Cross 7303 224812355 2008-07-10T15:03:45Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other {{otheruses}} [[Image:Christian cross.svg|thumb|150px|The cross of this ratio is known as the [[Latin]] cross or ''crux ordinaria'' and, representng the martyrdom of [[Jesus Christ]], is the most common symbol of [[Christianity]].]] <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:MillenniumCrossMacedonia.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Millenium Cross]] in [[Skopje]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], the largest cross in the world.]] --> [[Image:Raffi kojian-goshavank-IMG 0454.JPG|thumb|150px|right|A famous [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] [[khachkar]] at [[Goshavank]].]] A ''' cross''' is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other, dividing one or two of the lines in half. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally; if they run diagonally, the design is technically termed a [[saltire]]. The cross is one of the most ancient human symbols, and is used by many religions, most notably [[Christianity]]. It is frequently a representation of the division of the world into [[classical element|four elements]] (Chevalier, 1997) (or [[cardinal directions|cardinal points]]), or alternately as the union of the concepts of [[divinity]], the vertical line, and the [[world]], the horizontal line (Koch, 1955). ==Etymology== The word ''[[:wikt:cross|cross]]'' was introduced to English in the 10th century as the term for the instrument of the torturous execution of Christ (gradually replacing the earlier word ''[[rood]]''), ultimately from [[Latin]] ''[[:wikt:crux|crux]]'', via [[Old Irish]] ''cros''. The word can nowadays refer to the geometrical shape unrelated to its Christian significance. The Latin ''Crux'' (translating Greek ''stauros'') was a Roman torture device used for [[crucifixion]]. ==History== It is not known when the first cross image was made; after circles, crosses are one of the first symbols drawn by children of all cultures. There are many cross-shaped [[Petroglyph|incisions]] in European cult caves, dating back to the earliest stages of human cultural development in the [[stone age]]. Like other symbols from this period, their use continued in the [[Celt]]ic and [[Germanic]] cultures in Europe. For example, celtic coins minted many centuries before the Christian era may have an entire side showing this type of cross, sometimes with the five cardinal points marked by concave depressions in the same style as in stoneage carvings. Other coins may be showing the cross held by a rider on a horse and springing forth a fern leaf, sometimes identified as a [[Tree of life|Tree of Life]] symbol. == As markings == Written crosses are used for many different purposes, particularly in mathematics. * The [[Roman numeral]] for [[10 (number)|ten]] is [[X]]. * In the [[Latin alphabet]], the letter [[X]] and the minuscule form of [[t]] are crosses. * The Chinese character for ten is [[wikt:十|十]]; (see [[Chinese numerals]]). * The [[dagger (typography)|dagger]] or ''obelus'' (†) * The [[addition]] (or ''plus'') sign (+) and the [[multiplication]] (or ''times'') sign (&times;). A cross is often used as a [[check mark]] because it can be clearer, easier to create with an ordinary pen or pencil, and less obscuring of the text or image that is already present than a large dot. It also allows marking a position more accurately than a large dot. A large cross through a text often means that it is wrong or should be considered deleted. == As emblems and symbols ==<!-- Several links redirect here --> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Cross Name !! Description !! Picture |- | | '''[[Christian cross]]''' | Also known as the '''Latin cross''' or '''''crux ordinaria'''''. It is the most common symbol of [[Christianity]], intended to represent the death of [[Jesus]] when he was [[crucifixion|crucified]] on the [[True Cross]] and his resurrection in the [[New Testament]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Christian cross.svg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Ankh]]''' | Also known as the '''Key of the Nile''', the '''Looped Tau Cross''', and the '''Ansated Cross'''. It was an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian symbol of [[life]] and fertility. Sometimes given a Latin name if it appears in specifically Christian contexts, such as the '''''crux ansata''''' ("handled cross"). |align="center"|[[Image:Ankh.svg|75px]] |- | | '''Coptic ankh''' | The [[Coptic ankh]] is the Ankh related pre Original [[Coptic cross]] of the early [[Gnostic]] Christians in Egypt. |align="center"|[[Image:Copticankh.jpg|85px]] |- | | '''Original Coptic Cross''' | The original [[Coptic cross]] used by early Gnostic Christians in Egypt. |align="center"|[[Image:Original Coptic cross.svg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Sun cross]]''' | Also known as the '''Sunwheel''', '''solar cross''' or '''Odin's cross''', because [[Odin]]'s symbol in [[Norse mythology]] was a cross in a circle. Used throughout [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] culture to represent the great [[Medicine wheel|Medicine Wheel]] of life. It's also the symbol used by the [[Gnosticism|Gnostic Movements]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Simple crossed circle.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[High cross]]''' | Free-standing [[Celtic cross]]es commonly found in [[Ireland]] and to a lesser extent in [[Great Britain]], very common in churches and graveyards. |align="center"|[[Image:Ccross.svg|85px]] |- | | '''Coptic Cross''' | A small circle from which emanate four arms of equal length, with angled T shapes in the corner, cross-pieces outward, representing the nails used in Jesus' crucifixion. This cross receives its name from [[Coptic Christianity]], which centered around Alexandria, Egypt. |align="center"|[[Image:Coptic-Cross.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Canterbury cross''' | Used in the [[Anglican]] Churches. It has four arms of equal length, each widening at the outer end in a hammer shape so that their rims form a near circle. Each arm bears a triangular panel incised with a [[triquetra]] symbolizing the [[Trinity]]. In the center of the cross is a small square. The Anglo-Saxon original, as a [[brooch]], dates from c. 850 A.D. and was excavated in 1867 in [[Canterbury]], England. A stone replica can be found in Canterbury Cathedral and in many other Anglican cathedrals around the world. [http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/canterbury.html] |align="center"|[[Image:Cantercross.jpg|120px]] |- | | '''Greek cross''' | Used especially by [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] and [[Early Christianity]] Also known as the '''''crux immissa quadrata'''''. Has all arms of equal length. Often the arms curve wider as they go out. |align="center"|[[Image:Greek cross.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Eastern cross]]''' | Used in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. The top line is said to represent the headboard, and the bottom, slanted line represents the footrest, wrenched loose by Jesus' writhing in intense agony. It is raised to the left side, because that was the side of the righteous criminal who said to Jesus: "remember me when you come into your kingdom". This symbolises the victory of good over evil. The letters IC XC found at the end of the main arm of most Eastern Orthodox Crosses are a [[Christogram]], representing the name of Jesus Christ. |align="center"|[[Image:Slavcross.png|85px]] |- | | '''[[St. Brigid's Cross]]''' | This cross is found throughout Ireland. It is told that the cross was made by Brigid, daughter of a Pagan King from reeds to be used as an instrument of conversion. However, Brigid's name is derived from Brigit (also spelled Brigid, Brìghde, Brìde, and Bríde), a Celtic Goddess of fire, poetry, and smithcraft, and today the cross is used to protect houses from fire. This is an example of the integration of religious traditions. The cross itself derives from the Indo-European [[Swastika]], or [[sun cross|Solar Wheel]] |align="center"|[[Image:St Brigid.png|120px]] |- | | '''[[Labarum]]''' | [[Constantine I]]'s Labarum is also known as a ''Chrismon'', ''Chi-Rho'' (from the two [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]] that make it up) or [[Christogram|monogram of the first two letters of the name Christ]]. Several other forms of Chrismons exist. |align="center"|[[Image:Labarum.png|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross of Lorraine|Lorraine Cross]]''' | Used in [[heraldry]]. It is similar to a [[patriarchal cross]], but usually has one bar near the bottom and one near the top, rather than having both near the top. Is part of the heraldic arms of Lorraine in eastern France. It was originally held to be a symbol of [[Joan of Arc]], renowned for her perseverance against foreign invaders of France. |align="center"|[[Image:Croix de Lorraine.png|75px]] |- | | '''[[Marian Cross]]''' | Etched on the casket of [[Pope John Paul II]], the Marian Cross is a [[Catholic]] adaptation of the traditional Latin cross to emphasize Catholic devotion to [[Virgin Mary|Mary]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Marian Cross.jpg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Nordic Cross]]''' | Used in [[vexillology|flags]] descended from the [[Flag of Denmark|Dannebrog]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Occitan cross]]''' | Based on the counts of [[Toulouse]]'s traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of [[Occitania]] as a whole. |align="center"|[[Image:Cathar cross.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Papal Cross]]''' | The three cross-bars represent the Pope's triple role as Bishop of Rome, Patriarch of the West, and successor of St. Peter, Chief of the Apostles. |align="center"|[[Image:PopesCross.svg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Patriarchal cross]]''' | Similar to a traditional Christian cross, but with an additional, smaller crossbar above the main one meant to represent all the Orthodox Christian Archbishops and Patriarchs. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, this cross is sometimes seen with an additional, slanted bar near the foot of the cross (see Byzantine Cross). This cross is similar to the Lorraine Cross and the Caravaca Cross. |align="center"|[[Image:Patriarchal cross.svg|75px]] |- | | '''Presbyterian Cross''' |Used by [[Presbyterian]] denominations. |align="center"|[[Image:USVA headstone emb-04.svg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Red Cross (symbol)|Red Cross]]''' | Used as a symbol for medical care in most of the world, the [[Red Crescent (symbol)|Red Crescent]] being used in Islamic countries and the [[Magen David Adom]] in [[Israel]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross of Sacrifice]]''' | A Latin cross with a superimposed sword, blade down. It is a symbol used by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] at the site of many war memorials. |align="center"|[[Image:A Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross.jpg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Flag of Georgia (country)|Royal Flag of Georgia]]''' | Used in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] as national flag, first used by [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] King [[Vakhtang Gorgasali]] in the 5th century and later adopted by Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] in the 13th century. The flag depicts a Jerusalem cross, adopted during the reign of [[George V of Georgia]] who drove out the [[Mongols]] from Georgia in 1334. |align="center"|[[Image:Flag of Georgia.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Grapevine cross|St. Nino's Cross]]''' | Also known as a "[[Grapevine cross]]" and traditionally ascribed to [[Saint Nino]], the 4th-century female baptizer of the Georgians, it is used as a symbol of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]. |align="center"|[[Image:SaintNinoCross.jpg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Nasrani Menorah|St. Thomas Cross]]''' | Also known as a "[[Mar Thoma Cross]]" and traditionally ascribed to [[Saint Thomas]],the Apostole of India, it is used as a symbol of the [[Syro Malabar Catholic Church]] and venerated by all [[Saint Thomas Christians]] denominations. |align="center"|[[Image:Nasrani menorah.JPG|100px]] |- | | '''[[Saint Andrew's Cross]]''' | Used in [[Scotland]]'s national flag and the naval ensign of the [[Russian Navy]], it is also called the '''[[Saltire]]''', the '''Boundary Cross''' (because it was used by the Romans as a barrier) and the '''''crux decussata'''''. [[Saint Andrew]] is believed to have suffered a martyr's death on such a cross, hence its name. The cross does not have to be at this particular angle to qualify as a saltire; the symbol [[X]] can also be considered a St. Andrew's Cross. |align="center"|[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[St George's Cross]]''' | Used in [[England]]'s national flag. |align="center"|[[Image:Flag of England.svg|120px]] |- |- | | '''[[Saint Patrick's Cross]]''' | A [[flag of Ireland]] which features in the [[flag of the United Kingdom]]. |align="center"|[[Image:St Patrick's saltire3.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross of St. Peter|Saint Peter's Cross]]/Inverted Cross''' | An upside-down Latin cross, based on a tradition that holds that [[Saint Peter]] was martyred by being crucified upside-down. Today it is often associated with anti-Christian or [[Satanism|Satanic]] groups. |align="center"|[[Image:Peter's Cross.svg|75px]] |- | | '''[[Skull and crossbones]]''' | Not a cross as such, but a saltire made of bones, with an overlaid skull. While traditionally associated with [[pirate]]s, it was actually relatively rarely used by them, each ship having its own design, often involving an [[hourglass]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Skull and crossbones.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross of Tau|Tau Cross]]''' | Also known as '''[[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony]]'s Cross''', the '''Egyptian Cross''' and the '''''crux commissa'''''. It is shaped like the letter [[T]]. [[Francis of Assisi]] used it as his signature. |align="center"|[[Image:Te cross.svg|75px]] |- | | '''Thieves' Cross''' | Also known as the '''Furka Cross'''. The [[fork]], shaped like the letter [[Y]]. [http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/forked.html] | <!--no picture yet available--> |- | | '''Mariner's Cross''' | The '''Mariner's Cross''' is a stylized cross in the shape of an [[anchor]]. The [[Mariner's Cross]] is also referred to as ''[[Pope Clement I|St. Clement's Cross]]'' in reference to the way he was martyred. |align="center"|[[Image:Mariner's Cross.svg|75px]] |- | |[[Order of Christ Cross]] | Cross originally used by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Order of Christ]]. Since then it has become a symbol of [[Portugal]], used on the sails of the [[carracks]] during the [[History of Portugal (1419-1499)|Discoveries]] [[Era]], and currently by the [[Portuguese Air Force]]. |align="center"|[[Image:OrderOfCristCross.svg|120px]] |- | |Extreme-right variant of the [[Celtic Cross]] | Some [[white nationalist]] and [[neo-fascist]] groups adopted this variation of the [[Celtic cross]], made up of simple lines, without any of the ornamental complexity of traditional Celtic crosses. It is thought that this basic variation's minor resemblance to the [[swastika]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}} is the reason it has become popular in such circles. |align="center"|[[Image:Celtic-style crossed circle.svg|120px]] |- |} ==In heraldry==<!-- Several links redirect here --> These crosses are ones used primarily or exclusively in [[heraldry]] and do not necessarily have any special meanings commonly associated with them. Not all the crosses of heraldry and the crosses with commonly known contexts are listed below. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Cross name !! Description !! Picture |- | | The cross as '''heraldic "ordinary"''' | A simple [[Heraldry|heraldic]] cross (the default if there are no additional specifying words) has arms of roughly equal length, artistically proportioned to the particular shape of the shield, which extend to the edges of the shield. Illustrated is the [[blazon]] "Azure, a cross Or" (i.e. a gold cross on a blue shield). A cross which does not extend to the edges of the shield is ''humetty'', in heraldic terminology. |align="center"|[[Image:Azure-Cross-Or-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Anchored cross|Cross anchry]]''' | A stylized cross in the shape of an anchor. Also known as the '''anchored cross''' or '''mariner's cross'''. |align="center"|[[Image:Mariner's Cross.svg|80px]] |- | | '''[[Cross barbée]]''' | Also known as the '''cross barby''' or '''arrow cross''', this symbol consists of two double-ended arrows in a cross configuration. Best known today for its use by the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross Party]] in the 1930s, the symbol actually dates to ancient times and was used by [[Hungary|Hungarian]] tribes in the [[Middle Ages]]. In [[Christian]] use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears. This alludes to the [[Ichthys]] symbol of [[Christ]], and is suggestive of the "fishers of men" theme in the [[Gospel]]. |align="center"|[[Image:ArrowCross.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross bottony''' | A cross with the ends of the arms [[bottony]] (or botonny), i.e. shaped like an architectural [[trefoil]]. It occurs counterchanged on the [[flag of Maryland]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Bottony-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross cercelée]]''' | A cross which, opening at the ends, turns round both ways, like a [[ram (animal)|ram]]'s horns. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross Cercelée.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross crosslet''' | A cross with the ends of each arm crossed. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Crosslet-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Crusaders' cross''' | Also known as the '''Jerusalem cross'''. This cross was the symbol of the [[Crusade]]r [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], which existed for almost two hundred years after the First Crusade. The four smaller crosses are said to symbolize either the four books of the Gospel or the four directions in which the Word of Christ spread from Jerusalem. Alternately, all five crosses can symbolize the five wounds of Christ during the Passion. This symbol is also used in the [[Flag of Georgia (country)|flag of Georgia]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Crusaders.gif|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross fleury]]''' | A cross with the ends of the arms fleury (or flory), having a shape like a [[fleur-de-lys]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Flory-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross fourchee''' | One form of the heraldic cross fourchee (fourchée, fourchy) or cross fourche (meaning "forked"). |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Fourchee-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Fylfot|Cross fylfot]]''' | Upright cross with truncated bent arms |align="center"|[[Image:Argent a fylfot azure.ant.png|100px]] |- | | '''[[Jerusalem cross]]''' | A variant of the Crusaders' cross with cross potent. It is also the logo for the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre| Knights and Dames of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem]] as well as the Franciscan order's Custody of the Holy Land. The [[Kairos retreat]] bestows this cross on its participants. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Jerusalem-Potent-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese cross]]''' | With arms which narrow towards the center, and are indented at the ends. The "eight-pointed cross" (with no curved lines). |align="center"|[[Image:Maltese-Cross-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross moline]]''' | In a cross moline, the ends of the arms are split and curved back. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Moline-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross patonce''' | A cross patonce is more or less intermediate between a cross pattée and a cross flory (or fleury). |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Patonce-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross pattée]]''' | A cross pattee (pattée, patty) has arms narrowing towards the centre, but with non-indented ends. See also [[Iron Cross]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross pommee''' | A cross pommee (pommée, pommy) has a circular knob at the end of each arm. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Pommee-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross [[potent]]''' | This cross has a crossbar at the end of each of its arms. "Potent" is an old word for a crutch, and is used in heraldic terminology to describe a T shape. This cross was used as a crest by [[Konishi Yukinaga]], a Christian daimyo under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Potent-Heraldry.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Quadrate''' | A cross with a square at the intersection point. |align="center"|[[Image:Quadrate.gif|120px]] |- | | '''Cross triple parted and fretted''' | In heraldry, a "cross triple parted and fretted" (or "treble parted and fretted") is interlaced. Here, a version which is "Or on an Azure field" (gold on blue) is shown. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Triple-Parted-Fretted-Or.svg|120px]] |- | | '''Cross voided''' | A "cross voided throughout", also known as the '''Gammadia''', can be seen as a Greek cross with its centre lines removed, or as composed of four angles (L shapes) separated by a thin space. So the name "gammadia" refers to its being made up of four shapes similar to a capital Greek letter [[gamma]]; the word ''gammadion'' can also refer to a [[swastika]]. |align="center"|[[Image:Cross-Voided.svg]] |- | | '''Cross fitchy''' |A '''cross fitchy''' is a variation where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade. This can be combined with other variations, e.g. ''cross crosslet fitchy''. |align="center"|[[Image:Croix recroisetée au pied fiché.svg|120px]] |- | | '''[[Cross of St James]]''' | The '''Cross of St. James''', similar to a Cross Flory Fitch, is formed by a [[Cross#In heraldry|Cross Flory]], where the lower part is fashioned as a sword blade (fitched)—making this a cross of a warrior. It is most frequently depicted in red. (The version depicted here is the one used by the [[order of Santiago]].) |align="center"|[[Image:Cross Santiago.svg|120px]] |} There are numerous other variations on the cross in heraldry. See [[heraldry]] for background information. The semi-classic book [http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossc.htm#Cross ''A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry'' by James Parker (1894)] is online, and contains much information about variants of crosses used in heraldry. == In flags == <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Geoflags4576567.jpg|thumb|Flag of Georgia, a variant of the Jerusalem cross.]] --> {{main|flag terminology|gallery of flags with crosses}} Several flags have crosses, including all the nations of [[Scandinavia]], whose crosses are known as [[flag terminology|Scandinavian cross]]es, and many nations in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], which incorporate the [[Crux|Southern Cross]]. The [[Flag of Switzerland]] since the 17th century has displayed an equilateral cross in a square (the only [[Gallery of square flags|square flag]] of a sovereign state apart from the [[Flag of the Vatican City]]); the [[Red Cross]] emblem was based on the Swiss flag. <center> <gallery> Image: Flag_of_Finland.svg‎|<center>Flag of [[Finland]] Image: Flag_of_Switzerland.svg‎|<center>Flag of [[Switzerland]] Image: Flag_of_Sweden.svg|<center>Flag of [[Sweden]] Image: Flag_of_Slovakia.svg|<center>Flag of [[Slovakia]] Image: Flag_of_Georgia.svg|<center>Flag of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] Image: Flag_of_Scotland.svg|<center>Flag of [[Scotland]] Image: Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg‎|<center>Flag of [[Red Cross]] Image: Wappen_schwyz.png|<center>Arms of [[Schwyz]], [[Switzerland]] Image: 98px-Kreuzlin.gif|<center>Arms of [[Kreuzlingen]], [[Switzerland]] Image: Southern_cross_appearing_on_a_number_of_flags.PNG|<center> [[Southern cross]] appearing on a number of flags </gallery> </center> ==Other noteworthy crosses== The [[Crux]], or [[Southern Cross]], is a cross-shaped [[constellation]] in the Southern [[Southern Hemisphere|Hemisphere]]. It appears on the national flags of [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Samoa]]. The tallest cross, at 152.4 metres high, is part of [[Francisco Franco]]'s monumental "Valley of the Fallen", the ''[[Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos]]'' in [[Spain]]. The tallest cross in the United States, at 198 feet (60.3 m) tall, is [http://www.crossusa.org/ allegedly located] in [[Effingham, Illinois]], at the junction of Interstates 57 and 70. The 5th-century BC tombs at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]], [[Iran]], are carved into the cliffside in the shape of a cross. They are known as the "Persian crosses". [[Justice (French band)|Justice]] used the symbol for their [[† (album)|debut album]]. == See also == [[Image:Weissmann Prerad.jpg|thumb|right|A cross from Mile Prerad (2008)]] * [[×]] * [[Cross in Christian Art]] * [[Christian cross]] * [[Christianity]] * [[Cross and Crown]] * [[Crossbuck]] * [[Cross burning]] * [[Crucifixion]] == References == * Chevalier, Jean (1997). "The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols". Penguin ISBN 0140512543 * Koch, Rudolf (1955). ''The Book of Signs''. Dover, NY. ISBN 0-486-20162-7. * Drury, Nevill (1985). ''Dictionary of Mysticism and the Occult''. Harper & Row ISBN 0060620935 * Webber, F. R. (1927, rev 1938). ''Church Symbolism: an explanation of the more important symbols of the Old and New Testament, the primitive, the mediaeval and the modern church''. Cleveland, OH. {{OCLC|236708}}. == External links == * seiyaku.com: [http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/index-all.html All Crosses] {{commonscat|crosses}} [[Category:Cross symbols| ]] [[Category:Heraldic ordinaries]] [[Category:Christian symbols]] [[Category:Christian iconography]] [[Category:Jesus and history]] [[arc:ܨܠܝܒܐ]] [[ca:Creu]] [[cs:Kříž]] [[da:Kors]] [[de:Kreuz (Symbol)]] [[el:Σταυρός]] [[es:Cruz]] [[eu:Gurutze]] [[fr:Croix (symbole)]] [[fur:Crôs]] [[gd:Crois]] [[ko:십자]] [[hr:Križ]] [[ia:Cruce]] [[it:Croce]] [[he:צלב]] [[la:Crux]] [[mk:Крст]] [[ja:十字]] [[no:Kors]] [[nrm:Crouaix]] [[pl:Krzyż]] [[pt:Cruz (símbolo)]] [[ro:Cruce]] [[qu:Chakana]] [[ru:Крест]] [[sq:Kryqi]] [[simple:Cross]] [[sk:Kríž]] [[sl:Križ]] [[sr:Крст]] [[fi:Risti]] [[szl:Křiž]] [[sv:Kors]] [[ta:சிலுவை]] [[zh:十字]]