
* [[Vallensbæk]]
* [[Ishøj]]
* [[Hundige]]
* [[Greve municipality|Greve]]
* [[Karlslunde]]
* [[Solrød]]
* [[Jersie]]
* [[Ølby]]
* [[Køge]]
The suburbs closest to [[Copenhagen City]] are dominated by large housing projects/concrete suburb. This is mostly middle and low-income areas. The more distant suburbs consist mainly of [[single-family houses]]. The south-western suburbs of Copenhagen have a sizeable number of first and second generation immigrants. The south-western suburbs have approximately 200,000 inhabitants.
====Amager Island suburbs====
* [[Kastrup]]
* [[Tårnby]]
* [[Dragør]]
The coastal town Dragør can be counted as a suburb because of the short distance to Copenhagen. But most people living in [[Dragør]] feel that they are distant or disconnected from the people of Copenhagen because of a difference in lifestyles. [[Dragør]] also has a lot of old houses, that makes [[Dragør]] look like a village town. [[Kastrup]] is the most "visited" suburb of Copenhagen simply because The [[Copenhagen Airport]] resides here, most of the houses in [[Kastrup]] are primarily single-family houses and low-rise. [[Tårnby]] has one small housing project, and in the southern part of the suburb, roads are named after African countries. Only about 53,000 people live in the Amager suburbs (suburbs: South-East).
==Population==
Since the exact city-limits of Copenhagen are poorly defined, the population numbers are somewhat abstract. [[Danmarks Statistik|Statistics Denmark]] uses a measure of the contiguously built-up urban area of Copenhagen, this means the number of communities included in this statistical abstract has changed several times, in the abstracts latest edition with slightly more than 1.1 million (1,145,804 (2007)) inhabitants. This number is not af strict result of the commonly-used measuring methods of 200 meters of continuously build-up area, as there are exceptions to the general rule in the suburbs of [[Dragør]], [[Taastrup]], [[Birkerød]], [[Hørsholm]] and [[Farum]]. Statistics Denmark has never stated the geographical area of urban Copenhagen. However we know it consists of [[Copenhagen Municipality]], [[Frederiksberg]] and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties [[Copenhagen County|Copenhagen]] and [[Roskilde County|Roskilde]], though 5 of them only partially<ref>[http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/Nyt/2007/NR415.pdf]Largest cities of Denmark 2007</ref>.
Statistics Denmark has worked out definitions of so-called lands (''landsdele''), a definition used to meet statistical needs on a lower level than regions. From this, the land of Copenhagen city (''København by'') is defined by the municipalities of Copenhagen, [[Dragør]], [[Frederiksberg]] and [[Tårnby]], with a total population of 656,582 in the beginning of 2008.<ref name="StatDen Pop 080101" /><ref name="StatDen Lands" /> The surroundings of Copenhagen is defined by another land, Copenhagen suburban (''Københavns omegn''), which includes the municipalities of [[Albertslund]], [[Ballerup]], [[Brøndby]], [[Gentofte]], [[Gladsaxe]], [[Glostrup]], [[Herlev]], [[Hvidovre]], [[Høje-Taastrup]], [[Ishøj]], [[Lyngby-Taarbæk]], [[Rødovre]] and [[Vallensbæk]], and with a total population of 504,481 (January 1 2008).<ref name="StatDen Pop 080101" /><ref name="StatDen Lands" /> This gives a total population of 1,161,063 for these two lands together. The lands of Copenhagen city and Copenhagen suburban can together be used as a definition of the metropolitan area, although perhaps a somewhat narrow one.
From [[1 January]] [[2008]] the population of the 33 municipalities closest to and including the municipality of Copenhagen is 1,835,371.<ref>Statistikbanken.dk Population table BEF1A07</ref> Land area: 2,673 km² (1,032 sq mi). (Copenhagen Region - Bornholm + East Zealand). Water area: 105 km² (40.5 sq mi).<ref>Orientering fra Københavns Kommune. Statistisk Kontor.2003 nr. 25 </ref> Thus, the region comprises 6.3% of the land area of Denmark, but has 33.5% of Denmark's population. This gives a total of 686 inhabitants per km² or 1,776 per square mile for the region. This compares with a population density in the rest of the country of approximately 90 per km² or around 230 per square mile.
A high-ranking civil servant of the Interior Ministry, [[Henning Strøm]], who was involved in (i.e. known as "the Father of") a past municipal reform, which took effect on [[1 April]] [[1970]], said on television, broadcast in connection with the recent [[Municipalities of Denmark#Municipal Reform 2007|''Kommunalreformen'' ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007)]], that Copenhagen municipality would encompass an area with 1.5 million inhabitants, if the principles of the 1970 municipal reform were also applied on Copenhagen municipality.<ref>DR netnews 25-06-04</ref> In other words: in the rest of Denmark the ''city'' occupies only part of the municipality, but in Copenhagen the ''municipality'' of Copenhagen occupies only part of the city of Copenhagen.
==Recreation and Culture==
===Music and entertainment===
[[Image:Copenhagen opera 2005.jpg|thumb|Copenhagen Opera House]]
The [[Copenhagen Jazz Festival]], which takes place in summer, is a popular annual event that is the result of a significant [[jazz]] scene having existed for many years. It developed when a number of [[United States|American]] [[jazz musician]]s such as [[Ben Webster]], [[Thad Jones]], [[Richard B. Boone|Richard Boone]], Ernie Wilkins, [[Kenny Drew]], [[Ed Thigpen]], Bob Rockwell and others such as rock guitarist [[Link Wray]] came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s.
Recently, the [[Hafnia Chamber Orchestra]] has been added to the cultural platform of Copenhagen. Established by the talented conductor [[Simon Casali-Krzentowski]] in 2001, the Hafnia Chamber Orchestra strives to bring Danish composers to a wider audience.
For free [[entertainment]] one can stroll along [[Strøget]], especially between [[Nytorv]] and [[Højbro Plads]], which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring [[circus]] with [[musicians]], [[Magician (illusion)|magicians]], [[jugglers]] and other [[busking|street performers]].
===Sports===
Copenhagen has a wide variety of [[sport]] teams. The [[football (soccer)|football]] team, [[FC København]], are based in Copenhagen. FC København plays at [[Parken Stadium|Parken]] in Østerbro, Copenhagen.
Notable Copenhagen teams playing at the second highest level in Danish football (the [[Danish 1st Division]]) include [[Lyngby BK]], [[Akademisk Boldklub|AB]], [[Hellerup IK|HIK]], [[Boldklubben Frem|Frem]], [[Brønshøj Boldklub|Brønshøj]], Fremad Amager and Skjold.
Copenhagen also has three [[ice hockey]] teams: [[Rødovre Mighty Bulls]], [[Herlev Hornets]] and [[Nordsjælland Cobras]].
There are a lot of handball teams in Copenhagen. [[FC København]] owns both a women's and a men's team, which have the same name and logo. They were formerly known as FIF. Of other clubs playing in the "highest" leagues there are; Ajax Heroes, Ydun, and HIK ([[Hellerup]]).
[[Rugby union]] is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Scrum, Exiles, Froggies and Rugbyklubben Speed.
The [[Danish Australian Football League]], based in Copenhagen is the largest [[Australian rules football]] competition outside of the English speaking world.
Copenhagen is also home to a number of Denmark's 40-odd cricket clubs. Although Denmark has been an associate member of the [[International Cricket Council]] since 1966, the sport is not taught much in schools, and [[Danish cricket team|Danish cricket]] competes unfavourably with the much more widely followed sport of football for players, facilities, media attention and spectators.
Copenhagen is also home to three prominent [[paintball]] teams, the [[Copenhagen Ducks]], The Ugly Ducklings and the Copenhagen Berserks. Because of paintball's relative popularity in Scandinavia, these teams are well-known throughout the globe, despite Denmark's small size. {{POV-statement|date=December 2007}}
The second [[World Outgames]] will take place in Copenhagen in 2009, after [[Berlin]] refused to stage them due to the continuing rivalry between the two gay sporting organisations. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===Cuisine===
Copenhagen offers a great variety of fine [[restaurant]]s and it is possible to find modest eateries with open sandwiches (called "[[smørrebrød]]"), which is the traditional and best known dish. Most restaurants, though, serve international dishes.
The city boasts an impressive 11 [[Michelin Guide|Michelin star]] restaurants. Restaurant Noma (Nordisk Madhus) has currently been voted the 10th best restaurant in the world, and recently it received another [[Michelin Guide|Michelin star]] in addition with the one it already had received.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meetincopenhagen.com/tourist/eat___drink_and_shop/restaurants/michelin_starred_restaurants|title=Michelin starred restaurants Copenhagen - Official tourist-site about Copenhagen|accessdate=2006-08-10|publisher=Wonderful Copenhagen}}</ref>
Since the nineteen-eighties, immigration from the [[Pakistan]], [[Middle East]], [[Turkey]] and [[Arabia]]n countries has introduced fast food dishes such as [[kebab]] and [[falafel]], which have become as popular as more traditional Danish [[fast food]]. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===Nature===
Copenhagen and the surrounding counties have 3 beaches with a total of approx. 8km of sandy beaches within 30 minutes bicycling from the city centre. This includes Amager Strandpark, a 2 km long artificial island which opened in 2005 and is located just 15 minutes by bicycle from the city centre.
==Economy==
Copenhagen is a center for business and science, not only in [[Denmark]], but also in the [[Oresund Region]] and [[Scandinavia]]. Thus the [[Copenhagen Capital Region]] had both the highest [[GDP]] per capita and [[economic growth]] in the whole of Denmark in 2005.<ref>[http://www.dst.dk/Statistik/Nyt/emneopdelt/nytsingle.aspx?countid=8883&ci=true&pti=1 Regionale regnskaber 2005 - Nyt fra Danmarks Statistik - Danmarks Statistik<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In a 2006 survey of the richest cities in the world, Copenhagen was ranked 9th, and along with the Norwegian capital [[Oslo]] the highest gross wages were paid in Copenhagen, but the high [[taxes]] mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html City Mayors: World's richest cities<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Furthermore, Copenhagen has in several surveys been ranked as one of the most expensive cities in the World.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities_eiu.html City Mayors: World's most expensive cities (EIU)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities2.html City Mayors: World's most expensive cities - Ranking<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In a newly released
survey by the Swiss bank [[UBS AG]], the second largest bank in Europe by [[market capitalisation]], Copenhagen had the highest gross wages in the World<ref>[http://www.business.dk/article/20080324/dinepenge/80324013/ Københavnere får verdens højeste lønninger - Dine penge<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and the average wage earner in Copenhagen earned somewhat 40% more than the average person in New York, considering the 14 most prevalent crafts <ref>[http://www.business.dk/article/20080324/dinepenge/80324013/(PDF-Document Københavnere får verdens højeste lønninger - Dine penge<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, but when considering the tax level and general prices, Copenhagen drops down to a 6th place in the survey and in a calculation of the hourly domestic [[puchasing power]], with the most common average expenses and rent included, Copenhagen only reaches a 16th place, behind cities such as [[Zurich]], [[Munich]] and [[Oslo]].
Several international companies have established their regional headquarters in Copenhagen, e.g. [[Microsoft]]. [[A. P. Moller-Maersk Group|Maersk]], the world's largest container shipping company, has their world headquarters in Copenhagen. A substantial number of Danish pharmaceuticals such as [[Novo Nordisk]], [[Ferring Pharmaceuticals]] and [[Bavarian Nordic]] also operate in the area, having placed their headquarters in or close to Copenhagen.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/marketplace/ibi/copenhagen.htm USATODAY.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Science, Research and Education==
Copenhagen is home to the oldest and largest university in Denmark, the [[University of Copenhagen]] founded in 1479. The University does renowned research within science, health, law, social sciences, theology and the humanities and forms part of the [[International Alliance of Research Universities]] (IARU), which is a collaboration between high-ranking universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Yale and the University of California at Berkeley. The University attracts app. 1500 international and exchange students every year.<ref>[http://facts.ku.dk/studerende/h_internationalisering/ Internationalisation – University of Copenhagen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The city is also home to [[EQUIS]] accredited and high-ranked [[Copenhagen Business School]].
==Transport==
The greater Copenhagen has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe. By a quality service of roads, railways, airports and harbours has earned Denmark a top ranking in the IMD’s World Competitiveness Yearbook and in the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report for several consecutive years <ref name="Copenhagen Infrastucture"> [http://www.copcap.com/composite-609.htm] , Infrastructure & logistics - Copenhagen a distribution hub, retrived Feb. 22, 2007.</ref>
===Roads===
Copenhagen has a large network of toll-free highways and public roads connecting different municipalities of the city together and to Northern Europe <ref name="Copenhagen Infrastucture"/>. As in many other cities in Europe traffic is increasing in Copenhagen. The radial arterial roads and highways leading to the Copenhagen city center are critical congested during peak hours <ref> [http://www.trafikdage.dk/td/papers/papers06/Trafikdage-2006-556.pdf], Light rail project in Copenhagen – the Ring 2½ corridor, reterived Feb. 22, 2008 </ref>.
===Cycling===
The city's [[bicycle paths]] are extensive and well-used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems. Copenhagen is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world,<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.iclei.org/documents/events/citiesenjoybicycles/2006/Cities_Enjoy_Bicycles_Awards_-_Summary_Report.pdf ICLEI Cities Enjoy Bicycles Awards]|289 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 296536 bytes -->}} ICLEI "Cities Enjoy Bicycles" awards for bicycle-friendly cities, in which Copenhagen was awarded a certificate of honour </ref> with up to 32% of people commuting to work by bicycle <ref>[http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/6755f8108f4ff605ca2570700001e087!OpenDocument Media Release: Copenhagen Comes To Swanston Street<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and is a center of [[bicycle culture]]. The city provides [[Community bicycle program|public bicycles]] which can be found throughout the downtown area and used with a returnable deposit of 20 [[Danish krone|kroner]].
Copenhagen's well-developed bicycle culture has given rise to the term '[[copenhagenize]]'. This is the practice of other cities adopting Copenhagen-style bike lanes and bicycle infrastructure.
===Harbour===
The harbour of Copenhagen, since 2001 merged with Malmö to [[Copenhagen-Malmö Port]], has several functions but its main function today is a major cruise destination.
Cruise Copenhagen Network was established in 1992 as a partnership between the Port of Copenhagen, the City of Copenhagen and 45 professional suppliers, in order to strengthen and develop Copenhagen as the most successful home port for cruises in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea.
The trade magazine Dream World Cruise Destinations recently polled the cruise lines, who voted Copenhagen no. 1 in several categories: Most Responsive Port and Best Destination Experience for Independent Sightseeing. World Travel Awards has for several years in a row named Copenhagen Port as the number one cruise destination in Europe.<ref>[http://www.worldtravelawards.com/winners2007-8]World Travel Awards 2007-08</ref>
===Airports===
Copenhagen has two airports, [[Copenhagen Airport|Kastrup]] (the large international airport) and [[EKRK|Roskilde Lufthavn]] (a smaller international and general aviation airport). Kastrup, also known as [[Copenhagen Airport]], is Europe's 17th busiest airport and has four times won the award as being "The best airport in Europe", and two times as "The best airport in the world".
===Public transportation===
[[Image:Trains in Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Trains in Copenhagen outside one of Carlsberg's buildings]]
The [[public transportation]] system of Copenhagen consists of commuter trains (called "[[S-train]]s" (''S-tog'')), [[Movia (transit agency)|buses]], and a [[Copenhagen Metro|metro]]. The S-trains form the basis of the transportation network, stretching to most areas of metropolitan Copenhagen, with their main hub at [[Copenhagen Central Station]] (København H). Regional trains supplement the S-train services with lines extending further such as to the [[Copenhagen Airport]], [[Elsinore]], and [[Malmö]]. The [[Danish State Railways]]' Intercity network has its eastern terminus and main hub at Copenhagen, with most trains extending to Copenhagen Airport.
The fare system is based on 95 zones covering the capital area. Tickets are transferable from one means of transport to another within a time limit. The more zones a ticket is valid for, the longer its time validity with a maximum of two hours.
Discount cards (punch cards, ''klippekort'') and period cards are available. Ticket prices are high and have increased substantially in recent years leading to a decrease in passenger numbers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In fact, the percentage of trips made on public transportation in Copenhagen is quite low by northern European standards.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
{{wrapper}}
|[[Image:Kbh IMG 6504.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Christiansborg Palace|Christiansborg]]'' Palace - home of the Danish Parliament ''[[Folketing]]et'', the Supreme Court, Office of the Prime Minister and official reception area of Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe II]]]]
|-
|[[Image:CopenBorsen.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Børsen]]'' - the former Stock Exchange building]]
|-
|[[Image:Littlemermaid207.jpg|thumb|[[The Little Mermaid (statue)|The Little Mermaid]] statue in Copenhagen harbor]]
|-
|[[Image:Copenhagen amalienborg seen from opera house.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Amalienborg Palace]]'' - home of the [[Danish royal family]]. The central building is the domed [[Frederik's Church|Marble Church]] located behind the palace complex]]
|}
==Places of note in or near Copenhagen==
* [[Amalienborg Palace]]
* [[Assistens Cemetery]] (''Assistens Kirkegård'')
* [[Arken Museum of Modern Art]]
* [[Børsen]], the former Stock Exchange
* [[Church of Holmen]]
* [[Copenhagen Opera House]]
* [[Danish Design Centre]]
* [[Dyrehavsbakken|Bakken]]
* [[Christiansborg]]
* [[Copenhagen Zoo]]
* [[Statens Museum for Kunst|Danish National Gallery]]
* [[Danmarks Nationalbank]]
* [[Frederiksborg Palace]] in [[Hillerød]]
* [[Freetown Christiania]]
* [[Gefion fountain]]
* [[Kastellet, Copenhagen|Kastellet]]
* [[Kronborg|Kronborg Castle]] — [[Hamlet]]'s castle in [[Elsinore]] (''Helsingør'')
* [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|The Little Mermaid]]
* [[Louisiana Museum of Modern Art]]
* [[National Museum of Denmark]]
* [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]]
* [[Nyhavn]]
* [[Rosenborg Castle]]
* [[Roskilde]]
* [[Rundetårn]]
* [[Strøget]]
* [[Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen|Tivoli Gardens (amusement park)]]
* [[University of Copenhagen]]
* [[Ungdomshuset]] (demolished)
==Notable natives==
{| class="vatop"
|width="400" |
* [[Niels Bohr]], physicist, Nobel laureate
* [[Aage Bohr]], physicist, Nobel laureate (son of Niels Bohr)
* [[Victor Borge]], entertainer
* [[August Bournonville]], ballet choreographer
* [[Georg Brandes]], critic
* [[Helena Christensen]], [[supermodel]]
* [[Tove Ditlevsen]], writer
* [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], movie director
* [[Gus Hansen]], poker player
* [[Iben Hjejle]], actor
* [[Peter Høeg]], writer
* [[Arne Jacobsen]], designer
* [[J. C. Jacobsen]], founder of [[Carlsberg]] Brewery
* [[Kim Bendix Petersen]], vocalist and songwriter for heavy metal bands [[Mercyful Fate]] and [[King Diamond (band)|King Diamond]]
|width="400" |
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]], philosopher
* [[Bjørn Lomborg]], Academic and Author of ''[[The Skeptical Environmentalist]]''
* [[Lauritz Melchior]], opera singer
* [[Mads Mikkelsen]], actor
* [[Lars von Trier]], movie director
* [[Dan Turèll]], writer
* [[Lars Ulrich]], drummer and songwriter of the heavy-metal band [[Metallica]]
* [[Jørn Utzon]], architect, designer of the [[Sydney Opera House]]
* [[Michael Laudrup]], former international [[football (soccer)|football]] player, manager of Spanish Primera Division Football team Getafe.
* [[Peter Schmeichel]], former international [[football (soccer)|football]] player
* [[Morten Andersen]], veteran [[NFL]] kicker
|}
==Sister Cities==
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[France]]
* {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Reykjavik]], [[Iceland]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] (unofficial partner city)
==Further reading==
* Municipal statistics: [http://www2.netborger.dk/Kommunefakta/ NetBorger Kommunefakta], delivered from [http://www.kmd.dk/ KMD], also known as Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
* Municipal and county statistics: [http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/SelectTable/Omrade0.asp?PLanguage=1 Statistics Denmark statistikbanken.dk]
* Demography: {{da icon}} Statistical Yearbook of Copenhagen (part English); ISBN 87-7024-230-5
* History and demography: {{da icon}} København Forslag til kommuneplan 1985; ISBN 87-88034-03-8
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[Oresund Region]]
* [[Eurovision Song Contest 2001]]
* [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003]]
* [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2006]]
* [[Transportation in Denmark]]
* [[Ports of the Baltic Sea]]
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Copenhagen}}
* [http://www.visitcopenhagen.dk/ Wonderful Copenhagen official tourism web site]
* [http://www.copcap.com/ Copenhagen Capacity official investment agency of Copenhagen]
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www3.kk.dk/ Official Municipal Website]
* [http://www.sk.kk.dk/indexUK.htm City of Copenhagen Statistical Office]
* [http://kort.krak.dk/borgerdk.kortsoegning/imapDKbig.asp Krak searchable map](outline of municipality visible online but doesn't print out!)
{{coor title dms|55|40|30|N|12|34|7.32|E|region:DK_type:city(1000000)}}
{{30 most populous cities of Denmark}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
[[Category:Settlements established in the 11th century]]
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[[Category:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Denmark]]
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