Cracker butterfly
5181212
218314292
2008-06-10T02:13:10Z
Wloveral
3573669
tweaking taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Cracker butterfly<br/>(Calico butterfly)
| image = Hamadryas februa.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Hamadryas februa]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_familia = [[Rhopalocera]]
| superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Biblidinae]]
| tribus = [[Biblidini]]
| subtribus = [[Ageroniina]]
| genus = '''''Hamadryas'''''
| genus_authority = [[Jacob Hübner|Hübner]], 1806
| type_species = ''Papilio amphinome''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1767
| diversity = c.20 spp.
| diversity_link = Hamadryas
}}
'''Cracker butterflies''' are a [[neotropical]] group of medium-sized [[butterfly]] species of the genus '''''Hamadryas'''''. They acquired their name due to the unusual way that males produce a "cracking" sound as part of their [[territoriality|territorial]] displays.
Contrary to earlier erroneous supposition that the sound was produced by the male [[genitalia]], the sound is produced by swollen veins in the [[insect wing|forewings]] which strike one another if the male forces the wing upstroke to maximum amplitude. The females lack this sound-producing mechanism.
Nearly all species in the genus are fairly [[crypsis|cryptic]] in their dorsal coloration, and they are fond of resting on trees, boulders, and other such surfaces against which they are camouflaged. Because of this coloration, these butterflies ares also colloquially known as '''Calico butterflies'''.
Research has also shown that cracker butterflies can also detect the sounds made by other butterflies, which would be a form of aural communication.<ref>{{cite paper | url=http://pestalert.ifas.ufl.edu/butterflies_talk.htm | title=Butterflies can "talk" | author=Tim Lockette | publisher=UF/IFAS | date=[[2004-07-21]] | accessdate=2006-05-16}}</ref> The organ of hearing is believed to be Vogel's organ, located at the base of the forewing subcostal and cubital veins.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Yack | first = Jayne E. | authorlink = | coauthors = L. Danier Otero, Jeff W. Dawson, Annemarie Surlykke and James H. Fullard | year = 2000 | title = Sound production and hearing in the blue cracker butterfly Hamadryas feronia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) from Venezuela | journal =The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 203 | issue = | pages = 3689–3702 | doi = | id = | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/203/24/3689 | format = HTML }}</ref>
==Species==
*''[[Hamadryas albicornis]]'' ([[Otto Staudinger|Staudinger]], 1885)
*''[[Hamadryas alicia]]'' ([[Henry Bates|Bates]], 1865)
*''[[Hamadryas amphichloe]]'' ([[Jean Baptiste Boisduval|Boisduval]], 1870)
*''[[Hamadryas amphinome]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1767)
*''[[Hamadryas arete]]'' ([[Henry Doubleday (1808-1875)|Doubleday]], 1847)
*''[[Hamadryas arinome]]'' ([[Hippolyte Lucas|Lucas]], 1853)
*''[[Hamadryas atlantis]]'' (Bates, 1864)
*''[[Hamadryas belladonna]]'' (Bates, 1865)
*''[[Hamadryas chloe]]'' ([[Caspar Stoll|Stoll]], 1787)
*''[[Hamadryas epinome]]'' ([[Cajetan Freiherr von Felder|Felder]] & [[Rudolf Felder|Felder]], 1867)
*''[[Hamadryas februa]]'' (Hübner, 1823)
*''[[Hamadryas feronia]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*''[[Hamadryas fornax]]'' (Hübner, 1823)
*''[[Hamadryas glauconome]]'' (Bates, 1864)
*''[[Hamadryas guatemalena]]'' (Bates, 1864)
*''[[Hamadryas honorina]]'' ([[Hans Fruhstorfer|Fruhstorfer]], 1916)
*''[[Hamadryas iphthime]]'' (Bates, 1864)
*''[[Hamadryas laodamia]]'' ([[Pieter Cramer|Cramer]], 1777)
*''[[Hamadryas velutina]]'' (Bates, 1865)
Most recent catalog:
* {{aut|Lamas, G.}} (Ed.). (2004). ''Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea''. Gainesville: Association for Tropical Lepidoptera. ISBN 094541728
== Common names ==
Some ''Hamadryas'' common names in English, from Garwood et al. (2007):
*''Hamadryas amphinome'' = Red Cracker
*''Hamadryas arinome'' = Arinome Cracker
*''Hamadryas belladonna'' = Belladonna Cracker
*''Hamadryas chloe'' = Chloe Cracker
*''Hamadryas februa'' = Gray Cracker
*''Hamadryas feronia'' = Variable Cracker
*''Hamadryas iphthime'' = Iphthime Cracker
*''Hamadryas laodamia'' = Starry Night Cracker
*''Hamadryas velutina'' = Velutina Cracker
Source:
* {{aut|Garwood, K. M., Lehman, Carter, W., & Carter, G.}} (2007). ''Butterflies of Southern Amazonia''. Mission, Texas: Neotropical Butterflies.
== Taxonomy ==
The calico or speckled species of ''Hamadryas'' are often hard to distinguish, and most often these butterflies have to be examined as set specimens. The most recent revision is by Jenkins (1983).
* {{aut|Jenkins, D. W.}} (1983). Neotropical Nymphalidae. I. Revision of ''Hamadryas''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 81'', 1-146.
== References ==
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<references/>
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==External links==
*[http://www.nic.funet.fi/index/Tree_of_life//insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/biblidinae/hamadryas/index.html Table of species] by Markku Savela
*[http://www.zoologi.su.se/research/wahlberg/Nymphalidae/Ageroniini.htm Species with synonyms]
*[http://travel.mongabay.com/pix/honduras--ruins_moth.html Photograph of a Cracker Butterfly]
[[Category:Biblidinae]]
[[es:Hamadryas (Lepidoptera)]]
[[fr:Hamadryas]]