Cuscuta 54019 222025842 2008-06-27T05:39:28Z Thijs!bot 1392310 robot Adding: [[he:כשות]] {{This2|the plant|the waterway|River Dodder}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Cuscuta'' | image = Cuscuta europaea bgiu.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''Cuscuta europaea'' on ''[[Danewort|Sambucus ebulus]]'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Solanales]] | familia = [[Convolvulaceae]] | genus = '''''Cuscuta''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = About 100-170 species, including:<br> ''[[Cuscuta americana]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta applanata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta approximata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta attenuata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta australis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta boldinghii]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta brachycalyx]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta californica]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta campestris]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta cassytoides]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta ceanothi]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta cephalanthi]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta chinensis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta compacta]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta coryli]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta corylii]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta cuspidata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta decipiens]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta dentatasquamata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta denticulata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta epilinum]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta epithymum]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta erosa]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta europaea]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta exaltata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta fasciculata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta gigantea]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta globulosa]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta glomerata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta gronovii]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta harperi]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta howelliana]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta indecora]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta indesora]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta japonica]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta jepsoni]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta leptantha]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta lupuliformis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta macrolepis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta megalocarpa]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta monogyna]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta mitriformis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta obtusiflora]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta odontolepis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta pentagona]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta plattensis]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta polygonorum]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta potosina]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta potosona]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta reflexa]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta rostrata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta runyonii]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta salina]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta sandwichiana]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta squamata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta suaveolens]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta suksdorfii]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta tuberculata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta umbellata]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta vivipara]]''<br> ''[[Cuscuta warneri]]'' }} '''''Cuscuta''''' ('''Dodder''') is a genus of about 100-170 species of yellow, orange or red (rarely green) [[parasitic plant]]s. Formerly treated as the only genus in the family Cuscutaceae, recent genetic research by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] has shown that it is correctly placed in the family [[Convolvulaceae]]. The genus is found throughout the temperate to tropical regions of the world, with the greatest species diversity in subtropical and tropical regions; the genus becomes rare in cool temperate climates, with e.g. only four species native to northern [[Europe]]. Old folk names include devil's guts, devil's hair, devil's ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, strangleweed, and witch's hair. <ref name=npr/> ==Appearance== Dodder can be identified by its thin stems appearing leafless, with the [[leaf|leaves]] reduced to minute scales. It has very low levels of [[chlorophyll]]; some species such as ''Cuscuta reflexa'' can photosynthesize slightly, while others such as ''C. europaea'' are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition <ref>Machado, M.A. & Zetsche, K. (1990) A structural, functional and molecular analysis of plastids of the holoparasites ''Cuscuta reflexa'' and ''Cuscuta europaea''. ''Planta'' 181: 91-96.</ref>. [[Image:Cuscuta europaea 2005.06.12 15.07.24.jpg|left|thumb|''Cuscuta europaea'' in flower]] Dodder [[flower]]s range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The [[seed]]s are minute and produced in large quantities. They have a hard seed coating, and can survive in the soil for 5-10 years or more. Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil. While dodder [[germination]] can occur without a host, it has to reach a green plant quickly; dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants. <ref name=npr>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Devious Dodder Vine Sniffs Out Its Victims |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6160709 |quote= Some flowers release a pleasing fragrance. Other plants smell. And then there's the parasitic dodder vine, which has the remarkable ability to sniff out its victims. Farmers have placed the dodder –- aka "Strangleweed," "Devil Guts," and "Witches Shoelaces" -– on a ten most-wanted list of weeds. |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date= |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref> If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the [[cotyledons]], though present, are vestigial <ref>Macpherson, G.E. (1921) Comparison of development in dodder and morning glory. ''Botanical Gazette'' 71: 392-398.</ref>. [[Image:Cuscuta parasite plant.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Cuscuta on acacia tree in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] Pakistan]] ==Parasitism== After a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food beneficial to dodder, the dodder produces [[haustoria]] that insert themselves into the vascular system of the host. The original root of the dodder in the soil then dies. The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas it can grow more or less continuously, and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees; in temperate regions it is an [[annual plant]] and is restricted to relatively low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring. Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as [[alfalfa]], [[lespedeza]], [[flax]], [[clover]], [[potato]]es, [[chrysanthemum]], [[dahlia]], [[helenium]], [[trumpet vine]], [[ivy]] and [[petunia]]s, among others. Dodder ranges in severity based on its species and the species of the host, the time of attack, and whether any viruses are also present in the host plant. By debilitating the host plant, dodder decreases the ability of plants to resist virus diseases, and dodder can also spread plant diseases from one host to another if it is attached to more than one plant. ==Host finding== A report published in ''Science'' (Vol 313; Sept. 29, 2006) by Runyon, Mescher, and De Moraes, researchers at Penn State University, demonstrates that dodder use airborne (volatile) chemical cues to locate their host plants. Seedlings of ''Cuscuta pentagona'' exhibit positive growth responses to volatiles released by tomato and other species of host plants. When given a choice between volatiles released by the preferred host tomato and the non-host wheat, the parasite exhibited preferential growth toward the former. Further experiments demonstrated attraction to a number of individual compounds released by host plants and repellance by one compound released by wheat. These results do not rule out the possibility that other cues (e.g., light) may also play a role in host location. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060929/ap_on_sc/sniffing_plant_8 "Parasitic weed seems to smell its prey"] [http://whyfiles.org/shorties/216plants_smell/] ==Prevention and treatment== [[Image:Cuscuta sp on sage.jpg|left|thumb|This dodder is engulfing a sage in the Mojave Desert.]] Many [[nation]]s have laws prohibiting import of dodder seed, requiring crop seeds to be free of dodder seed contamination. Before planting, all clothes should be inspected for dodder seed when moving from an infested area to a non-infested crop. When dealing with an infested area, swift action is necessary. Recommendations include planting a non-host crop for several years after the infestation, pulling up host crops immediately, particularly before the dodder produces seed, and use of [[preemergent herbicides]] like [[Dacthal]] in the spring. Examples of non-host crops include [[grasses]] and many other [[monocotyledon]]s. If dodder is found before it chokes a host plant, it may be simply removed from the soil. If choking has begun, the host plant must be pruned significantly lower than the dodder, as dodder is versatile and can grow back if present from [[haustoria]]. <gallery> Image:Cuscuta_fg01.jpg|''Cuscuta'' spec., Garden of the Gods Wilderness, Shawnee National Forest, South Illinois, USA, 2000 Image:Cuscuta_fg02.jpg|''Cuscuta'' spec., Garden of the Gods Wilderness, Shawnee National Forest, South Illinois, USA, 2000 Image:Cuscuta_fg03.jpg|''Cuscuta'' spec., Garden of the Gods Wilderness, Shawnee National Forest, South Illinois, USA, 2000 </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Everitt |first=J.H. |coauthors=Lonard, R.L., Little, C.R. |title=Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |location=Lubbock |year=2007}} ISBN 0-89672-614-2 ==External links== {{commons|Cuscuta}} *[http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=2147&p=8968 Costea, M. 2007-onwards. Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae)] *{{National Public Radio|6160709}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108730 Flora of China: ''Cuscuta''] * Lanini, W. T., et al. Dodder. ''Pest Notes'' Jan 2002: 1-3. [[15 July]] [[2005]]. [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PESTNOTES/pndodder.pdf Online] (pdf file). * Swift, C. E. ''Cuscuta'' and ''Grammica'' species - Dodder: A Plant Parasite. ''Colorado State University Cooperative Extension''. [http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CoopExt/TRA/dodder.html Online]. * Dodder (''Cuscuta'' species). ''Weed Listings.'' 2005. [http://www.weedalert.com/weed_pages/wadodder.htm Online]. * [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Cuscuta Medicinal uses of ''Cuscuta'' in Armenia] * [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060929/ap_on_sc/sniffing_plant_8 "Parasitic weed seems to smell its prey"] [[Category:Convolvulaceae]] [[Category:Parasitic plants]] [[ar:حامول (نبات)]] [[ca:Cúscuta]] [[de:Teufelszwirne]] [[es:Cuscuta]] [[eo:Kuskuto]] [[fa:گیاه سس]] [[fr:Cuscuta]] [[it:Cuscuta]] [[he:כשות]] [[ka:აბრეშუმა]] [[ht:Lamitye]] [[lt:Brantiniai]] [[hu:Aranka (növény)]] [[ja:ネナシカズラ属]] [[pl:Kanianka]] [[pt:Cuscuta]] [[ru:Повилика]] [[sq:Cuscuta]] [[vi:Chi Tơ hồng]] [[tr:Küsküt]] [[uk:Повитиці]] [[zh:菟絲子]]