Crown jewels 74667 226012616 2008-07-16T13:03:57Z Nitraven 3855403 /* Asia */ {{Cleanup|date=December 2006}} {{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}} '''Crown jewels''' are jewels or artifacts of the reigning royal family of their respective country. They belong to the [[Monarch|sovereign]] and are passed to the next sovereign to symbolize the right to rule. They usually include one or more [[Crown (headgear)|crown]]s, [[scepter]]s, [[globus cruciger|orb]]s, [[sword]]s, and/or [[jewelry ring|ring]]s. ''See also: [[regalia]].'' ==Africa== ===Burundi=== The traditional emblem of the ''[[Mwami]]'' ([[Monarch|king]]) was the ''[[Karyenda]]'' drum. These holy drums were kept at special drum-sanctuaries throughout the country and were brought out for special ceremonies only. One such place is in [[Gitega]], location of the ''[[ibwami]]'' royal court. ===Central African Republic=== ''See [[Emperor]] [[Bokassa]] and the [[Central African Empire]].'' ===Egypt=== * Ancient Egypt The treasures of the [[Pharaoh]]s can be seen in the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]] and in other museums throughout the world. * Kingdom of Egypt Most of the Crown Jewels of the [[Mehmet Ali]] [[Dynasty]] are at the Museum at [[Abdin Palace]] in Cairo. ====Links==== * [http://www.egyptianmuseum.gov.eg/ Egyptian Museum] ===Ethiopia=== Many of the crown jewels of [[Ethiopia]] are in [[Axum]]. Various monarchs gave their crowns to the Cathedral of St. Mary of Zion there. However, other monarchs have given their crowns and other regalia to various other churches. The Crown Jewels used at the coronation of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] are kept at the museum in the National Palace (formerly the Jubilee Palace) in [[Addis Ababa]]. ===Ghana and Cameroon=== * [[Ashanti Confederacy|Ashanti]] The symbol of the royal power of the ''[[Asantehene]]'' (ruler of the [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]]) is the sacred [[Asante royal thrones|Golden Stool]], the ''[[Asante royal thrones|Sika 'dwa]]''. It is used for the coronation and symbolizes the power of the [[Ashanti]]. It is kept alongside with other royal regalia at the Royal Palace in [[Kumasi]]. ===Nigeria=== The [[Nigerian Royal Regalia]] is normally kept in the capital city of the respective state. ''See also [[List of Nigerian traditional states]].'' '''List of some of the kingdoms''' [[Abeokuta]] - [[Adamawa]] - [[Kingdom of Benin|Benin]] - [[Borno]] - [[Edo]] - Fika (Nigeria)|Fika - [[Gombe]] - [[Ibadan]] - [[Ijebu]] - [[Ile Ife]] - [[Ilorin]] - [[Jos]] - [[Kano]] - [[Katsina]] - [[Lagos]] - [[Onitsha]] - [[Oshogbo]] - [[Oyo]] - [[Sokoto Caliphate|Sokoto]] - [[Tiv]] - [[Warri]] - [[Zaria]] (Zazzau) - [[Zamfara]] ====Links==== * [http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/ Kingdoms of Nigeria] Arochukwu ===Rwanda=== Close to the old capital of [[Butare]] lies the nearby [[Nyabisindu]], formerly known as [[Nyanza]], the traditional seat of [[Rwandan monarchy|Rwanda’s monarchy]]. The Royal Palace at Nyanza, a domed construction made with traditional [[materials]], has been restored to its 19th century state and is now maintained as a museum. Further historical artifacts are kept at the National Museum of Rwanda|National Museum in Butare. ====Links==== * [http://www.geomotion.com/bin/tk4/tkt=ortpn01t1 Virtual Rwanda |Nyanza Royal Palace] * [http://www.rwandatourism.com/kigali.htm Rwanda Tourism |Kigali & Butare] ===South Africa=== * [[Zulu]] Kingdom ===Tanzania=== * [[Zanzibar]] ===Uganda=== There are several [[monarchy|kingdoms]] in [[Uganda]]. During the upheavals after gaining [[independence]], the monarchies were abolished. Only in the 1990s were the various kings restored to their thrones. Although they do not wield any political powers anymore, they are still a symbol of unity and continuance to their people. The royal regalia normally consisted of the Royal Drums, and are kept at the various palaces in the capital cities of the [[Ugandan states]]. ''See Ugandan Royal Regalia.'' '''The kingdoms''' [[Ankole]] - [[Buganda]] - [[Bunyoro]] - [[Busoga]] - [[Toro (kingdom)|Toro]] ==Asia== ===Burma=== The treasures of [[Burma]]´s [[Konbaung Dynasty]] are kept in the National Museum in [[Yangon]]. They include items such as the ''[[Sihasana Pallanka]]'' ([[Great]] [[Lion Throne]]), and various other items. Other items can be seen in the old capital city of [[Mandalay]]. ===Brunei=== The royal regalia of [[Brunei]] are kept in the [[Royal Regalia Building]], which was completed in [[1992]], in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. Also housed are the [[Royal Chariot]], the gold and silver ceremonial armoury and the jewel-encrusted crowns. ===China=== The most important item for the assumption of the throne were the [[Imperial Seal]]s, which gave the emperor the [[mandate of heaven]] authority. These are kept either in the [[Forbidden City]] or the [[National Palace Museum]]. Numerous crowns, robes, jewels and headwear made especially for coronations and other official events. They usually contain very large Manchurian pearls and most date from the [[Qing Dynasty]]. ===Indonesia=== [[Indonesia]] has various [[monarchy|kingdoms]] and [[sultanate]]s, all with their own unique history. The most known [[Noble court|royal court]]s are distributed amongst the islands of [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Madura]], [[Bali]], [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], and [[Sumbawa]]. There are 23 royal courts or more which still exist today, headed either by a [[sultan]] or a [[ruler]]. Although today only [[Majesty|HM]] the [[Sultan of Yogyakarta]] wields any political influence as the [[governor]]. In Indonesia the royal courts are either called ''[[Kraton (Indonesia)|Kraton]]'' or ''[[istana]]''. Below are some of them listed: * [[Yogyakarta]] [[Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]] and [[Puro Pakualaman]]; * [[Surakarta]] (Solo) [[Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat]] and [[Puro Mangkunegaraan]]; * [[West Java]] [[Kraton Kasepuhan]] of [[Cirebon]], [[Kraton Kanoman]], and [[Kraton Kacirebonan]]; * [[Madura]] [[Kraton Sumenep]]; * [[Riau]] [[Istana Siak]]; * [[Palembang]] [[Istana Palembang Darussalam]]; * [[North Sumatra]] [[Istana Maimun]] of [[Kesultanan Deli]]; * [[West Kalimantan]] [[Istana Amantubillah Mempawah]], and [[Istana Alwatzkubillah]]; * [[East Kalimantan]] [[Kutai]] of [[Tenggarong]]; * [[Sumbawa]] [[Istana Bima]]; * [[Central Sulawesi]] [[Istana Luwu]]; * [[South East Sulawesi]] [[Istana Walio]] of [[Buton]] [[Island]]; * [[South Sulawesi]] [[Istana Saoraja]] of [[Bone]] and [[Istana Balla Lompoa]] of [[Gowa]]. * [[Aceh]] * [[Bali]] Various royal regalia and other items used for court functions may be viewed in some the respective palaces. ====Links==== * [http://www.petra.ac.id/eastjava/culture/kraton.htm On East Java |Art and Culture] * [http://www.joglosemar.co.id/surakarta.html Joglosermar |Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat] ===Iran (Persia)=== {{main|Iranian Crown Jewels}} The crown jewels of Iran could be said to be the largest, one of the most dazzling and valuable jewel collection in the world. The collection consists of some 40 cases - Many of the cases are filled with numerous items - Some 30 tiaras, three jewel-studded thrones, and several other items. Most of the items in the collection date back to the [[Safavid]] dynasty which ruled Iran between 1502-1736 AD. Iran's heroic emperor [[Nader Shah Afshar]] who is referred to as the "Napoleon of Iran" and who ruled from 1736-1747 AD launched a campaign against India to regain the treasures which Afghan raiders had looted from Persia's capital Isfahan in 1719. He brought back a vast amount of treasures, including several jewel-studded thrones, and huge chests filled with loose precious gems. Much of the treasures were lost on the way due to the rough mountainous terrain they had to pass. The [[Qajar]] dynasty which ruled Iran from 1795-1925 AD added many pieces to the collection, and also commissioned Persian artisans and jewelers to create several objects such as dishes, tiaras, swords, aigrettes, etc, using the vast number of loose precious gems, such as diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. [[Fath Ali Shah]] and [[Nasser-al-Din Shah]] were two Qajar kings who were keen to expand and enhance the collection. When the Pahlavi dynasty - Iran's last monarchic dynasty - replaced the Qajars, Reza Shah Pahlavi, also referred to as "Reza Shah the Great" commissioned Iranian Jewelers to design and create a crown designated to the rulers of the Pahlavi dynasty. The crown was used for the first time in 1926 on the occasion of the coronation of the first Pahlavi monarch, and for a second and last time on the occasion of the second Pahlavi monarch, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]. A crown was also commissioned from Arpel in Paris for the Empress of Iran, Shahbanou Farah Pahlavi, using gems from the Iranian collection. The Imperial Jewels are on display at the [[central bank]] in [[Tehran]]. ====Links==== *[[Iranian Crown Jewels|Crown Jewels of Imperial Iran]] *[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Base/1406/jewel/imperialjewels.html Imperial Jewels of Iran] *[http://www.worldisround.com/articles/73022/index.html Amazing Iran] ===Japan=== {{main|Imperial Regalia of Japan}} {{nihongo|The Imperial Regalia of [[Japan]]|三種の神器|Sanshu no Jingi}} ("Three Sacred Treasures") consist of the Holy Sword [[Kusanagi]] (草薙剣), the Holy Jewel [[Magatama#Yasakani no Magatama|Yasakani no magatama]] (八尺瓊曲玉), and the Holy Mirror [[Yata no kagami]] (八咫鏡). The sword and the mirror are kept at the [[Shinto]] shrines in [[Nagoya]] and [[Grand Shrine of Ise|Ise]] in [[Central Japan]], and the jewel at the [[Kokyo]] Imperial Palace in [[Tokyo]]. The [[enthronement]] cerenomy is traditionally held in [[Kyoto]]. The [[Imperial Throne]] is kept at the [[Gosho]] Imperial Palace in Kyoto. ===Laos=== The regalia of [[Laos]] are kept in the [[Royal Palace Museum]] in [[Luang Prabang]]. ===Malaysia=== {{main|Royal Regalia of Malaysia}} The royal regalia of [[Malaysia]] are kept in the ''[[Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur|Istana Negara]]'' ([[National Palace]]) in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The regalia is worn by [[Majesty|HM]] the [[Monarch|King]] (ms: ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]''), and HM the [[queen regnant|Queen]] (''[[Raja Permaisuri Agong]]'') during certain ceremonies, such as the [[election]] as [[head of state]], HM's birthday, awards ceremonies, and the calling of parliament. They consist of the ''Tengkolok Diraja'' (Royal Head Dress), the Queen's ''Gendik di Raja'' (Royal Tiara), the ''Keris Panjang di Raja'' (Royal Long Kris or Keris of State), the ''Kris Pendek di Raja'' (Royal Short Keris), the ''Cogan Alam dan Cogan Agama'' (Sceptre of the Universe and Sceptre of Religion), the ''Cokmar'' ([[Ceremonial mace|Maces]]), the ''Pedang Keris Panjang dan Sundang'' (Royal sword, long [[Keris]] and sword Keris), the ''Payung Ubur-ubur Kuming] dan Tombak Berambu'' (Yellow-fringed [[umbrella]] and tassled lances), and the ''Pending di Raja'' (Royal Waist Buckle). Malaysia is a [[federal state]], consisting of thirteen states and two federal territories. Out of these, nine are monarchies headed by [[sultan]]s. Royal regalia and other items of the rulers are kept in the respective palaces and courts. These are: [[Johore]] - [[Kedah]] - [[Kelantan]] - [[Negeri Sembilan]] - [[Pahang]] - [[Perak]] - [[Perlis]] - [[Selangor]] - [[Terengganu]] ===Philippines=== * [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]] * [[Sultanate of Sulu]] ===Sri Lanka=== The Royal Crown, Regalia and Throne of the last King of the [[Kandian Kingdom]], the last native kingdom of the island is housed at the [[Colombo National Museum]]. ===Thailand (Siam)=== The Royal Regalia, Royal Utensils, and the Royal Eight Weapons of Sovereignt] comprise a total of 28 items. The Royal Regalia consists of the [[Great Crown of Victory]], the [[Sword of Victory]], the [[Royal Staff]], the Royal Fan (or [[Flywhisk]]), and the Royal Slippers. The 28 items are traditionally presented to the [[Kings of Thailand]] at their [[coronation]] ceremonies. They are kept, amongst other royal items, at the [[Grand Palace]] in [[Bangkok]]. ====Links==== * [http://www.thaimain.org/eng/monarchy/regalia.html The Thai Monarchy |The Royal Regalia] Link to the Thai Royal Regalia http://www.geocities.com/threeb.rm/index.html ===Vietnam=== The signs of the imperial power of the [[Nguyen Dynasty|Nguyen]] [[Emperors]] were the Great [[Imperial Seal]] and the [[Sword]]. When the last emperor [[Bao Dai]] abdicated [[1954]] in [[Huế]], he handed them over to the communist authorities. ==Europe== ===Austria (Austro-Hungarian Empire, Holy Roman Empire)=== [[Image:Friedrich von Amerling 003.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Some of the [[Austrian Crown Jewels]] being held by [[Franz I of Austria]]. They include the Imperial Crown of Austria, the Sceptre, the Sword and the coronation mantle.]] The [[Austrian Crown Jewels]] ([[German language|de]]: ''Insignien und Kleinodien'') are kept at the ''[[Schatzkammer]]'' (Imperial Treasury) located in the [[Hofburg]] Palace in [[Vienna]]. They are a collection of imperial regalia and jewels dating from the 10th century to the 19th. They are one of the biggest and most important [[collection]] of [[royal]] objects still today, and reflect more than a thousand years of European history. The treasury can be quantified into six important parts: * The Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage * The [[Austrian Empire]] * The [[Habsburg-Lorraine]] Household Treasure * The [[Holy Roman Empire]] * The Burgundian Inheritance and the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] * The [[Ecclesiastical Treasury]] The most outstanding [[objects]] are the insignia of the hereditary [[Empire of Austria]]. They consist of the [[Imperial Crown]], the [[Imperial Orb]] and the mantle of the [[Austrian Empire]], and the Coronation Robes of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. The Imperial Crown, Orb, Cross, and Holy Lance of the Holy Roman Empire are also highlights. *The archducal hat is kept today at the [[Augustinian]] [[Abbey]] of [[Klosterneuburg]], in [[Lower Austria]]. ''Please see [[archducal hat]] for further information.'' *The ducal hat of [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]] is kept at the [[Landesmuseum Joanneum]] in [[Graz]], Styria. ''Please see [[ducal hat]] for further [[information]].'' <br clear=both> ===Croatia=== The [[11th Century]] [[Crown of Zvonimir]] was a Papal gift to King Zvonimir of [[Medieval Croatian state|Croatia]]. It is thought likely to have been lost during the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] invasions of the [[Balkans]] in the 1500s. The distinctive crown adorns several local flags in [[Croatia]] and [[Dalmatia]]. ===Czech Republic (Czech Kingdom, Bohemian Kingdom)=== [[Image:Ceske korunovacni klenoty.jpg|thumb|Czech crown jewels]] The jewels (cs: ''korunovační klenoty''), and the [[Crown of Saint Wenceslas]] of [[Bohemia]] (''Svatováclavská koruna'') are kept in [[Prague Castle]] (''Pražský hrad'') and are displayed to the public only once every (circa) eight years. The crown is named and dedicated after the [[Duke of Bohemia|Duke]] and [[Patron Saint]] [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Wenceslas I]] of the [[Premyslid]]s dynasty of Bohemia. The crown has an unusual design, with vertical [[fleurs-de-lis]] standing at the front, back and sides. Made from [[gold]] and [[precious stones]], its weight is 2.475g. It was made for King [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] in [[1346]]. Since [[1867]] it has been stored in [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] of Prague Castle. The jewels have always played an important role as a symbol of Bohemian [[statehood]]. Interestingly, an ancient Czech legend says that any usurper who places the crown on his head is doomed to die within a year. In the eyes of some this was confirmed during [[World War II]] when [[Reinhard Heydrich]], the Nazi governor of the puppet [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] secretly wore them believing himself to be a great king, and was assassinated less than a year later by the [[Czech resistance to Nazi occupation|Czech underground]]. ====Links==== (all text in Czech language) * [http://old.hrad.cz/castle/klenotyfr.html History of jewels] * [http://old.hrad.cz/castle/main.html Pictures and details (requires QuickTime)] ===Denmark=== [[Image:Denmark crown.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The Crown of Christian IV.]] {{main|Danish Crown Regalia}} The crown jewels and other royal regalia of [[Denmark]] are kept in [[Rosenborg Castle]] in [[Copenhagen]]. ===France=== {{main|French Crown Jewels}} What is left of the crown jewels of [[France]] is on display at the [[Louvre]] in [[Paris]]. [[Image:French-crown-jewels.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The French Crown Jewels at the Louvre]] <br clear=both> ===Germany=== * Anhalt ''missing'' * Baden ''missing'' * Bavaria In [[1806]], [[Napoleon I|Napoleon Bonaparte]] conquered the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. He restructured the many German states and the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was promoted to a 'Kingdom'. The ruling [[Wittelsbach]] Duke became [[Maximilian I]] became King of [[Bavaria]]. With his new status, the King ordered new regalia to be made. It can be seen today in the [[Treasury]] of the [[Residenz]] Palace in [[Munich]]. The [[Bavarian Coronation Set]] consists of the Crown of Bavaria, the Crown of the [[queen regnant|Queen]] (originally made for Maximilian's Queen, [[Caroline Frederika]] of [[Baden Germany|Baden]], the State Sword, the Royal Orb, and the Royal Sceptre. ''Please see [[Bavarian Crown Jewels]]''. ====Links==== * [http://www.schloesser.bayern.de/deutsch/schloss/objekte/mu_res.htm Residenz in Munich] * Hessia ''missing'' * Mecklenburg ''missing'' * Saxony (''Sachsen'') The treasures of the Kings of [[Saxony]] are kept in [[Dresden]]. ''Please see [[Saxon Crown Jewels]].'' * Thurn and Taxis ''missing'' * Prussia The crown and the insignia of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] are kept at [[Burg Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern Castle]] in [[Sigmarigen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]]. ''Please see [[Prussian Crown Jewels]]''. ====Links==== * [http://www.preussen.de/de/heute/burg_hohenzollern/rundgang/22._schatzkammer.html Preussen.de |Schatzkammer] * Württemberg ''missing'' * Holy Roman Empire The Imperial Regalia like the [[Imperial Crown|Holy Crown]] of [[Charlemagne]], the orb, the [[sceptre]], the [[Holy Lance]], and various other items are kept in the [[Schatzkammer]] [[Treasury]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. ''Please see [[Imperial Regalia]]. '''Links''' * [http://www.khm.at/system2E.html?/staticE/page2174.html Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |The Holy Roman Empire] ===Greece=== {{main|Greek Crown Jewels}} * Hellenic Kingdom ===Hungary=== {{main|Crown of St. Stephen}} The crown jewels of [[Hungary]] are on display in the Parliament Building in [[Budapest]]. ===Ireland=== {{main|Irish Crown Jewels}} The [[Irish Crown Jewels]] were heavily jewelled insignia of the [[Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick]]. Their [[theft]] from [[Dublin Castle]] in 1907 remains unsolved. ===Italy===<!-- This section is linked from [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]] --> * Lombardy the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy|Iron Crown]] of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia|Kingdom of Lombardy]] is kept at the Cathedral of [[Monza]]. The coronation robe is kept in the [[Schatzkammer]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. * Kings of Italy The Crown jewels of the Kingdom of Italy ([[1861]]&ndash;[[1946]]) are in the custody of the [[Banca d'Italia|Bank of Italy]], due to legal controversy between the Italian Republic and the Savoia family. It is not clear who is the legal owner. The value of crowns, diadems and various jewels is valued at over €2,5 Billion. ===Monaco=== [[Monaco]] features a [[heraldic crown]] on its [[coat-of-arms]], but does not possess any crown jewels or regalia per se. The coronation ceremony consists of a festive mass in the [[cathedral]] [[Palace of Monaco|of Monaco]], followed by reception where the new [[prince]] meets his [[nationality|subjects]]. The [[throne]] and other items can be viewed in the [[palace]] of Monaco, which is open to the public. ===Netherlands=== {{main|Dutch Royal Regalia}} ===Norway=== {{main|Norwegian Royal Regalia}} The crown jewels, or royal regalia, of [[Norway]] are together with some other old treasures placed in [[Nidaros Cathedral]], in [[Trondheim]]. ===Poland=== {{main|Polish Crown Jewels}} The only surviving part of the [[Poland|Polish]] Crown Jewels is from the [[Piast dynasty]] and consists of the coronation [[sword]] known as the [[Szczerbiec]]. It is currently on display along with other royal items in the [[Wawel|Wawel Royal Castle Museum]], [[Krakow|Kraków]]. Most of the Crown Jewels were plundered by foreign invaders such as the Swedes, Germans and Russians. One of many royal crowns was made for King [[August the Strong|August II]], [[Saxony|Elector of Saxony]] when he became King of Poland in [[1697]]. Since the original set was stolen, a new set was made for the coronation in Kraków. Today it is displayed in the Royal Castle in [[Dresden]], [[Germany]]. <br clear=both> ===Portugal=== The royal Crown of [[Portugal]] was made in [[1817]]. It was created in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], in the workshop of Don [[Antonio Gomes da Silva]], for King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]]. Today, the crown along with other royal regalia is kept in the [[Ajuda Palace]], [[Lisbon]]. <br clear=both> ===Romania=== {{main|Romanian Crown Jewels}} <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Coroana - Rege -Coroana de Otel-.JPG|thumb|200px|left|[[The Steel Crown]]]] --> The Romanian Crown Jewels consist of three crowns: the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]], the [[Crown of Queen Elisabeta]] and the [[Crown of Queen Maria]]; and two scepters: the [[Scepter of Ferdinand I]] and the [[Scepter of Carol II]]. They are displayed at The National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest. [http://www.mnir.ro The National History Museum of Romania] <br clear=both> ===Russia=== The coronation regalia, such as the [[Great Imperial Crown]], the [[Imperial Orb]] of [[Catherine II]] the Great, the [[Imperial Sceptre]] with the [[Orloff]] diamond, the [[Shah Diamond]], and others are kept at the [[Kremlin Armoury]] in [[Moscow]]. ''Please see [[Imperial Crown of Russia]] and [[Monomakh's Cap]].'' ====Links==== * [http://www.alexanderpalace.org/jewels/index.html Jewels of the Romanovs: Treasures of the Russian Imperial Court] ===Serbia=== {{main|Serbian Crown Jewels}} ===Spain=== The old regalia of Spain was destroyed in the [[Great Fire]] of Christmas Eve [[1734]]. In the 18th century, King [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] ordered a new crown and sceptre to be made. They are displayed at accession ceremonies and at the opening of the ''[[Cortes]]'' ([[Parliament]]). Actually, Spanish kings did not use coronation: the last recorded use of crown over a king's head is from the 15th century. Since there, kings of Castile and Aragon have not been crowned, but proclaimed. Kings of Spain have not been crowned. In the ceremony of accession, the crown is present, but it is not placed on the monarch's head. The crown is made of golden silver, and it features half-arches resting on 8 plates bearing the emblems of the Kingdom. They are kept today by the ''[[Patrimonio Nacional]]'' (the Crown Heritage). All of the jewels and tiaras worn by the members of the [[Spanish Royal Family]] are privately owned by them, because other than the crown and sceptre displayed at the opening of the Cortes, Spain no longer has crown jewels belonging to the state. ====Links==== * [http://www.patrimonionacional.es Patrimonio Nacional] [[Image:Oscar II of Sweden painted by Oscar Björck.jpg|thumb|http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/|200px|[[Oscar II of Sweden|King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway]] wearing the Swedish crown of Erik XIV. Oscar II is the last Swedish king to be crowned.]] ===Sweden=== [[Sweden|Sweden’s]] Crown Jewels are kept deep in the vaults of the [[Royal Treasury]], underneath the [[Royal Palace in Stockholm]]. The symbols of [[Swedish monarchy]] have not actually been worn since 1907, but they are still displayed at weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974 the crown jewels were also displayed at the opening of the ''[[Riksdag]]'' ([[Parliament]]). Among the oldest priceless objects are the sword of [[Gustav Vasa]] and the crown, orb, sceptre and key of King [[Erik XIV]] and numerous other sovereigns. ''Please see [[Swedish Royal Regalia]]''. ====Links==== * [http://www.royalcourt.se/themonarchyinsweden/regalsymbols.4.53abbbfd7ffdfa677fff24324.html The Royal Court of Sweden |Regal Symbols] ===United Kingdom=== {{main|Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|Honours of Scotland}} The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom are considered to be the most valuable and one of the largest jewellery collections in existence, with a number of famous diamonds and rubies including the [[Cullinan Diamond]] (One of the largest diamonds). [[Image:Crown Henry VII.JPG|left|thumb|200px|The State Crown of [[Henry VII of England]] included in a portrait of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] by [[Daniel Mytens]] prior to its destruction in [[1649]].]] * [[England]] The [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/index.html crown jewels] of [[England]], and now of the [[United Kingdom]], are kept in the [[Tower of London]]. Apart from an [[Ampule]] and [[Spoon]] they all date from after the [[Restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in [[1661]]. The ancient crown jewels of England were destroyed by [[Oliver Cromwell]] in [[1649]] when he established [[The Commonwealth]]. Among the original crown jewels were ''[[Alfred the Great]]'s State Crown'' described as ''"Gould wyerworke set with slight stones and two little bells"'' which once melted down the gold it contained fetched only £248 and 10 shillings, while the little 11th Century crown of [[Queen Edith]] only realised £16 [http://www.houstonjewelry.com/jewels2.html]. It is considered that both these crowns date from the 11th Century and the crown described as that of Alfred the Great is, in fact, the Crown of St. Edward the Confessor and was renamed thus following the [[Reformation]]. There are conflicting legends that this ancient Crown of England still exists; that it was secreted by some Royalist and its hiding place was never revealed, although official sources state that the gold from this crown was recovered and used to make the present ''St. Edward's Crown''. We know the appearance of the later State Crown of Henry VII, which shared their fate, as it is depicted in some of the portraits [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], by [[Daniel Mytens]] and [[Van Dyck]]. There were also various [[sceptre]]s, [[sword]]s, [[coronet]]s, [[ring]]s and an [[Anglo-Saxon]] comb, Some of the pieces were probably reclaimed burial regalia, including those stripped from the rich [[shrine]] of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey by [[Henry VIII]]. Various medieval garments used in past coronation ceremonies were also sold off at the time, an irreparable loss [http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/crown_jewels.htm]. In [[1660]] when a replacement crown called "[[St. Edward's Crown]]" was cast for the coronation of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] the gold from the aforementioned ''King Alfred's Crown'' (the original crown of Edward the Confessor) was used, so presumably even after the various jewels had been melted down strenuous efforts were made to recover their components. The present ''Imperial Crown of State'' is decorated with the principal surviving historic jewels, which were recovered at the time of the Restoration. These include ''Edward the Confessor's Sapphire'', which is set in a [[Maltese cross]] at the top of the crown. This sapphire was once part of a ring owned by Edward the Confessor, which was buried with him in 1066. In 1101, when his shrine was opened and the ring removed, the sapphire was re-set in a crown worn by [[Henry I of England]]. The ruby which adorns the centre of the Imperial Crown of State has a rich and dramatic history. It once belonged to a [[Sultan of Granada]], who was murdered by [[Pedro the Cruel]], King of [[Crown of Castile|Castille]]. He presented it to [[Edward, the Black Prince]], in gratitude for his military assistance at the [[Battle of Navaretto]] in 1367. It was inherited by Edward's son, [[Richard II of England]]. Richard had it in his possession when he surrendered to his cousin, the future [[Henry IV of England]] in Wales in [[1399]]. Henry later usurped the throne and Richard was murdered. Henry's son, [[Henry V of England]], wore this ruby in the crown he wore around his helmet at the Battle of Agincourt, a bejewelled gold fleuron was struck of this same crown during the battle and lost. The ruby was similarly worn in the crown of [[Richard III of England]] at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] in [[1485]]. When Richard was killed during the fighting it famously rolled under a hawthorn bush to be retrieved by Lord Stanley and placed on the head of the victorious Henry Tudor, later [[Henry VII of England]]. The Imperial Crown of State also contains pearls worn as earrings by [[Queen Elizabeth I of England]], these are suspended from the arches of the crown. * [[Scotland]] The crown jewels, or '[[Honours of Scotland|Honours]]', including the [[Stone of Scone|Stone of Destiny]], are kept in [[Edinburgh Castle]]. They are the oldest surviving crown jewels in the [[United Kingdom]] and were a gift by the [[Pope]] to the [[King of Scotland]] in the early Middle Ages. They were hidden during the [[Interregnum]]. [[The Honours of Scotland]] were almost forgotten following their last use at the coronation of [[Bonny Prince Charlie]] (Charles III of Scotland) in [[1745]] until they were discovered in a chest inside [[Edinburgh Castle]] in the early [[Nineteenth Century]]. * [[Wales]] The [[Honours of the Principality of Wales]]. The original regalia of the Welsh princes have been lost. [[Llywelyn's coronet]] was kept after its capture with the English crown jewels between [[1284]] and [[1649]]. ===Vatican=== *The [[Papal Tiara]] is kept in the [[Vatican City]]. ''For further Information, please see [[Papal regalia and insignia]].'' ==Latin America== ===Chile=== * The [[Araucania and Patagonia|Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia]] has a crown, presented to Prince Philippe of Araucania in [[1986]] by a group of Araucanian "nobles". Previously, the Royal House had no crown. Made of [[steel]] and containing stones from the [[Rio Bio-Bio]], it is on display at the Museum of the Kings of Araucania. ===Peru=== * [[Inca Empire]] ==={{flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil=== {{main|Brazilian Imperial Regalia}} [[Image:Fala do trono.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Emperor Pedro II and the Brazilian Imperial Regalia]] The [[Imperial Crown of Brazil]] alongside with other regalia and mementos of the [[Brazilian Empire]] are kept at the [[Imperial Museum of Brazil]] (''Museu Imperial'') in the former palace of Brazilian emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], in [[Petrópolis]], [[Brazil]]. * [http://www.museuimperial.gov.br Imperial Museum of Brazil] =={{flagicon|United States}} United States== * [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] Some of the Crown Jewels and the original [[Throne]]s of the Kingdom of Hawaii reside within the custody of the [[Bishop Museum]]. Copies of the thrones can be seen at [[Iolani Palace]]. Some lie in state with the royals at the [[Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii|Royal Mausoleum at Mauna Ala]]. * [[National Park Service|US National Park System]] The National Park ''System'' is often [[metaphor]]ically referred to as the [[republic]]'s "[[national treasure]]s", and some of the more famous components as "crown jewels". This is intentionally meant to contrast the monarchical nature of the "[[old world]]" with the republican ideals of the "[[new world]]". ==Oceania== ==={{flagicon|New Zealand}} New Zealand=== * [[Kingitanga]] This Kingdom is an unofficial one, but one that has become an important one to [[Māori]] today. The current monarch is [[Tuheitia Paki]]. The crown jewelles consist of a cloak. [[Image:Te Atairangikaahu.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu. Her 40 year reign was the longest of any Maori monarch (1966-2006)]] {{crowns}} {{Crown Jewels}} [[Category:Crown jewels|*]] [[cs:Korunovační klenoty]] [[da:Kronregalier]] [[es:Joyas de la Corona]] [[eo:Kronjuveloj]] [[nl:Kroonjuwelen]] [[no:Kronregalier]]