Craiova
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2008-07-09T13:56:33Z
Zorrobot
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robot Adding: [[nn:Craiova]]
{{Infobox Settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{ROU}}
|timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset=+2
|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+3
|map_caption = Location of Craiova|
|
official_name=Craiova|
image_skyline=Craiova - Prefectura judetului Dolj02.jpg|
image_caption=Dolj County Hall|
image_shield=Coa Craiova ro.gif|
image_map=Craiova in Romania.png|
|subdivision_type1=[[Counties of Romania|County]]|
subdivision_name1=Dolj County|
|subdivision_type2=[[Subdivisions of Romania|Status]]|
subdivision_name2={{Autolink|County capital}}|
|leader_title=[[Mayor]]|
leader_name=Antonie Solomon|
|
leader_party=[[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]]|
area_total_km2=81.4|
area_metro_km2=550.1|
population_as_of=July 01, 2007 <ref>[http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia_stab_1%20iulie2007.htm Population of Romania as of [[July 01]], [[2007]]]</ref>|
population_total=299,429|
population_density_km2=3679|latd=44|latm=20|lats=|latNS=N|longd=23|longm=49|longs=|longEW=E||
|population_metro=333,834
|website=http://www.primariacraiova.ro/|
}}
'''Craiova''' ({{IPA|/kra'jo.va/}}), the fifth largest [[Romania]]n city,<ref>[http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/Comunicat%20ziua%20populatiei%202006%20doc.pdf National Institute of Statistics, January 1, 2006.] After [[Bucharest]], [[Constanţa]], [[Iaşi]] and [[Timişoara]].</ref> and the capital of [[Dolj County]], is situated near the east bank of the river [[Jiu River|Jiu]] in central [[Oltenia]]. It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the [[Southern Carpathians]] (north) and the [[Danube]] (south). Craiova is the chief commercial city west of [[Bucharest]] and the most important city of Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
==History==
Craiova, which occupied the site of the [[Dacia]]n and [[Roman Dacia|Roman]] city ''Pelendava'', was formerly the capital of Oltenia. Its ancient ''[[ban (title)|ban]]s'', the highest ranking [[boyars]] of the [[Wallachia]]n state, initially those of the [[Craioveşti]] family. The ''bans'' had the right of [[Mint (coin)|minting coins]] stamped with their own [[Effigy|effigies]] - the origin of the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] word ''[[Romanian leu|ban]]'' as used for coins.
In 1395 Craiova was probably the scene of a victory won by the [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian Prince]] [[Mircea I of Wallachia]] over [[Bayezid I]], [[Ottoman Dynasty|Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] (''see [[Battle of Rovine]]'').
Frequently referred to as "a city" after the first half of the 16th century, the Craiova area was always regarded as an important economic region of Wallachia and Romania at large. During the 1718-1737 [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg]] occupation of Oltenia, Craiova's status declined due to economic pressures and increased [[Centralized government|centralism]], partly leading to an increase in ''[[hajduk]]'' actions, in parallel with protests of Craiovan boyars. In 1761, under Prince [[Constantine Mavrocordatos]], the ''bans'' relocated to Bucharest, leaving behind ''[[kaymakam]]s'' to represent them in Craiova.
Under Prince [[Emanuel Giani Ruset]], Wallachia's seat was moved to Craiova (1770-1771), viewed as a place of refuge during the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774|Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774]]. A large part of the city was burned down by the rebel [[pasha]] [[Osman Pazvantoğlu]] in 1800.
During the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], inhabitants of the present-day [[Dolj County]] joined [[Tudor Vladimirescu]]'s ''[[Pandurs]]'' in great numbers, contributing to the expedition on Bucharest. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova witnessed economic prosperity, centered on [[handicraft]] trades and public services. During [[Imperial Russia]]n occupation and the early stages of ''[[Regulamentul Organic|Organic Statute]]'' rules (1828-1834), the city increased its economic output; in 1832 there were 595 shops, 197 made of which were barracks and 398 were houses built of brick. At the time, Craiova exported wheat, furs, leather, live animals and other products into the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] and [[Ottoman Empire]]s.
[[Costache Romanescu]], a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisoral Government during the [[1848 Wallachian revolution]]. Wallachia's last two rulers, [[Gheorghe Bibescu]] and [[Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei]], came from an important boyar family residing in Craiova – the [[Bibescu family]].
Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were comprised of 3,220 houses, 26 churches, 11 schools, and 60 factories and workshops. In all, the city also housed about 90 industrial establishments, of which 12 were mills, 3 beer factories, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 [[tanning]] yards and 2 [[printing press]]es; 57% of the total number of craftsmen of [[Dolj County]] lived in Craiova (1,088 [[Master craftsman|craftsmen]], 687 [[journeymen]] and 485 [[Apprenticeship|apprentices]]).
The period following the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878|Independence War]] was a time of economic and cultural progress. As a result, at the end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova, with its 40,000 inhabitants, had developed small factories (producing chemicals, farming utilities, and construction materials) and textile factories. On [[October 26]], [[1896]], the Craiova [[power station]] entered service (with [[AEG]] equipments working at 310 CP, supplying 365 streetlights on 39 streets, forming a 30 km-long network); Craiova was the first city in the country to be supplied with electric power by [[internal combustion engine]]s.
In 1900, Craiova had 43.1% of the industrial units of [[Oltenia]]; these numbered 924 industrial companies (including 20 large industrial establishments, employing 1,078 workers). The number of large industrial establishments rose to 40 by 1925. [[Banking]] also developed at the beginning of the 20th century (when 6 banks and 2 [[exchange office]]s were already operating).
In the interwar period, Craiova, as the center of an agricultural region, experienced little further [[industrialization]]; the number of industrial workers remained comparatively small. In 1939, Craiova had 7 industrial units with over 100 workers: the cloth industry companies ''Oltenia'' and ''Scrisul Românesc'' were well-known all over the country and abroad.
After ca. 1960, under the [[Communist Romania|Communist regime]], the city become a noted center for the [[Automaker|automotive]] and [[engine building]] industries, as well as for [[Aerospace manufacturer|aerospace manufacturing]], [[chemical industry]], [[food industry]], [[construction]], [[electrical engineering]], [[mining]] industry, and the [[electrical power industry]].
After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|1989 Revolution]] brought the reestablishment of a [[free market]] and decentralization in overall management, several industries became subject to [[privatization]],while the market opened itself to private initiatives. Industry, although affected by economic changes, remains an important branch, representing ca. 70% of Craiova's output.
==Population==
The municipality of Craiova has a population of 302,601 (Census 2002).
Ethnic composition:
*[[Romanians]]: 292,487 (96.66%)
*[[Hungarian minority in Romania|Hungarians]]: 218 (0.07%)
*[[Germans of Romania|Germans]]: 173 (0.06%)
*[[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]]: 34 (0.01%)
*[[Roma minority in Romania|Roma]]: 8.820 (2.91%)
*[[Italians of Romania|Italians]]: 178 (0.06%)
*[[Greeks of Romania|Greeks]]: 188 (0.06%)
*[[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]]: 32 (0.01%)
and 471 others.
==Economy==
During the [[History of Romania since 1989|post-Revolution period]], telecommunication services, banking and insurance, [[management consulting]] (CDIMM, Romanian-American Center) began expanding. The number of joint ventures and the value of invested capital at county level have increased to large numbers — [[Dolj County]] being the first in respect to these aspects.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The [[Automobile Craiova]] factory, formerly owned by [[Daewoo]] and renationalised after Daewoo's bankruptcy, was sold in September 2007 to [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]].
Of the working population (about 110,000 persons), 38% are employed in industry, 15% in trade and repair services, 10% in transport and storage, 8% in education, 5.7% in the medical field.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
==Transportation==
[[Image:Craiova BMC bus 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A city bus in Craiova, running on route 6]]
The public transportation in Craiova consists of 3 [[Trolley pole|trolley]] [[tram]] lines and 17 bus lines. It is operated by the [http://www.rat-craiova.ro/index.php Regia Autonomă de Transport Craiova (RAT Craiova)], a corporation ran by City Hall. A ticket for one travel is around 0.5€.
Craiova is also a major railway center and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national [[Căile Ferate Române]] network. Check the [http://www.infofer.ro/default_engleza.asp?lng=2 national railway timetable] for an appropriate connection.
The town [[taxicab]]s are very cheap. For an usual travel you don't pay more than 4€ (around 0.3€/km).
The city is served by the [[Craiova Airport]].
==Landmarks==
[[Image:Parcul Nicolae Romanescu01.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Nicolae Romanescu Park]]
* '''Madona Dudu Church''' - built between [[1750]] and [[1756]], renovated in [[1844]], after being destroyed by an [[1831]] earthquake. Murals were completed by [[Gheorghe Tattarescu]].
* '''St. Demetrius Church'''
* '''The Church of Coşuna Monastery''' - the oldest building preserved in Craiova, dating from [[1483]].
* '''Băniei House''' - the oldest non-religious building that exists in Craiova, dating from [[1699]]. Today it hosts the Museum of Ethnography and Folk Art.
* '''Craiova Art Museum''' - the building that houses the museum was built in [[1896]], following the plans of the French architect [[Paul Gotereau]]. Its main attraction is the art gallery dedicated to [[Constantin Brancusi]], exhibiting six of his early sculptures (including variants of his best-known works): ''The Kiss'' ([[1907]]), ''Vitellius'' ([[1898]]), ''Woman Torso'' ([[1909]]), ''The Vainglory'' ([[1905]]), ''Boy's Head'' ([[1906]]), ''Miss Pogany'' ([[1902]]).
* '''Museum of Oltenia''' - founded in [[1915]] and divided into three sections: ethnography, history and natural science. The collection is based on donations made in [[1908]].
* '''[[Nicolae Romanescu Park]]''' - the largest and most well-known park in Craiova. Through the initiative of Nicolae P. Romanescu, the mayor of Craiova at that time, the park was designed by French architect [[Émile Rendont]]. Plans for the park were awarded the gold medal at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 World Fair]]; work began in [[1901]] and was completed in [[1903]].
* '''Botanical Garden''' - The garden was laid out by the botanist Alexandru Buia and was opened in [[1952]]. The main purpose of the garden was to facilitate the students' activities and research for the academic staff of the Agriculture and Horticulture Faculties of the [[University of Craiova]]. The [[Botanical Garden]] is organized in six areas: plant systematics, floral provinces of the globe, cultivated plants, seed beds, phyto-geography of the [[Oltenia]] region, and a [[greenhouse]].
* '''Jiu Meadow'''
==Education==
[[Image:POZA CNC.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carol I National College]]
First school in Craiova was founded in [[1759]] by [[Constantin Obedeanu]]. In the spring of [[1826]] Obedeanu's school takes the name ''Şcoala Naţională de Limba Română'' which means ''National School of Romanian Language''. This is the second Romanian high school after ''Saint Sava'' high school in Bucharest (founded in [[1818]]).
'''Primary Schools'''
* [[Obedeanu School]]
* [[Traian School]]
'''High Schools'''
* [[Carol I High School]] (former [[Nicolae Balcescu]] high school).
* [[Fratii Buzesti High School]]
* [[Elena Cuza High School]]
* [[Stefan Odobleja High School]]
* [[Traian Vuia High School]]
* [[Nicolae Titulescu High School]]
* [[Stefan Velovan High School]]
* [[Henri Coanda High School]]
'''Universities:'''
* [[University of Craiova]]
* [[Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie din Craiova|University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova]]
==Sport==
*[[FC Universitatea Craiova]] - a [[Divizia A|Liga I]] [[Football (soccer)|football]] club
==Natives==
* [[Constantin Argetoianu]], former [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]
* [[Corneliu Baba]], [[painter]]
* [[Gheorghe Bibescu]], former ([[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince]]) of [[Wallachia]]
* [[Lola Bobesco]], [[violinist]]
* [[Adrian Cioroianu]], historian, politician
* [[Constantin Coandă]], former Prime Minister
* [[Nicolae Coculescu]]
* [[George Constantinescu]], [[scientist]], [[engineer]] and [[inventor]]
* [[Grigore Gabrielescu]]
* [[Dimitrie Gerota]], [[anatomist]] and [[physician]]
* [[Titu Maiorescu]], former Foreign Minister and Prime Minister
* [[Ludovic Mrazek]]
* [[Jean Negulesco]], [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]]
* [[Petrache Poenaru]], inventor of the world's first [[fountain pen]]
* [[Eduard Prugovečki]], [[physicist]], [[mathematician]]
* [[Constantin Sănătescu]], former Prime Minister
* [[Francisc Şirato]], painter
* [[Sabba Ştefănescu]], professor of [[paleontology]] at the University of Bucharest
* [[Nicolae Titulescu]], the only politician ever who was president of the [[League of Nations]] two times: 1930 and 1931
* [[Ion Ţuculescu]], painter
* [[Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen]], engineer, pioneer in [[telegraphy]] and [[telephony]]
* [[Varujan Vosganian]]
==Politics==
The Craiova Municipal Council, elected in the 2004 local government elections, is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition:
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#ccc" |
! style="background:#ccc" | Party
! style="background:#ccc" | Seats
! style="background:#ccc" colspan="12" | Current Council
|-
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''12'''
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
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| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PSD}} |
|-
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/DA}} |
| [[Justice and Truth Alliance]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''8'''
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/DA}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/DA}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/DA}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/DA}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/DA}} |
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| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PRM}} |
| [[Greater Romania Party]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''4'''
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PRM}} |
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| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PC}} |
| [[Conservative Party (Romania)|Conservative Party]]
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PC}} |
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/PC}} |
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| {{Romanian politics/party colours/Independents}} |
| Independents
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
| {{Romanian politics/party colours/Independents}} |
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==Sister cities==
*{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kuopio]], Finland
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Nanterre]], France
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Shiyan]], People's Republic of China
*{{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Skopje]], Macedonia
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Vratza]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], France
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Uppsala]], Sweden
==References==
* ''Istoria Craiovei'', Titu Georgescu, Constantin Barbacioru, Florea Firan, Virgil Joita, Constantin Mocanu, Luchian Deaconu, Ion Dogaru, [[Editura Scrisul Românesc]], 1977
* Florea Firan, [[Alexandru Firescu]], ''Craiova , Ghidul oraşului'', [[Editura Sport-Turism]], 1982
* ''Documentare statistică privind evoluţia economică şi socială a municipiului Craiova'', Dolj County Statistical Office, 1992
==External links==
* [http://www.craiova.ro Official site]
* {{ro icon}} [http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=1085 Census 2002: ''Craiova'']
* [http://www.ucv.ro University of Craiova]
* [http://www.umfcv.ro University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova]
* [http://www.musicalfountain.eu/ Musical Fountain of Craiova]
* [http://craiova.infarom.ro/ The Old Craiova in images]
* {{ro icon}} [http://www.craiovamap.ro/harta-craiovei Craiova Interactiv Map]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Dolj county}}
{{RoJudCapitals}}
[[Category:Craiova| ]]
[[Category:Dolj County]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Romania]]
[[bg:Крайова]]
[[ca:Craiova]]
[[cs:Craiova]]
[[da:Craiova]]
[[de:Craiova]]
[[et:Craiova]]
[[es:Craiova]]
[[eo:Craiova]]
[[fr:Craiova]]
[[id:Craiova]]
[[ie:Craiova]]
[[it:Craiova]]
[[he:קראיובה]]
[[lv:Krajova]]
[[hu:Craiova]]
[[nl:Craiova]]
[[ja:クラヨーヴァ]]
[[no:Craiova]]
[[nn:Craiova]]
[[pl:Krajowa]]
[[pt:Craiova]]
[[ro:Craiova]]
[[ru:Крайова]]
[[simple:Craiova]]
[[sr:Крајова]]
[[fi:Craiova]]
[[sv:Craiova]]
[[tg:Крайова]]
[[vo:Craiova]]
[[zh:克拉約瓦]]