Cumberland
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{{infobox historic subdivision|
|Name= Cumberland
|HQ= Carlisle
|Status= [[Administrative county]] (1889-1974)<br>[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] (until 1974)
|Origin= [[Historic counties of England|Historic]]
|Start= In antiquity
|End=
|Replace= [[Cumbria]]
|CodeName= [[Chapman code]]
|Code= CUL
|Government= Cumberland County Council (1889-1974)
|Divisions= Wards (ancient)
|PopulationFirst= 265,746<ref name=vision_pop>Vision of Britain - [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10134810&c_id=10001043&add=N Cumberland population] ([http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_rate_page.jsp?u_id=10134810&c_id=10001043&data_theme=T_POP&id=0 density] and [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_AREA_A&u_id=10134810&c_id=10001043&add=Y area])</ref>
|PopulationFirstYear= 1911
|PopulationLast= 294,303<ref name=vision_pop/>
|PopulationLastYear= 1961
|AreaFirst= {{convert|969490|acre|km2}}<ref name=census_1831>1831 Census cited in [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/table_page.jsp?tab_id=GB1831ABS_M%5B1%5D&u_id=10001043&show=DB&min_c=1&max_c=5 Vision of Britain] - Ancient county data</ref>
|AreaFirstYear= 1831
|AreaSecond= {{convert|973086|acre|km2}}<ref name=vision_pop/>
|AreaSecondYear= 1911
|AreaLast= {{convert|973146|acre|km2}}<ref name=vision_pop/>
|AreaLastYear= 1961
|DensityFirst= 0.27/acre
|DensityLast= 0.3/acre
|DensityFirstYear= 1911
|DensityLastYear= 1961
|Arms= [[Image:arms-cumberland.jpg|150px|Arms of the former Cumberland County Council|{{deletable image-caption|1=Wednesday, 5 March 2008}}]]<br>''Arms of Cumberland County Council''
|Civic=
|Map= [[Image:EnglandCumberlandTrad.png]]<br>''Ancient extent of Cumberland''
|DivisionsMap=
}}
'''Cumberland''' is one of the 39 [[historic counties of England]]. It formed an [[Administrative counties of England|administrative county]] from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915) and now forms part of [[Cumbria]].
==Early history==
At the time of the [[Domesday Book]] in 1086 most of the county was part of [[Scotland]] although some villages in the far south west were included in the [[Yorkshire]] section with the [[Furness]] region.
The historic county boundaries formed by the 12th Century were with [[Northumberland]] and [[County Durham]] to the east, [[Westmorland]] to the south, the [[Furness]] part of [[Lancashire]] to the south-west, [[Dumfriesshire]] in [[Scotland]] to the north and [[Roxburghshire]] in Scotland to the north-east. [[Ullswater]] formed part of the border with Westmorland.
The highest point of the county is [[Scafell Pike]] at 978 m (3,208 ft); it is the highest [[mountain]] in England. [[Carlisle]] is the historic [[county town]] of the county.
===Division into wards===
The county was divided into five [[ward (politics)|ward]]s, rather than the [[hundred (division)|hundred]]s found in most English counties. The wards were:
*[[Allerdale above Derwent]]
*[[Allerdale below Derwent]]
*[[Cumberland (ward)|Cumberland]]
*[[Eskdale (ward)|Eskdale]]
*[[Leath]]
==Modern history==
In 1889, under the [[Local Government Act 1888]], a county council was created for Cumberland, taking over administrative functions from the [[Quarter Sessions]]. The [[Local Government Act 1894]] further divided the county into urban districts and rural districts.
Carlisle was created a [[county borough]] in 1915 and no longer formed part of the area under the control of the county council, or [[administrative county]].
In 1974, under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the administrative county and county borough were abolished and their former area was combined with [[Westmorland]] and parts of [[Lancashire]] and the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] to form the new county of [[Cumbria]]. The area from Cumberland went on to form the districts of [[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]], [[Allerdale]], [[Copeland, Cumbria|Copeland]] and part of [[Eden, Cumbria|Eden]].
The distribution of population in 1971 was as follows: <ref>1971 Census; Small Area Statistics</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!District||Population
|-
|[[County Borough of Carlisle]] || 71,580
|-
|[[Cockermouth Urban District]] || 6,366
|-
|[[Keswick Urban District]] || 5,184
|-
|[[Maryport Urban District]] || 11,612
|-
|[[Penrith Urban District]] || 11,308
|-
|[[Whitehaven Urban District]] || 26,721
|-
|[[Municipal Borough of Workington]] || 28,431
|-
|[[Alston with Garrigill Rural District]] || 1,917
|-
|[[Border Rural District]] || 29,267
|-
|[[Cockermouth Rural District]] || 21,520
|-
|[[Ennerdale Rural District]] || 30,983
|-
|[[Millom Rural District]] || 14,088
|-
|[[Penrith Rural District]] || 11,380
|-
|[[Wigton Rural District]] || 21,830
|}
==Legacy==
[[Image:Gray1824.cumberland.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Map of Cumberland, 1824]]
The name continues in use as a geographical and cultural term, and survives in [[Cumberland sausages]], [[Cumberland County Cricket Club]] and various organisations and companies, such as the local newspapers ''The Cumberland News'', and ''The West Cumberland Times and Star'', and the ''[[Cumberland Building Society]]''.
In June 1994, during the [[1990s UK local government reform]], the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations, suggesting as one option a North Cumbria [[unitary authority]] (also including [[Appleby-in-Westmorland|Appleby]], the historic county town of Westmorland). It also suggested that Cumberland could be reinstated as an independent [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]]. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission.
As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity [[Plantlife]] chose the [[Parnassia palustris|Grass-of-Parnassus]] as the [[county flower]]. Parnassus flowers had been associated with the county since 1951, when they were included in the [[coat of arms]] granted to the Cumberland County Council. They subsequently featured in the arms granted to Cumbria County Council and [[Copeland, Cumbria|Copeland Borough Council]], in both cases to represent Cumberland.
==Bibliography==
* ''Cumberland [[Heritage]]'' by [[Molly Lefebure]] (Chapters include Camden, Briathwaite, Millbeck, Fellwalkers, [[Carlisle]] Canal, Armboth, [[John Peel]] (Farmer) and The [[Blencathra]]), with endpaper maps of old Cumberland. <ref> Detail taken from a copy of ''Cumberland [[Heritage]]'' published by Victor Gollancz [[London]] in 1970 with an ISBN of 0 575 00376 6 </ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/CUL/Gaz1868.html CUMBERLAND, England - History and Description, 1868]
{{England counties}}
[[Category:Cumberland| ]]
[[Category:Historic counties of England]]
[[Category:History of Cumbria]]
[[Category:Former administrative counties]]
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