Cultural geography
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/* New cultural geography */
'''Cultural geography''' is a sub-field within [[human geography]]. Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms and their variation across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially<ref>Jordan, Terry, Mona Domosh and Lester Rowntree (eds.); 1994; The Human Mosaic: A thematic introduction to cultural geography. HarperCollins: New York</ref>
==Areas of study==
The area of study of cultural geography is very broad. Among many applicable topics within the study are:
* [[Globalization]] has been theorised as an explanation for cultural convergence.<ref>Zelinsky, Wilbur; 2004; Globalization Reconsidered: The Historical Geography of Modern Western Male Attire,; Journal of Cultural Geography</ref>
* [[Westernization]] or other similar processes such as [[Americanization]],<ref> DeBres, Karen; 2005; A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK; Journal of Cultural Geography</ref> [[Islamization]] and others.
* Theories of [[cultural hegemony]] or [[cultural assimilation]] via [[cultural imperialism]].
* Cultural areal differentiation as a study of differences in way of life encompassing ideas, attitudes, languages, practices, institutions, and structures of power and whole range of cultural practices in geographical areas<ref>Jones, Richard C.; 2006; Cultural Diversity in a “Bi-Cultural” City: Factors in the Location of Ancestry Groups in San Antonio; Journal of Cultural Geography</ref> (see also [[Cultural region]]).
* Study of [[cultural landscape]]s<ref>Sinha, Amita; 2006; Cultural Landscape of Pavagadh: The Abode of Mother Goddess Kalika; Journal of Cultural Geography</ref><ref>Kuhlken, Robert; 2002; Intensive Agricultural Landscapes of Oceania; Journal of Cultural Geography</ref>
* Other topics include [[Spirit of place]], [[colonialism]], [[post-colonialism]], internationalism, immigration, emigration and ecotourism.
==History==
Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on [[Earth]] can be dated back to ancient geographers such as [[Ptolemy]] or [[Strabo]], cultural geography as academic study firstly emerged as an alternative to the [[environmental determinism|environmental determinist]] theories of the early Twentieth century, which had believed that people and societies are controlled by the [[Natural environment|environment]] in which they develop.<ref> Peet, Richard; 1998; Modern Geographical Thought; Blackwell </ref> Rather than studying pre-determined regions based upon environmental classifications, cultural geography became interested in [[cultural landscape]]s.<ref> Peet, Richard; 1998; Modern Geographical Thought; Blackwell </ref> This was led by [[Carl Sauer]] (called the father of Cultural geography), at the [[University of California]] at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]]. As a result of this, cultural geography was long dominated by [[United States of America|American]] writers.
Sauer defined the landscape as the defining unit of geographic study. He saw that cultures and societies both developed out of their landscape, but also shaped them too.<ref> Sauer, Carl; 1925; The Morphology of Landscape </ref> This interaction between the 'natural' landscape and humans creates the 'cultural landscape'.<ref> ''[[ibid]]'' </ref> Sauer's work was highly [[qualitative research|qualitative]] and descriptive and was surpassed in the 1930s by the [[regional geography]] of [[Richard Hartshorne]], followed by the [[quantitative revolution]]. Cultural geography was generally sidelined, though writers such as [[David Lowenthal]] continued to work on the concept of landscape.
In the 1970s, the critique of positivism in geography caused geographers to look beyond the quantitative geography for its ideas. One of these re-assessed areas was also cultural geography.
==New cultural geography==
Since the 1980s, a "new cultural geography" has emerged, drawing on a diverse set of theoretical traditions including [[Marxian]] [[political economy]], [[feminist theory]], [[post-colonial theory]], [[poststructuralism]], and [[psychoanalysis]].
Drawing particularly from the theories of [[Michel Foucault]] and [[performativity]] in western academia, and the more diverse influences of [[postcolonial theory]], there has been a concerted effort to [[deconstruct]] the cultural in order to make apparent the various power relations. A particular area of interest is that of [[identity politics]] and construction of identity (see [[feminist geography]]).
Examples of areas of study include:
* [[Feminist geography]]
* [[Children's geographies]]
* Some parts of [[Tourism geography]]
* [[Psychoanalytic geography]]
* [[Sexuality and space]]
* Some more recent developments in [[Political geography]]
==References==
<references/>
tae, camille rivera!!!
==Scientific journals==
* [http://www.geog.okstate.edu/users/culture/culture.htm ''Journal of Cultural Geography''] — published since 1980, currently at [[Oklahoma State University]].
* [http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsProdDesc.nav?prodId=Journal201809&currTree=Subjects&level1=F00 ''Cultural Geographies''] - (formerly Ecumene) flagship journal of "new cultural geography."
==Further reading==
* Yi-Fu Tuan, Cultural Geography: Glances Backward and Forward. ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', Vol. 94, no. 4, 2004.
== See also ==
*[[feminist geography]]
*[[post-colonial theory]]
*[[Environmental determinism]]
*[[Possibilism]]
*[[psychoanalytic geography]]
==External links==
{{Human geography}}
[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:Cultural geography| ]]
[[da:Kulturgeografi]]
[[de:Kulturgeographie]]
[[es:Geografía cultural]]
[[hi:सांस्कृतिक भूगोल]]
[[nl:Culturele geografie]]
[[ja:文化地理学]]
[[pt:Geografia cultural]]
[[fi:Kulttuurimaantiede]]
[[zh:文化地理学]]