Crocodile
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2008-07-17T02:57:53Z
Yekrats
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{{otheruses}}
:''For differences between alligators and crocodiles see [[Crocodilia#Differences_between_alligators_and_crocodiles|Crocodilia]]''
{{Taxobox
|
| name = Crocodile
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]] - Recent
| image = NileCrocodile.jpg
| image_caption = [[Nile Crocodile]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]]
| ordo = [[Crocodilia]]
| familia = '''Crocodylidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], [[1807]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
* ''[[Crocodylus]]''
* ''[[Osteolaemus]]''
'''See [[Crocodile#Taxonomy of the Crocodylidae|full taxonomy]].'''
}}
A '''crocodile''' is any [[species]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Crocodylidae''' (sometimes classified instead as the [[subfamily]] '''Crocodylinae'''). The term can also be used more loosely to include all members of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Crocodilia]]: i.e. the true crocodiles, the [[alligator]]s and [[caiman]]s (family [[Alligatoridae]]) and the [[gharial]]s (family [[Gavialidae]]), or even the [[Crocodylomorpha]] which includes prehistoric crocodile relatives and ancestors. Crocodiles are large aquatic [[reptile]]s that live throughout the [[tropics]] in [[Africa]], [[Asia]], the [[Americas]] and [[Australia]]. Crocodiles tend to congregate in freshwater habitats like [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, [[wetland]]s and sometimes in [[brackish]] water. They feed mostly on [[vertebrate]]s like [[fish]], [[reptile]]s, and [[mammal]]s, sometimes on [[invertebrate]]s like [[mollusk]]s and [[crustacean]]s, depending on species. They are an ancient lineage, and are believed to have changed little since the time of the dinosaurs. They are believed to be 200 million years old whereas dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago; crocodiles survived great extinction events.<ref name=ausfauna>Grigg, Gordon and Gans, Carl (1993) Morphology And Physiology Of The Crocodylia, in Fauna of Australia Vol 2A Amphibia and Reptilia, chapter 40, pages 326-336. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. [http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002011/02/croc.pdf PDF]</ref>
==Description==
[[Image:Crocodilelyd5.png|thumb||Crocodiles, like dinosaurs, have the abdominal ribs modified into ''[[Gastralium|gastralia]]'']]
Crocodiles are among the more biologically complex reptiles despite their prehistoric look. Unlike other reptiles, they have a [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]], [[cerebral cortex]] and four-chambered [[heart]]. Their external morphology on the other hand is a sign of their aquatic and predatory lifestyle. A crocodile’s physical traits allow it to be a successful [[predator]]. They have a streamlined body that enables them to swim swiftly. Crocodiles also tuck their feet to their sides while swimming, which makes them faster by decreasing water resistance. They have webbed feet which, although not used to propel the animal through the water, allow it to make fast turns and sudden moves in the water or initiate swimming. Webbed feet are an advantage in shallower water where the animals sometimes move around by walking.
Crocodiles have a palatal flap, a rigid tissue at the back of the mouth that blocks the entry of water. The palate has a special path from the nostril to the glottis that bypasses the mouth. The nostrils are closed during submergence. Like other [[archosaur]]s, crocodilians are [[diapsid]], although their post-temporal fenestrae are reduced. The walls of the braincase are bony but they lack supratemporal and postfrontal bones.<ref name=ausfauna/>
Crocodilian scales have pores that are believed to be sensory, analagous to the [[lateral line]] in fishes. They are particularly seen on their upper and lower jaws. Another possibility is that they are secretory, as they produce an oily substance that appears to flush mud off.<ref name=ausfauna/>
Crocodiles are very fast over short distances, even out of water. They have extremely powerful jaws capable of biting down with immense force, by far the strongest bite of any animal. The crocodile's bite force is more than 5,000 pounds per square inch,<ref>National Geographic documentary; "Bite Force", Brady Barr.</ref> compared to just 335 psi for a [[rottweiler]], 400 psi for a large [[great white shark]], or 800 to 1,000 psi for a [[hyena]]. They have sharp teeth for tearing and holding onto flesh, but cannot open their mouth if it is held closed. Since crocodiles feed by grabbing and holding onto their prey, they have evolved powerful muscles that close the jaws and hold them shut. The jaws are opened, however, by a very weak set of muscles. Crocodiles can thus be subdued for study or transport by [[duct tape|taping]] their jaws or holding their jaws shut with large [[rubber band]]s cut from automobile [[tire|inner tube]]s. All crocodiles have sharp and powerful claws. They have limited lateral movement in their neck, so on land, physical protection can be found by just getting even a small tree between the crocodile's jaws and oneself.
===Age===
There is no reliable way of measuring crocodile age, although several techniques are used to derive a reasonable guess. The most common method is to measure lamellar growth rings in bones and teeth - each ring corresponds to a change in growth rate which typically occurs once a year between dry and wet seasons.<ref>Britton Adam. [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/cbd-faq-q3.htm Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. "How long do crocodiles live for?"]. Retrieved 9/11/2006.</ref> Bearing these inaccuracies in mind, the oldest crocodilians appear to be the largest species. ''C. porosus'' is estimated to live around 70 years on average, and there is limited evidence that some individuals may exceed 100 years. One of the oldest crocodiles recorded died in a zoo in Russia. A male freshwater crocodile at the [[Australia Zoo]] is estimated to be 130 years old. He was rescued from the wild by [[Bob Irwin]] and [[Steve Irwin]] after being shot twice by hunters. As a result of the shootings, this crocodile (known affectionately as "Mr. Freshy") has lost his right eye.<ref>[http://www.australiazoo.com.au/our-animals/amazing-animals/reptiles/?reptile=crocodilians&animal=freshwater_crocodile#Mr%20Freshy profile of Mr Freshy at Australia Zoo website], accessed [[1 February]] [[2007]]</ref>
===Size===
[[Image:LargeCroc.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Large [[Saltwater Crocodile]] in captivity in Australia]]
Size greatly varies between species, from the [[dwarf crocodile]] to the enormous [[saltwater crocodile]]. Species of ''Palaeosuchus'' and ''Osteolaemus'' grow to an adult size of just 1 to 1.5 m. Larger species can reach over 5m (16 ft) long and weigh well over 1200 kg (2,640 lb). Crocodilians show pronounced sexual dimorphism with males growing much larger and more rapidly than females.<ref name=ausfauna/> Despite their large adult size, crocodiles start their life at around 20 cm (8 inches) long. The largest species of crocodile is the [[saltwater crocodile]], found in northern Australia and throughout [[south-east Asia]].
The largest recorded crocodile is a giant saltwater crocodile measured at 8.6 meters (28.2 feet) and 1352 kg weight (2870 lb) shot in [[Australia]], [[Queensland]] in 1957 A "replica" of this crocodile has been made as a tourist attraction.<ref>[http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/saltwater-crocodile.html?nav=A-Z Saltwater Crocodile, Saltwater Crocodile Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The largest living crocodile known is a 7.1 m (25.3 ft) long [[saltwater crocodile]], in [[Orissa]], India. It lives in [[Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary]] and in June 2006, was entered in the Guinness Book of World Records.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-06-16T161028Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-255100-1.xml|
title=Orissa crocodile recognised as world's largest|
publisher=Reuters|
date=[[2006-06-16]]|
accessdate = 2006-06-18}} </ref>
The other two larger certifiable records are both of 6.2 m crocodiles. The first crocodile was shot in the [[Mary River (Northern Territory)|Mary River]] in the [[Northern Territory]] of [[Australia]] in 1974 by poachers and measured by wildlife rangers. The second crocodile was killed in 1983 in the [[Fly River]], [[Papua New Guinea]]. In this latter crocodile it was actually the skin that was measured by zoologist Jerome Montague, and as skins are known to underestimate the size of the actual animal, it is possible this crocodile was at least another 10 cm longer.
[[Image:Sweetheart.gif|thumb|left|250px|Sweetheart, a large saltwater crocodile that attacked boats]]
The largest crocodile ever held in captivity is an Estuarine/Siamese hybrid named Yai ([[Thai language|Thai]]: ใหญ่, meaning ''big'') (born [[10 June]], 1972) at the famous [[Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo]], [[Thailand]]. This animal measures 6 m (19 feet) in length and weighs 1,114.27 kg (2,450 lb.).
Another huge captive specimen was a [[salt water crocodile]] named [[Gomek]]. Gomek was captured by George Craig in Papua New Guinea and sold to St. Augustine Alligator Farm in [[Florida]], [[USA]]. Gomek died of heart disease in February 1997. When he died, he was 5.5 m long - as confirmed by St. Augustine Alligator Farm - and probably between 70 and 80 years old.
Yet another enormous crocodile, named [[Gustave (crocodile)|Gustave]] by the Africans who have seen him, is responsible for over 300 human deaths, and allegedly ate an entire hippopotamus. He also stars in a film, titled [[Primeval.]] The crocodile's length is said to be anywhere between 20-30 feet long. He lives along the [[Ruzizi River]] in Africa.
Wildlife experts, however, argue that the largest crocodile so far found in the Bhitarkanika was almost 25 feet (7.62 m) long, which could be traced from the skull preserved by the Kanika Royal Family. The crocodile was shot near Dhamara in 1926 and later its skull was preserved by the then Kanika King. Crocodile experts estimate the animal at about 7.62 m long since the size of the skull was measured one seventh of the total length of the body.
[[Image:20050527-005-teodoro-crop.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of Saint [[Theodore of Amasea]] treading on a crocodile ([[Venice]], [[Italy]])]]
===Etymology===
The English word crocodile comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] κροκόδīλος (''krokódīlos'') "lizard", used in the phrase ''ho krokódīlos ho potámios'', "the lizard of the [Nile] river"[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/resolveform?lookup=krokodeilos&type=begin&lang=greek&searchText=&options=Sort+Results+Alphabetically&.submit=Submit&formentry=1&lang=greek] to refer to crocodiles in the current English sense.
There are several variant Greek forms of the word attested, including the later form κροκόδειλος (''krokódeilos'')[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/resolveform?lookup=krokodeilos&type=begin&lang=greek&searchText=&options=Sort+Results+Alphabetically&.submit=Submit&formentry=1&lang=greek] found cited in many English reference works[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crocodile]. In the [[Koine Greek]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, ''krokódīlos'' and ''krokódeilos'' would have been pronounced identically, and either or both may be the source of the [[Classical Latin|Latinized]] form ''crocodīlus'' used by the ancient [[Ancient Rome|Romans]].
''Krokódīlos/krokódeilos'' itself is described in reference sources as a corruption of ''krokē'' ("pebbly"), and ''drīlos/dreilos'' supposedly meaning "worm" although attested only as "(man with circumcized) penis"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crocodile]. It is unclear how well supported this analysis is. The meaning of ''krokē'' is explained as describing the skin texture of lizards (or crocodiles) in most sources, but is alternately claimed to refer to a supposed habit of (lizards or crocodiles) basking on pebbly ground[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=crocodile&searchmode=none].
The form ''crocodrillus'' is attested in [[Medieval Latin]][http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crocodile]. It is not clear whether this is a medieval corruption or derives from alternate Greco-Latin forms (late Greek ''korkodrillos'' and ''korkodrillion'' are attested[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/resolveform?lookup=krokodeilos&type=begin&lang=greek&searchText=&options=Sort+Results+Alphabetically&.submit=Submit&formentry=1&lang=greek]).
A (further) corrupted form ''cocodrille'' is found in [[Old French]] and was borrowed into [[Middle English]] as ''cocodril(le)''. The [[Modern English]] form crocodile was adapted directly from the Classical Latin ''crocodīlus'' in the 16th Century, replacing the earlier form.
The use of -y- in the scientific name ''[[Crocodylus]]'' (and forms derived from it) is a corruption introduced by [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]] (1768).
==Biology and behaviour==
Crocodiles are ambush hunters, waiting for fish or land animals to come close, then rushing out to attack. As cold-blooded predators, they are [[lethargic]], therefore survive long periods without food, and rarely need to actively go hunting. Despite their slow appearance, crocodiles are top predators in their environment, and various species have been observed attacking and killing [[shark]]s.<ref>[http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/saltwater-crocodile.html?nav=A-Z Saltwater Crocodile, Saltwater Crocodile Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A famous exception is the [[Egyptian Plover]] which is said to enjoy a [[symbiotic]] relationship with the crocodile. According to unauthenticated reports, the plover feeds on parasites that infest the crocodile's mouth and the reptile will open its jaws and allow the bird to enter to clean out the mouth (Richford and Mead 2003).
Many large crocodilians swallow stones (called gastroliths or stomach stones) and they are believed to be of use in acting as ballast to balance their body. Other suggestions have been made that they may have a function similar to that of grit in birds, which is in crushing food.<ref name=ausfauna/>
Salt glands are present in the tongues of most crocodylids and they have a pore opening on the surface of the tongue. They appear to be similar to those in marine turtles, however these seem to be absent in Alligatoridae.<ref name=ausfauna/>
Crocodilians can produce sounds during distress and in aggressive displays. They can also hear well and the tympanic membranes are concealed by flat flaps that may be raised or lowered by muscles.<ref name=ausfauna/>
[[Image:IMG 0428-Mexico.JPG|thumb|Crocodile farm in [[Mexico]]]]
Crocodiles eat fish, birds, mammals and occasionally smaller crocodiles.
Crocodiles are protected in many parts of the world, but they also are farmed commercially. Their hide is tanned and used to make leather goods such as shoes and [[handbag]]s, whilst crocodile meat is also considered a delicacy. The most commonly farmed species are the Saltwater and Nile crocodiles, while a hybrid of the Saltwater and the rare [[Siamese]] crocodile is also bred in Asian farms. Farming has resulted in an increase in the Saltwater crocodile population in [[Australia]], as eggs are usually harvested from the wild, so landowners have an incentive to conserve crocodile habitat.
Crocodiles are more closely related to birds and dinosaurs than to most animals classified as reptiles, the three being included in the group [[Archosauria]] ('ruling reptiles'). See [[Crocodilia]] for more information.
Crocodile embryos do not have sex chromosomes, and unlike humans sex is not determined genetically. Sex is determined by temperature, with males produced at around 31.6 degrees celsius, and females produced at slightly lower and higher temperatures. The average incubation period is around 80 days, and also is dependent upon temperature.<ref>Britton, Adam. [http://www.kingsnake.com/oz/crocs/porosus.htm Estuarine Crocodile: Crocodylus porosus]. ''Crocodilians: Natural History Conservation: Crocodiles, Caimans, Alligators, Gharials.'' Retrieved 4 January 2007.</ref>
It has been observed that crocodiles may possess a form of [[homing instinct]]. Three rogue saltwater crocodiles were relocated 400 kilometres by [[helicopter]] in northern [[Australia]] but had returned to their original locations within three weeks, based on data obtained from tracking devices attached to the reptiles.<ref>Read MA, Grigg GC, Irwin SR, Shanahan D, Franklin CE (2007) Satellite Tracking Reveals Long Distance Coastal Travel and Homing by Translocated Estuarine Crocodiles, ''Crocodylus porosus''. PLoS ONE 2(9): e949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000949</ref>
The [[land speed]] record for a crocodile is 17 km/m (11 mph) measured in a galloping [[Freshwater crocodile|Australian freshwater crocodile]]. <ref>{{cite web
| last = Britton
| first = Adam
| title = Crocodilian Biology Database FAQ, "How fast can a crocodile run?"
| url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/cbd-faq-q4.htm
| accessdate = 2008-02-02 }}
</ref> Maximum speed varies from species to species. Certain types of crocodiles can indeed gallop, including Cuban crocodiles, New Guinea crocodiles, [[Dwarf crocodile|African dwarf crocodiles]] and even smaller [[Nile crocodiles]]. For most species, the fastest they can move is a kind of "belly run", where the body moves in a snake-like fashion, limbs splayed out to either side paddling away frantically while the tail whips to and fro. Crocodiles can reach speeds of 10 or 11 km/h (around 7 mph) when they "belly run", and often faster if they're slipping down muddy tidal riverbanks. Another form of locomotion is the "high walk" where the body is raised clear off the ground. It is possible for a human to outrun a crocodile; the best way to do so is to run in a straight line rather than zig-zagging back and forth.
[[Image:Siamese Crocodile.jpg|thumb|[[Siamese Crocodile]] sleeping with its mouth open to pant.]]
Crocodiles do not have sweat glands, so they release heat through their mouths. Consequently, they often sleep with their mouth open and may even pant like a dog.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Anitai
| first = Stefan
| title = 14 Amazing Facts About Crocodiles - Living dinosaurs
| url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/14-Amazing-Facts-About-Crocodiles-69931.shtml
| publisher= Softpedia
| accessdate = 2008-04-01}}</ref>
===Danger to humans===
{{citations_needed|section|date=June 2008}}
{{Main|Crocodile attacks}}
The larger [[species]] of crocodiles are very dangerous to humans. The main danger that crocodiles pose is not their ability to run after a person but their ability to strike before the person can react. The [[Saltwater Crocodile|Saltwater]] and [[Nile Crocodile]]s are the most dangerous, killing hundreds of people each year in parts of [[south-east Asia]] and [[Africa]]. [[Mugger crocodile]]s and possibly the endangered [[Black Caiman]], are also very dangerous to humans. [[American Alligator|American alligator]]s are less aggressive and rarely assault humans without provocation. The most deaths in a single crocodile attack incident may have occurred during the [[Battle of Ramree Island]], on February 19, 1945, in [[Burma]]. Nine hundred soldiers of an [[Imperial Japanese Army]] unit, in an attempt to retreat from the [[Royal Navy]] and rejoin a larger battalion of the Japanese [[infantry]], crossed through ten miles of [[mangrove swamp]]s which contained Saltwater Crocodiles. Twenty Japanese soldiers were captured alive by the [[United Kingdom|British]], and almost five hundred are known to have escaped Ramree. Many of the remainder may have been eaten by the crocodiles, although gunfire from the British troops was undoubtedly a contributory factor.
== Taxonomy of the Crocodylidae ==
[[Image:Crocfarm.jpg|thumb|right|Crocodile farming in [[Australia]].]]
[[Image:Crocadiles.jpg|right|thumb|right|A bask of crocodiles]]
[[Image:Crocodylus acutus mexico 01.jpg|right|thumb|right|American Crocodile at [[La Manzanilla, Jalisco, Mexico]]]]
Most species are grouped into the [[genus]] ''Crocodylus''. The other [[extant taxon|extant]] genus, ''[[Osteolaemus]]'', is [[monotypic]] (as is ''[[Mecistops]]'', if recognized).
* Family Crocodylidae
** '''Subfamily [[Mekosuchine crocodiles|Mekosuchinae]]''' (extinct)
** '''Subfamily Crocodylinae'''
*** Genus ''[[Crocodylus]]''
**** ''[[Crocodylus acutus]] '', [[American Crocodile]]
**** ''[[Crocodylus cataphractus]]'', [[Slender-snouted Crocodile]] (studies in [[DNA]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] suggest that this species may be more [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] than ''[[Crocodylus]]'', and therefore belongs in its own genus, ''[[Mecistops]]'')<ref>McAliley, Willis, Ray, White, Brochu & Densmore (2006). ''Are crocodiles really monophyletic?—Evidence for subdivisions from sequence and morphological data.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 16-32.</ref>
**** ''[[Crocodylus intermedius]] '', [[Orinoco Crocodile]]
**** ''[[Crocodylus johnsoni]]'', [[Freshwater Crocodile]]
**** ''[[Crocodylus mindorensis]]'', [[Philippine Crocodile]]
**** ''[[Crocodylus moreletii]] '', [[Morelet's Crocodile]] or Mexican Crocodile
**** ''[[Crocodylus niloticus]]'', [[Nile Crocodile]] or African Crocodile (the subspecies found in Madagascar is sometimes called the [[Black Crocodile]])
**** ''[[Crocodylus novaeguineae]]'', [[New Guinea Crocodile]]
**** ''[[Crocodylus palustris]]'', [[Mugger Crocodile]], Marsh Crocodile, or Indian Crocodile
**** ''[[Crocodylus porosus]] '', [[Saltwater Crocodile]] or Estuarine Crocodile
**** ''[[Crocodylus rhombifer]] '', [[Cuban Crocodile]]
**** ''[[Crocodylus siamensis]]'', [[Siamese Crocodile]]
*** Genus ''[[Osteolaemus]]''
**** ''[[Osteolaemus tetraspis]]'', [[Dwarf Crocodile]] (there has been controversy whether or not this is actually two species; current thinking is that there is one species with 2 subspecies: ''O. tetraspis tetraspis'' & ''O. t. osborni'')
*** Genus ''†[[Euthecodon]]''
*** Genus ''†[[Rimasuchus]]'' (formerly ''Crocodylus lloydi'')
*** Genus ''†[[Asiatosuchus]]''
Some of the extinct relatives of true crocodiles, members of the larger group [[Crocodylomorpha]], were herbivorous.
==Crocodile products==
[[Image:Crocrodile wallets.jpg|thumb|right|Crocodile leather wallets from Bangkok Crocodile Farm]]
Crocodile leather can be made into goods such as wallets, briefcases, purses, handbags, belts, hats, and shoes.
Crocodile is consumed in some countries, such as Australia, Ethiopia, Thailand, South Africa and also Cuba (in pickled form); it can also be found in specialty restaurants in some parts of the United States. The meat is white and its nutritional composition compares favourably with that of other meats. It tends to have a slightly higher cholesterol level than other meats. Crocodile meat has a delicate flavour; some describe it as a cross between chicken and crab. Crocodile meat can be complemented by the use of marinades. Cuts of meat include backstrap and tail fillet.
Crocodile oil has been used for centuries as a natural healing skin balm.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Iskandar, DT (2000). ''Turtles and Crocodiles of Insular Southeast Asia and New Guinea''. ITB, Bandung.
* Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. "How long do crocodiles live for?" Adam Britton. [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/cbd-faq-q3.htm]
* Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. "How fast can a crocodile run?" Adam Britton. [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/cbd-faq-q4.htm]
* {{cite book | author = Richford, Andrew S., and Christopher J. Mead | year = 2003 | title = Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds | chapter = Pratincoles and Coursers | editor = [[Christopher Perrins]] (Ed.) | pages = 252–253 | publisher = Firefly Books | id = ISBN 1-55297-777-3}}
== See also ==
{{Wikispecies|Crocodilia}}
{{commons|Crocodilia}}
{{Wikiversity}}
*[[Crocodile attacks]]
*[[crocodile exoskeleton]]
*[[Mekosuchine crocodiles]]
*[[Crocodiles in sewers]]
*[[The Crocodile Hunter]]
*[[Steve Irwin]]
*[[Gustave (crocodile)]]
*[[crocodillin]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.crocodilian.com/ Crocodilian Online]
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/cbd.html/ Crocodilian Biology Database]
* [http://www.nit.com.au/travel/story.aspx?id=3696 Crocodile Attacks in Australia]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/680840.stm BBC news finds powerful agent in crocodile blood]
{{Crocs}}
[[Category:Crocodiles]]
[[Category:Crocodylidae]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Africa]]
[[Category:Reptiles of North America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of South America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Australia]]
[[ar:تمساح]]
[[id:Buaya]]
[[ms:Buaya]]
[[su:Buhaya]]
[[bg:Крокодилови]]
[[ca:Cocodril]]
[[da:Krokodille]]
[[de:Echte Krokodile]]
[[el:Κροκόδειλος]]
[[es:Crocodylidae]]
[[eo:Krokodilo]]
[[fr:Crocodylidae]]
[[hak:Ngo̍k-ǹg]]
[[ko:크로커다일과]]
[[hr:Pravi krokodili]]
[[io:Krokodilo]]
[[he:תניניים]]
[[kk:Қолтырауын]]
[[ht:Krokodil]]
[[ku:Neheng]]
[[la:Crocodylidae]]
[[lt:Tikrieji krokodilai]]
[[hu:Krokodilfélék]]
[[nl:Krokodillen]]
[[ja:クロコダイル科]]
[[nn:Krokodille]]
[[pl:Krokodylowate]]
[[pt:Crocodilo]]
[[ro:Crocodil]]
[[ru:Настоящие крокодилы]]
[[simple:Crocodile]]
[[sk:Krokodílovité]]
[[fi:Krokotiilit]]
[[sv:Krokodiler]]
[[tl:Buwaya]]
[[ta:முதலை]]
[[th:จระเข้]]
[[vi:Họ Cá sấu đích thực]]
[[tr:Timsahgiller]]
[[uk:Крокодилові]]
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