Cosmetics 158015 225793327 2008-07-15T12:47:46Z JAnDbot 1725149 robot Modifying: [[ca:Cosmètica]], [[eo:Kosmetiko]], [[tr:Kozmetikler]] {{Redirect|Make-up}} {{otheruses3|Cosmetic}} [[Image:Cosmetics.JPG|thumb|Assorted cosmetics and tools]] '''Cosmetics''' ({{Audio|En-us-cosmetic.ogg|pronunciation: cosmetic}}) are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or [[odor]] of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care [[creams]], [[lotion]]s, [[Powder (substance)|powders]], [[perfumes]], [[lipstick]]s, fingernail and toenail polishes, [[eye]] and facial makeup, permanent waves, [[colored contact lenses]], [[hair]] colors, hair sprays and [[gels]], [[deodorants]], baby products, bath oils, [[bubble bath]]s, [[bath salts]], [[butters]] and many other types of products. Their use is widespread, especially among women in [[Western world|Western]] countries. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics. The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of [[multinational corporations]] that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. The U.S. [[FDA]] which regulates cosmetics in the [[United States]]<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> defines cosmetics as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a [[component]] of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes [[soap]] from this category.<ref>Lewis, Carol. FDA. "Clearing up Cosmetic Confusion." 2000. May 14, 2007. [http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1998/398_cosm.html]</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of cosmetics}} [[Image:Lautrec woman at her toilette 1889.jpg|thumb|right|An 1889 [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] painting of a woman applying cosmetics to her face]] The first [[archaeological]] evidence of cosmetics usage is found in [[Ancient Egypt]] around 4000 BC. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} The [[Ancient Greek]]s and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] also used cosmetics. The [[ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[Ancient Egyptians]] used cosmetics containing poisonous [[mercury (element)|mercury]] and often [[lead]]. The ancient kingdom of Israel was influenced by cosmetics as recorded in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyes—approximately 840 BC. The Biblical book of [[Esther]] describes various beauty treatments as well. In the western world, the advent of cosmetics was in the [[middle ages]], although typically restricted to use within the [[upper classes]]. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at some points in Western history. For example, in the 1800s, make-up was used primarily by [[prostitutes]], and [[Queen Victoria]] publicly declared makeup improper, [[vulgar]], and acceptable only for use by [[actors]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic | first = J | last = Pallingston | isbn = 0312199147 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1998}}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]] told women that face painting was for [[clowns]] and not for the women of the [[Master Race]].{{Fact|date=November 2007}} By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use in nearly all [[societies]] around the [[world]]. Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. They also attached silk or leather with adhesive to cover a blemish. The absence of [[regulation]] of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative [[side effects]], [[deformities]], [[blindness]], and even [[death]] through the ages. Examples of this were the prevalent use of [[ceruse]](white lead), to cover the face during the [[Renaissance]], and blindness caused by the [[mascara]] Lash Lure during the early 1900s. ==Industry Today== The worldwide annual [[expenditure]]s for cosmetics is estimated at U.S. $18 billion.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=As Consumerism Spreads, Earth Suffers, Study Says | date= | publisher= | url =http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0111_040112_consumerism_2.html | work =[[National Geographic]] | pages =2 | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | language = }}</ref> Of the major firms, the oldest and the largest is [[L'Oréal]], which was founded by [[Eugene Schueller]] in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by [[Liliane Bettencourt]] 26% and [[Nestlé]] 28%, with the remaining 46% are publicly traded). The market was developed in the USA during the 1910s by [[Elizabeth Arden]], [[Helena Rubinstein]], and [[Max Factor]]. These firms were joined by [[Revlon]] just before [[World War II]] and [[Estée Lauder Inc.|Estée Lauder]] just after. Like most [[industry]], cosmetic companies resist regulation by [[government]] agencies like the FDA, and have [[lobby|lobbied]] against this throughout the years. ==Criticism and controversy== {{see|Campaign for Safe Cosmetics|California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005}} During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly. Especially in the United States, cosmetics are used by girls at an increasingly young age. Many companies have catered to this expanding market by introducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young [[model (person)|models]]. The social consequences of younger and younger [[beautification]] has had much attention in the [[News media|media]] over the last few years. [[Criticism]] of cosmetics has come from a variety of sources, including [[feminist]]s, [[Animal rights#History of the modern movement|animal rights activists]], [[The Beauty Myth|authors]] and public interest groups. There is a growing awareness and preference for cosmetics that are without any [[toxic]] ingredients, especially those derived from [[petroleum]], [[sodium lauryl sulfate]] (SLS), and [[paraben]]s.<ref name="Safety_First"> {{cite news |first= |last= |title=Signers of the Compact for Safe Cosmetics |url=http://www.safecosmetics.org/companies/signers.cfm |work= |publisher=[[Campaign for Safe Cosmetics]] |date= |accessdate=2007-07-05 |quote=}}</ref> Numerous published reports have raised concern over the safety of a few [[surfactants]]. SLS causes a number of skin issues including [[dermatitis]].<ref name="Agner_T">Agner T. Susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to irritant dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate. ''Acta Derm Venereol.'' 1991;71(4):296-300. PMID 1681644</ref><ref name="A._Nassif_1994">A. Nassif, S. C. Chan, F. J. Storrs and J. M. Hanifin. Abstract: Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. ''Arch Dermatol.'' November 1994;130(11):1402. [http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/11/1402 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Marrakchi_S">Marrakchi S, Maibach HI. Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the human face: regional and age-related differences. ''Skin Pharmacol Physiol.'' 2006;19(3):177-80. Epub 2006 May 4. PMID 16679819</ref><ref name="Final_Report_SLS">CIR publication. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate. ''Journal of the American College of Toxicology.'' 1983 Vol. 2 (No. 7) pages 127-181.</ref><ref name="Loffler_H">Loffler H, Effendy I. Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals. Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Germany. ''Contact Dermatitis.'' 1999 May;40(5):239-42. PMID 10344477</ref> [[Parabens]] can cause skin irritation and [[contact dermatitis]] in individuals with paraben [[allergies]], a small percentage of the general population.<ref>Nagel JE, Fuscaldo JT, Fireman P. Paraben allergy. ''JAMA''. 1977, Apr 11; 237(15):1594-5. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=576658&dopt=Citation Abstract]</ref> Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak [[estrogen]]ic activity, acting as [[xenoestrogen]]s.<ref name=byfordetal>Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MG, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD. Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. ''J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.'' 2002 Jan;80(1):49-60. PMID 11867263</ref> Prolonged use of makeup has also been linked to thinning eyelashes.<ref>Towards Beautiful Eyes &ndash; Solutions for Thinning Lashes and Dark Patches, Kamau Austin.</ref> [[Perfume|Synthetic fragrances]] are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing show synthetic [[fragrances]] are made of many [[allergen|ingredients which cause allergic reactions]].<ref name="Synthetic_Fragrances"> {{cite news |first= |last= |title=Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8565489&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus |work= |publisher=Contact Dermatitis |date=November 1995 |accessdate=2007-07-05 |quote=}}</ref> ==Makeup Types== * [[Lipstick]], [[lip gloss]], [[lip liner]], [[lip plumper]], [[lip balm]], lip volume, lip luster, lip conditioner and lip boosters.<ref name=USHealthandHuman>Reed, Sandra I. US Department of Health and Human Services. "Cosmetics and Your Health." 2004. May 14, 2007. [http://www.4woman.gov/faq/cosmetics.htm]</ref> * [[Foundation (cosmetics)|Foundation]], used to color the [[face]] and conceal flaws to produce an impression of health and youth. Usually a liquid, cream, powder or mousse.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * [[Face powder|Powder]], used to set the foundation, giving a [[matte]] finish. * [[Rouge (cosmetics)|Rouge, blush or blusher]], cheek stain used to color the [[cheeks]] and emphasize the [[cheekbones]]. This comes in powder, cream and gel forms.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * Bronzer, used to create a more [[tan]] look to the skin.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * [[Mascara]] and lash extender, lash conditioner used to enhance the [[eyelash]]es. Can be of different colors and even [[waterproof]]. <ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * [[Eye liner]] and [[eye shadow]], eye shimmer and glitter eye pencils as well as different color pencils used to color and emphasize the [[eye]]lids (larger eyes are a sign of youth).<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * [[Eyebrow]] pencils, creams, [[wax]]es, gels and powders are used to fill in and define the brows.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * [[Nail polish]], used to color the [[finger]]nails and [[toe]]nails.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> * [[Concealer]], a type of thick opaque makeup used to cover [[pimples]], various spots and inconsistencies in the skin.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, [[sunscreen]]s to protect the skin from damaging [[UV radiation]], and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections ([[Acne vulgaris|acne]], [[wrinkles]], dark circles under eyes, etc.). Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream [[emulsions]]; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and [[anhydrous]] creams or sticks. ==Special Effects== [[Image:Cosmetic Contact Lenses.JPG|thumb|Cosmetic contact lenses]] In addition to over-the-counter cosmetic products, recent years have seen an increasing market for [[prescription]] or [[surgical]] cosmetic procedures. These range from temporary enhancements, such as cosmetic colored [[contact lens]]es, to major [[cosmetic surgery]]. To temporary fashionable enhancement belongs application of false eyelashes or [[eyelash extensions]], in order to enhance the natural eyelashes and make eye appearance more attractive. Many techniques, such as [[microdermabrasion]] and physical or [[chemical peels]], remove the oldest, top layers of skin [[cells]]. The younger layers of skin left behind appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically. ==Ingredients== {{main|Ingredients of cosmetics}} [[Image:Pre-wedding make-up.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eye shadow]] being applied]] [[Image:Jim Brochu.jpg|thumb|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] actor J[[Jim Brochu]] applies make-up before the opening night of a play.]] [[Image:Kerala kathakali makeup.jpg|thumb|right|The chin mask known as ''chutti'' for [[Kathakali]], a performing art in [[Kerala]], [[India]] is considered as the thickest makeup applied for any artform.]] While there is assurance from the largest cosmetic companies that their various ingredients are safe to use, there is a growing preference for cosmetics that are without any "synthetic" ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum. Once a [[niche market]], [[certified organic]] products are becoming more [[mainstream]]. Ingredients' listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in many countries. The [[Animal_testing#Cosmetics_testing|testing of cosmetic products on animals]] is a subject of some controversy. It is now illegal in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Belgium]], and a [[ban]] across the [[European Union]] is due to come into effect in 2009. '''Organic and Natural Ingredients''' Even though many products in cosmetics are regulated, there are many health concerns that come from harmful chemicals in these products. Some products carry carcinogenic contaminant 1,4- dioxane. Not all organic products are better but they don't carry harmful preservatives that could be harmful. Many cosmetic companies are coming out with "All natural" and "Organic" products. All natural products contain mineral and plant ingredients and organic products are made with [[certified organic|organic]] agricultural products. Products who claim they are organic are not, unless they are certified "USDA Organic." <ref>Singer, Natasha. "Natural, Organic Beauty." New York Times. 1 Nov. 2007. 18 Mar. 2008 <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/fashion/01skin.html?_r=1&oref=slogin>.</ref> ==Cosmetic Careers== Careers in Cosmetics Cosmetics include makeup, products for the body and related goods and services. Cosmetics are meant to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, or otherwise applied for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering appearance. The industry is very competitive and fickle. It is also an industry with very high margins on the designer side. A successful designer perfume or cologne costs very little to produce but sells at a premium price. Jobs Account executive: Responsible for visiting all counter sales and doors. They explain new products and "gifts with purchase" (free items given out upon purchase of a certain cosmetics item that costs more than a set amount). Cosmetician: Provides facial and body treatments for clients. Counter sales: Sells cosmetics to the general public. Freelance [[Make-up artist]]: Provides clients with beauty advice and cosmetics assistance -- usually paid by the cosmetic company by the hour. Marketing: Manages research focus groups, and provides other marketing services (sales forecasting, allocation to different retailers, etc.). Product development: Creates and refines cosmetics. Some positions that fall under this category include chemists, quality assurance and packaging people. ==See also== * [[Animal testing#Cosmetics testing|Testing cosmetics on animals]] * [[Body art]] * [[Cosmeceutical]] * [[Cosmetic surgery]] * [[Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association]] * [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] * [[Henna]] * [[Make-up artist]] * [[Moulage]] * [[Permanent makeup]] * [[Society of Cosmetic Chemists]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Winter|first=Ruth|authorlink=|title=A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback)|origyear=[[2005]]|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=[[United States|USA]]|language=[[English language|English]]|id=ISBN 1400052335}} * {{cite book|last=Begoun|first=Paula|authorlink=|title=Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me(Paperback)|origyear=[[2003]]|publisher=Beginning Press|location=[[United States|USA]]|language=[[English language|English]]|id=ISBN 1877988308}} ==External links== *[http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/cosmetic.html The British Library - finding information on the cosmetics and toiletries industry] *[http://www.ctpa.org.uk/ CTPA The UK trade Association] *[http://www.deliciousmakeup.co.uk/ Free makeup hints and tips] {{commonscat}} [[Category:Cosmetics| ]] [[bg:Козметика]] [[ca:Cosmètica]] [[cs:Kosmetika]] [[da:Kosmetik]] [[de:Kosmetik]] [[es:Cosmético]] [[eo:Kosmetiko]] [[fr:Cosmétique]] [[hr:Kozmetika]] [[id:Tata rias wajah]] [[it:Cosmetico]] [[he:קוסמטיקה]] [[la:Medicamina faciei]] [[nl:Cosmetica]] [[ja:化粧品]] [[pl:Kosmetyki]] [[pt:Cosmético]] [[ru:Косметика]] [[simple:Cosmetics]] [[fi:Kosmetiikka]] [[sv:Smink]] [[ta:ஒப்பனைப் பொருட்கள்]] [[th:เครื่องสำอาง]] [[tr:Kozmetikler]] [[ur:تزویق]] [[zh:化妝品]]