Creed 7212 226081021 2008-07-16T19:12:15Z 139.55.237.184 {{Otheruses4|a statement of belief|other uses|Creed (disambiguation)}} A '''creed''' is a statement or confession of [[belief]] — usually [[religious belief]] — or [[faith]] often recited as part of a religious service. The word derives from the {{lang-la|[[credo]]}} for ''I believe'' and <i>credimus</i> for <i>we believe.</i> It is sometimes called ''symbol'' ({{lang-el|σύμβολο[ν]}}), signifying a "token" by which persons of like beliefs might recognize each other. The most definitive creed in Christianity is the Nicene Creed, formulated in AD 325 at the first of the Seven Ecumenical Councils. Affirmation of this creed, which describes the Trinity, is generally taken as a fundamental test of orthodoxy. The Apostle's Creed is also broadly accepted. Yet many Christians, including Unitarians, Quakers, Baptists, Messianics, Restorationists and others have rejected the authority of those creeds. Whether Judaism is creedal has been a point of some controversy. Though some Judaism is noncreedal in nature, others say it recognizes a single creed, the [[Shmah]]. "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One." Muslims declare the [[Shahadah]], "There is no [[Deity|God]] but [[Allah]], and [[Muhammad]] is His [[prophet]]." The terms "creed" and "faith" are sometimes used to mean religion. {{Christianity}} ==Christian creeds== Trinitarian Christianity, affirming that [[God]] has become incarnate as the human being [[Jesus]], has formulated a number of statements of faith that seek to assert this [[doctrine]]. There are two kinds of creeds: Baptismal and conciliar. The Baptismal creed teaches [[catechumens]], who are new believers, and is a basic confession of faith. The conciliar creeds are official doctrines of the church as agreed at councils. The earlier creeds are mainly baptismal. The most famous of these early creeds is the [[Apostles' Creed]]. Creeds served an important role in stabilizing the early Christian church. Initially used to teach beliefs to new converts, they soon served other purposes, such as showing the boundaries between real believers and those who adhered to false teachings. Questions were used to prepare believers for baptism. In addition, the creeds guarded against heresy by clearly stating the church's beliefs. The earliest creed is generally considered to be {{bibleverse|1|Cor|15:1-9|NASB}}. Another early statement of Christian faith is "''[[Jesus is Lord]]''", which appears in St [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]'s epistle to the {{bibleverse||Romans|10:9|NASB}}. For [[Trinity|Trinitarians]], the meaning and importance of this creed comes from its affirmation that in Jesus Christ the fullness of the deity of the God [[Yahweh]] of Israel is made incarnate ({{bibleverse||Colossians|2:9|NASB}}), a doctrine thought impossible and, indeed, [[blasphemous]] by the rest of the Jewish community, such as the [[Jewish Christians]]. The name "Lord" ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], "''adonai''") was read for the [[tetragrammaton]] in the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew Scriptures]], and it ([[Greek language|Greek]], "κυριος") was the translation of the [[tetragrammaton]] in the [[Septuagint]]. As Christianity wrestled with the implications of this doctrine, its developing [[theology]] required more complex formulations. Pope Paul VII. has given the last creed [[Sollemni hac liturgia]] on June 30, 1968. === Apostles' Creed === It is likely that the earliest creed of Christianity that deserves the title in full is the [[Apostles Creed]]. [[Christian mythology]] attributes this creed to all [[twelve Apostles]] as a joint composition, and assigns one phrase of the creed to each Apostle. This attribution is unlikely, but the creed itself is quite old; it seems to have developed from a [[catechism]] used in the [[baptism]] of adults, and in that form can be traced as far back as the [[2nd century|second century]] (see [[Old Roman Symbol]]). The Apostles' Creed seems to have been formulated to resist [[Docetism]] and similar ideas associated with [[Gnosticism]]; it emphasizes the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth]], physical [[Death of Jesus|death]], and bodily [[Resurrection of Jesus]] Christ. Although the Apostles' Creed is accepted by most Western churches, it is not used by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. A Roman Catholic translation of this creed reads: :I believe in God, the Father Almighty, :creator of heaven and earth. :I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord. :He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit :and born of the Virgin Mary. :He suffered under Pontius Pilate, :was crucified, died, and was buried. :He descended to the dead. :On the third day He rose again. :He ascended into heaven :and is seated at the right hand of the Father. :He will come again to judge the living and the dead. :I believe in the Holy Spirit, :the Holy Catholic Church, :the communion of Saints, :the forgiveness of sins, :the resurrection of the body, :and the life everlasting. AMEN. ===Nicene Creed=== The [[Nicene Creed]] is clearly derived from the [[Apostles' Creed]], and equally obviously represents an elaboration of its basic themes. The most salient additions to this creed are much more elaborate statements concerning [[Christology]] and the [[Trinity]]. These reflect the concerns of the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325, and have their chief purpose the rejection of [[Arianism]], which the church judged a [[Christian heresy|heresy]]. In the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], and [[Orthodox]] [[liturgy]] the Nicene Creed is repeated during each [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] on Sundays and High Days. The Nicene Creed is the only true "[[Nicene creed|universal creed]]," accepted by almost all mainstream Christian churches of both the Western and Eastern traditions with the sole difference of the [[Filioque]] clause. === A creed as a denial of heresies === In an atmosphere of increasingly complicated theological controversy, orthodox belief might become more complicated in outline. In the decade before 594, [[Gregory of Tours|Gregory, bishop of Tours]] set out to write a ("History of the Franks"). In Gaul, a part of Europe recently beset with both royal [[Arianism|Arians]] and pagans (until the conversion of [[Clovis]]), Gregory prefaced his history with a declaration of his faith, "so that my reader may have no doubt that I am Catholic for they are (Book I.i). The confession is in many phrases, each of which refutes a specific Christian heresy. Thus Gregory's creed presents, in negative, a virtual litany of heresies: :''I believe, then, in [[God the Father]] [[omnipotent]]. I believe in [[Jesus]] [[Christ]] his only Son, our [[Lord]] God, born of the Father, not created. [I believe] that he has always been with the Father, not only since time began but before all time. For the Father could not have been so named unless he had a son; and there could be no son without a father. But as for those who say: "There was a time when he was not", [note: A leading belief of Arian Christology.] I reject them with curses, and call men to witness that they are separated from the church. I believe that the word of the Father by which all things were made was Christ. I believe that this word was made flesh and by its [[suffering]] the world was redeemed, and I believe that humanity, not deity, was subject to the suffering. I believe that he rose again on the third day, that he freed [[sin]]ful man, that he ascended to [[heaven]], that he sits on the right hand of the Father, that he will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe that the [[Holy Spirit]] proceeded from the Father and the Son, that it is not inferior and is not of later origin, but is God, equal and always co­eternal with the Father and the Son, consubstantial in its nature, equal in omnipotence, equally [[eternal]] in its essence, and that it has never existed apart from the Father and the Son and is not inferior to the Father and the Son. I believe that this holy [[Trinity]] exists with separation of persons, and one person is that of the Father, another that the Son, another that of the Holy Spirit. And in this Trinity confess that there is one [[Deity]], one power, one essence. I believe that the blessed [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] was a virgin after the birth as she was a virgin before. I believe that the [[soul]] is immortal but that nevertheless it has no part in deity. And I faithfully believe all things that were established at [[Council of Nicaea|Nicæa]] by the three hundred and eighteen [[bishop]]s. But as to the end of the world I hold beliefs which I learned from our forefathers, that [[Antichrist]] will come first. An Antichrist will first propose circumcision, asserting that he is Christ; next he will place his statue in the [[Temple in Jerusalem|temple at Jerusalem]] to be worshipped, just as we read that the Lord said: "You shall see the [[Abomination (Bible)|abomination]] of desolation standing in the holy place." But the Lord himself declared that that day is hidden from all men, saying; "But of that day and that hour knoweth no one not even the angels in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father alone." Moreover we shall here make answer to the heretics [note: the Arians] who attack us, asserting that the Son is inferior to the Father since he is ignorant of this day. Let them learn then that Son here is the name applied to the Christian people, of whom God says: "I shall be to them a father and they shall be to me for sons." For if he had spoken these words of the only­ begotten Son he would never have given the [[angel]]s first place. For he uses these words: "Not even the angels in heaven nor the Son", showing that he spoke these words not of the only-begotten but of the people of adoption. But our end is Christ himself, who will graciously bestow eternal life on us if we turn to him." ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#book3]'' ===Christians without creeds=== {{main|Free Christian}} Many Christian churches, and particularly those descending from the [[Radical Reformation]], have little use for creeds. [[Unitarianism|Unitarian Christians]] have long rejected creedal tests, recalling how the early creeds were formulated in the fourth century following the union of Church and State under Constantine, and were employed thereafter to persecute Unitarians for deviating from the Trinitarian orthodoxy that the creeds established. [[Michael Servetus]], for example, was burnt at the stake in 1553 for deviating from the Trinitarian doctrines expressed in the Nicene and Athanasian creeds. In England, the Trinitarian creeds produced anti-Unitarian penal statutes that remained on the books until 1813. The Quakers, formally known as the [[Religious Society of Friends]], find no need for creedal formulations of faith. Many evangelical Protestants similarly reject creeds as definitive statements faith, even while agreeing with some creeds' substance. The [[Baptist]]s, for example, have no formal creed and do not empower the church to define one. Even so, they are generally in agreement with the Nicene Creed's substance. <!--I think this is true but can't find verification: The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] claim no creed but the Bible.--> The same may be said of the [[Restoration Movement]] and its descendants, the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]], the [[Churches of Christ]], and the [[Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ]]. Some religious leaders have come to question the utility of creeds. Bishop [[John Shelby Spong]], who in the year 2000 retired as the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] Bishop of Newark, has written that dogmas and creeds were merely "a stage in our development" and "part of our religious childhood." In his book ''Sins of the Scripture'' Spong suggested that "Jesus seemed to understand that no one can finally fit the holy God into his or her creeds or doctrines. That is idolatry." ==Jewish creed== Whether [[Judaism]] is creedal in character has generated some controversy. [[Rabbi]] [[Milton Steinberg]] wrote that "By its nature Judaism is averse to formal creeds which of necessity limit and restrain thought" and asserted in his book ''Basic Judaism'' (1947) that "Judaism has never arrived at a creed." The 1976 Centenary Platform of the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]], an organization of [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jewish]] rabbis agrees that "Judaism emphasizes action rather than creed as the primary expression of a religious life." Others, however, characterize the [[Shema Yisrael]] as creedal statement of faith in strict unitarian [[monotheism]] embodied in a single prayer to be recited twice daily: "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One" ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: שמע ישראל אדני אלהינו אדני אחד; [[Romanization of Hebrew|transliterated]] ''Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad''.) ==Islamic creed== The [[Islam|Islamic]] creed is the [[Shahadah]], the proclamation that "I testify that there is no [[Ilah|god (''ilah'')]] but [[Allah|God (''Allah'')]], and I testify that [[Muhammad]] is the [[Prophets of Islam|messenger of God]]." ==Other creeds== Other notable creeds include the: * [[Athanasian Creed]] * [[Chalcedonian Creed]] * [[Social Creed (Methodist)]] * [[Masai Creed]] * [[Bodhisattva vows]] (Buddhism) * [[International Creed for Peace]] ==See also== * [[American's Creed]] * [[Articles of Faith]] * [[Book of Concord]] * [[Pledge of Allegiance]] * [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] * [[Westminster Confession of Faith]] * [[Assassins Creed]] ==External links== * ''[http://www.creeds.net The Creeds of Christendom]'' - A website linking to many formal Christian declarations of faith. * ''[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html#creeds Creeds and Canons]'' - A Guide to Early Church Documents from Internet Christian Library * [http://www.internationalcreedforpeace.co.uk/ ICP Website International Creed for Peace] ==Further reading== * ''[http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/viewbook.asp?isbn=0300093896 Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition]''. Edited by Jaroslav Pelikan and Valerie Hotchkiss. Published by [[Yale University Press]] in [[2003 in literature|2003]]. [[Category:Aqidah]] [[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]] [[Category:Christian theology]] [[Category:Christian terms]] [[Category:Christian history]] [[ar:عقيدة دينية]] [[gn:Arovia]] [[bg:Верую (Символ на вярата)]] [[cs:Krédo]] [[da:Bekendelsesskrift]] [[de:Glaubensbekenntnis]] [[et:Usutunnistus]] [[es:Credo]] [[eo:Credo]] [[fo:Trúarjáttan]] [[fr:Profession de foi]] [[id:Kredo]] [[ia:Credo]] [[it:Credo religioso]] [[he:אני מאמין (תפילה נוצרית)]] [[la:Symbolum]] [[hu:Hitvallás]] [[nl:Geloofsbelijdenis]] [[ja:信条]] [[no:Trosbekjennelse]] [[nn:Truvedkjenning]] [[pt:Credo]] [[ru:Символ веры]] [[sl:Izpoved vere]] [[fi:Uskontunnustus]] [[sv:Trosbekännelse]] [[zh:信經]]