Corynebacterium 1285813 219494463 2008-06-15T14:24:44Z TXiKiBoT 3171782 robot Adding: [[eu:Corynebacterium]], [[ja:コリネバクテリウム属]] Removing: [[nl:Corynebacterium diphtheriae]] {{Taxobox | color = lightgrey | name = ''Corynebacterium'' | image = Corynebacterium ulcerans 01.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''C. ulcerans'' colonies on a blood agar plate. | regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Actinobacteria]] | ordo = [[Actinomycetales]] | subordo = [[Corynebacterineae]] | familia = '''Corynebacteriaceae''' | genus = '''''Corynebacterium''''' | genus_authority = Lehmann & Neumann 1896 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = See text. }} '''Corynebacterium''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-positive]],aerobic or [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]], non-[[motile]], non-sporulated, rod-shaped [[actinobacteria]]. Most do not cause disease, but are part of normal human skin [[Flora (microbiology)|flora]]. Corynebacteria are a diverse group found in a range of different ecological niches such as soil, vegetables, sewage, skin, and cheese smear. Some, such as ''Corynebacterium diphtheriae'', are important pathogens while others, such as ''Corynebacterium glutamicum'', are of immense industrial importance.<ref name= BurkovskiA>{{cite book | author = Burkovski A (editor). | title = Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/cory | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/cory ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1 ]}}</ref> Some nondiphtheria species of ''Corynebacterium'' produce disease in specific animal species, and some of these are also human [[pathogen]]s. Some species attack healthy hosts, and others attack [[immunocompromised|immunosuppressed]] hosts. Some of their effects include granulomatous [[lymphadenitis]], [[pneumonitis]], [[pharyngitis]], skin infections, and [[endocarditis]]. Endocarditis caused by ''Corynebacterium'' spp. is particularly seen in patients with indwelling intravascular devices. Infection by diphtheroids tend to occur in elderly, [[neutropenic]], or immunocompromised patients, and those who have indwelling prosthetic devices such as [[Artificial heart valve|heart valves]], neurologic [[Shunt (medical)|shunts]], or [[catheters]]. Some species of Corynebacterium have sequenced genomes that range in size from 2.5 - 3 Mbp. They can be found in many environments including soil, trees and skin. The non-diptheiroid Corynebecterium can also be found in human mucous membranes. They grow slowly, even on enriched media, and undergo "Chinese Letter" division. Species of Corynebacterium have been used in the mass production of various amino acids including [[L-Glutamic Acid]], a popular food additive that is made at a rate of 1.5 million tons/ year by Corynebacterium. The metabolic pathways of Corynebacterium have been further manipulated to produce [[L-Lysine]] and [[L-Threonine]]. ==Species== ===''Corynebacterium diphtheriae''=== * ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'', the cause of [[diphtheria]] in humans. ===Nondiphtheriae Corynebacteria (diphtheroids)=== *''[[Corynebacterium amycolatum]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium aquaticum]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium bovis]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium equi]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium flavescens]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium glutamicum]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium haemolyticum]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium jeikeiun]]'' ([[corynebacteria of group JK]]) *''[[Corynebacterium minutissimum]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium parvum]]'' (also called ''[[Propionibacterium acnes]]'') *''[[Corynebacterium pseudodiptheriticum]]'' (also called ''[[Corynebacterium hofmannii]]'') *''[[Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis]]'' (also called ''[[Corynebacterium ovis]]'') *''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium urealyticum]]'' (corynebacteria of group D2) *''[[Corynebacterium renale]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium striatum]]'', (Axillary odor [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111%2Fj.1467-2494.2004.00255.x]) *''[[Corynebacterium tenuis]]'' ([[Trichomycosis palmellina]], [[Trichomycosis axillaris]]) [http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic601.htm] *''[[Corynebacterium ulcerans]]'' *''[[Corynebacterium xerosis]]'' ==Lipophilicity== Most species of corynebacteria are non-[[lipophilic bacteria|lipophilic]], but some are lipophilic. ===Nonlipophilic=== The nonlipophilic bacteriae may be classified as [[fermentative]] and non-fermentative: *Fermentative Corynebacteria **[[C. diphtheriae group]] **[[C. xerosis and C. striatum]] **[[C. minutissimum]] **[[C. amycolatum]] **[[C. glucuronolyticum]] **[[C. argentoratense]] **[[C. matruchotii]] **[[Corynebacterium spp.]] <ref name=cmr> Until this point in list the ref is:[http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/1/125.pdf Clinical Microbiology of Coryneform Bacteria] GUIDO FUNKE,1* ALEXANDER VON GRAEVENITZ,1 JILL E. CLARRIDGE III,2 AND KATHRYN A. BERNARD3 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland1; Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas2; and Special Bacteriology Laboratory, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada3</ref> *Nonfermentative Corynebacteria]] **[[C. afermentans]] subsp. afermentans]] **[[C. auris]] **[[C. pseudodiphtheriticum]] **[[C. propinquum]]<ref name=cmr/> ===Lipophilic=== *[[C. jeikeium]] *[[C. urealyticum]] *[[C. afermentans subsp. lipophilum]] *[[C. accolens]] *[[C. macginleyi]] *[[CDC coryneform]] groups F-1 and G]] *[[C. bovis]]<ref name=cmr/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Wikispecies|Corynebacterium}} * {{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0-8385-8529-9 }} * [http://www.coryneregnet.de Database of Corynebacterial Transcription Factors and Regulatory Networks] * Rollins, David M. University of Maryland: Pathogentic Microbiology: Corynebacterium [http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/PathogenDescriptions/Corynebacterium.htm] ==Further reading== * {{cite book | author = Burkovski A (editor). | title = Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/cory | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/cory ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1 ]}} [[Category:Corynebacterineae]] [[cs:Corynebacterium]] [[de:Corynebacterium]] [[es:Corynebacterium]] [[eu:Corynebacterium]] [[fr:Corynebacterium]] [[it:Corynebacterium]] [[ja:コリネバクテリウム属]]