Cree 52107 226156043 2008-07-17T02:01:42Z 69.196.137.129 /* See also */ {{Cleanup|date=March 2007}} {{Otheruses}} {{Infobox Ethnic group |group=Cree |image=[[Image:CreeCamp1871.jpg|200 px]] |caption=Nehiyaw camp near [[Vermilion, Alberta]] |poptime=over 200,000 |popplace=[[Canada]], [[United States]] |rels= |languages=[[Cree language|Cree]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] |related=[[Métis]], [[Oji-Cree]], [[Ojibwe]] }} ''Not to be confused with the [[Creek people|Creek]].'' '''Cree''' is an [[exonym]] applied to various people indigenous to North America, namely the Nehiyaw, Nehithaw, Nehilaw, Nehinaw, Ininiw, Ililiw, [[Iynu]], and Iyyu. These peoples can be divided into two major groups, those that identify themselves using a derivative of their historical appellation [[Nehilâw]] and those identifying themselves using the word "person", historically [[Iliniw]].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Both groups share a common ancestry but are now divided mainly along linguistic lines. Those residing west of the [[Ontario]] border (except for one group residing in [[Quebec]] mistakenly called [[Attikamek]] but who self-identify as [[Nehiraw]]) all the way to the [[Rocky Mountains]] tend to refer to themselves using the first name, historically "Nehilaw". The second group includes all the groups east of [[James Bay]] use the historical term for man "Iliniw" are were mistakenly called Montagnais and Naskapi as well as Cree. {{Fact|date=March 2008}} Both major groups speak languages of the [[Algonquin language]] family. There is a major division between both groups however, in that the Eastern group [[palatalizes]] the sound /k/ when it precedes [[front vowels]]. There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups however, there is variation around the pronunciation of the [[Proto-Algonquian]] [[phoneme]] *l, which can be realized as /l/, /r/, /y/, /n/, or /th/ by different groups. The rest of the article will focus on the western group, the group usually referred to when the misnomer 'Cree' is used.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Skilled [[American bison|buffalo]] hunters and horsemen, the Cree were allied to the [[Assiniboine]] and the [[Sioux]] before encountering English, Scottish (especially [[Orkney|Orcadian]]) and French settlers in the [[16th century]]. Presently, the remaining Cree in the United States live on the [[Rocky Boy Indian Reservation]] which is shared with the [[Ojibwa|Chippewa]]. == In Canada == [[Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 095.jpg|thumb|Nehiyaw Girl (1928).]] The Cree are the largest group of [[First Nations]] in Canada, with over 200,000 members and 135 registered bands.<ref name ="cangeo">[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/justthefacts.asp Source:] [[Canadian Geographic]]</ref> This large number may be due to the Cree's traditional openness to inter-tribal marriage. Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country.<ref name ="cangeo"/> The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the [[Six Nations]] [[Iroquois]] is the [[Lac La Ronge Band]] in northern [[Saskatchewan]]. The [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] (from French Métis - any person of mixed ancestry.) are people of mixed ancestry such as Nehiyaw (or Anishinabe) and [[French people|French]], [[English people|English]], or [[Scottish people|Scottish]] heritage. According to the Canadian Government's Indian and Northern Affairs, the [[Metis]] were historically the children of French fur traders and Nehiyaw women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and Northern [[Dene]] women ([[Anglo-Métis]]). It is now generally accepted though in academic circles that the term [[Métis]] can be used to refer to any combination of persons of mixed Native American and European heritage. Although, historical definitions for [[Metis]] remain. Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs specifically but broadly define [[Metis]] to be those persons of mixed First Nation and European ancestry. ==Cree First Nations== [[Image:Woman of the Snake tribe and woman of the Cree tribe 0066v.jpg|thumb|A Nehiyaw woman (right)]] *[[Barren Lands First Nation]] *[[Beaver Lake Cree Nation]] *[[Bigstone Cree Nation]] *[[Big River First Nation]] *[[Bunibonibee Cree Nation]] *[[Chapleau Cree First Nation]] *[[Enoch Cree Nation]] *[[Fisher River Cree Nation]] *[[James Smith First Nation]] *[[Kashechewan First Nation]] *[[Little Pine First Nation]] *[[Little Red River Cree Nation]] *[[Louis Bull Tribe First Nation]] *[[Lubicon Lake Indian Nation]] *[[Misipawistik Cree Nation]] *[[Attawapiskat, Ontario|Mushkego James Bay Cree]] *[[Muskoday First Nation]] *[[Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation]] *[[Norway House Cree Nation]] *[[One Arrow First Nation]] *[[Opaskwayak Cree Nation]] *[[Paul Band First Nation]] *[[Saddle Lake Cree First Nation]] *[[Sapotaweyak Cree Nation]] *[[Sturgeon Lake First Nation]] *[[Sweetgrass First Nation]] *[[Thunderchild First Nation]] *[[Canoe Lake First Nation]] ==Notable Cree== [[Image:Mähsette Kuiuab Chief of the Cree indians 0022v.jpg|thumb|Mähsette Kuiuab, chief of the Cree indians]] *[[Irene Bedard]], actress *[[Jonathan Cheechoo]], NHL hockey player *[[Michael Greyeyes]], actor *[[Autumn Petros-Good]], scientist *[[Buffy Sainte-Marie]], singer *[[Cree Summer]], singer/actress *[[Gordon Tootoosis]], actor *[[Shania Twain]], singer/songwriter born to a father of Cree background, adopted by [[Ojibwa]] stepfather as a baby. *[[Janice Acoose]], Canadian author, Sakimay (Saulteaux) and Ninankawe Marival Metis ancestry See: [[:Category:Cree people|Cree people]] == See also == {{Commons|Category:Cree|Cree}} * [[James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict]] * [[Métis]] * [[Michif]] * [[Cree language]] * [[Cree syllabics]] * [[Politics of Saskatchewan]] * [[Iynu]] * [[Okichitaw]] ==References== <references /> Sacred Legends of the Sandy Lake Cree. James R. Stevens, McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 1971 ==External links== *[http://www.creeculture.ca/e/index.html Cree cultural site] *[http://www.gcc.ca/ Grand Council of the Crees (GCC) website] *[http://www.schoolnet.ca/ABORIGINAL/Plains_Cree The Plains Cree - Ethnographic, Historical and Comparative Study by David Mandelbaum] *[http://www.llrib.ca/home.php Lac La Ronge Band website] *[http://lrrcn.ab.ca/ Little Red River Cree Nation website] *[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/nd05/indepth/history.asp Brief history of Cree] from [[Canadian Geographic]] *{{cite book | author=Grant, Bruce | title=The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian | location=New York | publisher=Wings Books | year=2000 | id=ISBN 0-517-69310-0}} *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-94/life_society/james_bay/ CBC Digital Archives - James Bay Project and the Cree] *[http://www.fisherriver.com/ Fisher River Cree Nation Official Website] *[http://www.giftoflanguageandculture.ca/ The Gift of Language and Culture website] *[http://cr.wikipedia.org/ Cree language Wikipedia] *[http://archives.cbc.ca/society/native_issues/topics/2473/ CBC Digital Archives – Eeyou Istchee: Land of the Cree] [[Category:Cree| ]] [[bs:Cree]] [[ca:Cree]] [[de:Cree]] [[es:Cri]] [[eo:Krioj]] [[fr:Cris]] [[hr:Cree]] [[it:Cree]] [[nl:Cree (volk)]] [[cr:Cree]] [[pl:Kri]] [[pt:Cree]] [[ru:Кри (племя)]] [[sh:Kri]] [[fi:Creet]] [[sv:Cree]] [[uk:Крі]]