Cybernetics 5904 223066725 2008-07-02T12:21:43Z Plasticup 2666389 {{alternateuses}} '''Cybernetics''' is the interdisciplinary study of the [[structure]] of [[complex system]]s, especially [[communication]] processes, control mechanisms and [[feedback]] principles. Cybernetics is closely related to [[control theory]] and [[systems theory]]. [[Image:Model Cybernetic Factory.svg|thumb|360px|Example of cybernetic thinking. On the one hand a company is approached as a [[system]] in an [[wikt:environment|environment]]. On the other hand [[management cybernetics|cybernetic factory]] can be [[model (abstract)|modeled]] as a [[control system]].]]{{portal|Systems science|Complex-adaptive-system.jpg}} Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control system]]s, [[circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]] and [[neuroscience]] in the 1940s. Other fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include [[game theory]], [[system theory]] (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), [[psychology]] (especially [[neuropsychology]], [[behavioral psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]]), [[philosophy]], and [[architecture]].<ref> Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref> == Overview == [[Image:Science-symbol-13a.png|left|87px]] The term ''cybernetics'' stems from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|Κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernētēs'', steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder — the same root as [[government]]). Cybernetics is a broad field of study, but the essential goal of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals, and that participate in circular, causal chains that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal to action. Studies of this field are all ultimately means of examining different forms of systems and applying what is known to make the design and function of any system, including artificial systems such as business management, more [[efficient]] and [[effective]]. [[Image:Norbert Wiener 3.JPG|thumb|[[Norbert Wiener]]]] Cybernetics was defined by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book of that title, as the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. [[Stafford Beer]] called it the science of effective organization and [[Gordon Pask]] extended it to include information flows "in all media" from stars to brains. It includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]]. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks <ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |author=Kelly, Kevin |title=Out of control: the new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Boston |year=1994 |pages= |isbn=0-201-48340-8 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>. A more philosophical definition, suggested in 1956 by [[Louis Couffignal]], one of the pioneers of cybernetics, characterizes cybernetics as "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action" <ref name="Couffignal">Couffignal, Louis, "Essai d’une définition générale de la cybernétique", ''The First International Congress on Cybernetics'', Namur, Belgium, June 26-29, 1956, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1958, pp. 46-54</ref>. The most recent definition has been proposed by [[Louis Kauffman]], President of the [[American Society for Cybernetics]], "Cybernetics is the study of systems and processes that interact with themselves and produce themselves from themselves" <ref>CYBCON discusstion group 20 September 2007 18:15</ref>. Concepts studied by cyberneticists (or, as some prefer, cyberneticians) include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaption]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[communication]], [[efficiency]], [[efficacy]] and [[interconnectivity]]. These concepts are studied by other subjects such as [[engineering]] and [[biology]], but in cybernetics these are removed from the context of the individual [[organism]] or [[machine|device]]. Other fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include [[game theory]]; [[system theory]] (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics); [[psychology]], especially [[neuropsychology]], [[behavioral psychology]],[[cognitive psychology]]; [[philosophy]]; [[anthropology]] and even [[architecture]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} ==History== ===The Roots of Cybernetic theory=== The word ''cybernetics'' was first used in the context of "the study of self-governance" by [[Plato]] in [[The Laws]] to signify the [[governance]] of people. The words govern and [[governor]] are related to the same Greek root through the [[Latin]] cognates [[gubernare]] and [[gubernator]]. The word "cybernétique" was also used in 1834 by the physicist [[André-Marie Ampère]] (1775–1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge. [[Image:James Watt.jpg|thumb|James Watt]] The first artificial automatic regulatory system, a [[water clock]], was invented by the mechanician Ktesibios. In his water clocks, water flowed from a source such as a holding tank into a reservoir, then from the reservoir to the mechanisms of the clock. Ktesibios's device used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir, so that it neither overflowed nor was allowed to run dry. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they did not refer to this concept by the name of Cybernetics (they considered it a field of engineering), [[Ktesibios]] and others such as [[Hero of Alexandria|Heron]] and [[Su Song]] are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles. The study of ''[[Teleology | teleological]] mechanisms'' (from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] τέλος or ''telos'' for ''end'', ''goal'', or ''purpose'') in machines with ''corrective feedback'' dates from as far back as the late 1700s when [[James Watt]]'s steam engine was equipped with a [[governor (device)|governor]], a centripetal feedback valve for controlling the speed of the engine. [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] identified this as the principle of [[evolution]] in his famous 1858 paper. In 1868 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] published a theoretical article on governors, one of the first to discuss and refine the principles of self-regulating devices. [[Jakob von Uexküll]] applied the feedback mechanism via his model of functional cycle (''Funktionskreis'') in order to explain animal behaviour and the origins of meaning in general. ===The Early 20th century=== Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control system]]s, [[Circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]] and [[neuroscience]] in the 1940s. Electronic control systems originated with the 1927 work of [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratories]] engineer [[Harold Stephen Black|Harold S. Black]] on using negative feedback to control amplifiers. The ideas are also related to the biological work of [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] in General Systems Theory. Early applications of negative feedback in electronic circuits included the control of gun mounts and radar antenna during World War Two. [[Jay Wright Forrester|Jay Forrester]], a graduate student at the Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT during WWII working with [[Gordon S. Brown]] to develop electronic control systems for the U.S. Navy, later applied these ideas to social organizations such as corporations and cities as an original organizer of the MIT School of Industrial Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Forrester is known as the founder of [[System Dynamics]]. [[Image:William Ross Ashby.jpg|thumb|W. Ross Ashby]] [[W. Edwards Deming]], the [[Total Quality Management]] guru for whom Japan named its top post-WWII industrial [[Deming Prize|prize]], was an intern at [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Labs]] in 1927 and may have been influenced by [[network theory]]. Deming made "Understanding Systems" one of the four pillars of what he described as "Profound Knowledge" in his book "The New Economics." Numerous papers spearheaded the coalescing of the field. In 1935 Russian physiologist [[P.K. Anokhin]] published a book in which the concept of [[feedback]] ("back [[afferent]]ation") was studied. The Romanian scientist [[Ştefan Odobleja]] published ''Psychologie consonantiste'' (Paris, 1938), describing many cybernetic principles. The study and mathematical modelling of regulatory processes became a continuing research effort and two key articles were published in 1943. These papers were "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology" by [[Arturo Rosenblueth]], [[Norbert Wiener]], and [[Julian Bigelow]]; and the paper "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" by [[Warren McCulloch]] and [[Walter Pitts]]. Cybernetics as a discipline was firmly established by [[Norbert Wiener|Wiener]], [[Warren Sturgis McCulloch|McCulloch]] and others, such as [[W. Ross Ashby]] and [[William Grey Walter|W. Grey Walter]]. Walter was one of the first to build autonomous robots as an aid to the study of animal behaviour. Together with the [[United States|US]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]], an important geographical locus of early cybernetics was [[France]]. In the spring of 1947, Wiener was invited to a congress on harmonic analysis, held in [[Nancy]], [[France]]. The event was organized by the [[Bourbaki]], a French scientific society, and mathematician [[Szolem Mandelbrojt]] (1899-1983), uncle of the world-famous mathematician [[Benoît Mandelbrot]]. [[Image:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|John von Neumann]] During this stay in France, Wiener received the offer to write a manuscript on the unifying character of this part of applied mathematics, which is found in the study of [[Brownian motion]] and in telecommunication engineering. The following summer, back in the United States, Wiener decided to introduce the neologism cybernetics into his scientific theory. The name ''cybernetics'' was coined to denote the study of "teleological mechanisms" and was popularized through his book ''Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine'' (Hermann & Cie, Paris, 1948). In the UK this became the focus for the [[Ratio Club]]. In the early 1940's [[John von Neumann]], although better known for his work in mathematics and computer science, did contribute a unique and unusual addition to the world of cybernetics: [[Von Neumann cellular automata]], and their logical follow up the [[Von Neumann Universal Constructor]]. The result of these deceptively simple thought-experiments was the concept of [[self replication]] which cybernetics adopted as a core concept. The concept that the same properties of genetic reproduction applied to social [[memes]], living cells, and even computer viruses is further proof of the somewhat surprising universality of cybernetic study. Wiener popularized the social implications of cybernetics, drawing analogies between automatic systems (such as a regulated steam engine) and human institutions in his best-selling ''The Human Use of Human Beings : Cybernetics and Society'' (Houghton-Mifflin, 1950). While not the only instance of a research organization focused on cybernetics, the [http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/pubs/bcl/mueller/index.htm Biological Computer Lab] at the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, under the direction of [[Heinz von Foerster]], was a [http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/pubs/bcl/hutchinson/index.htm major center of cybernetic research] for almost 20 years, beginning in 1958. ===The Fall and Rebirth of Cybernetics=== For a time during the past 30 years, the field of cybernetics followed a boom-bust cycle of becoming more and more dominated by the subfields of artificial intelligence and machine-biological interfaces (ie. [[cyborg]]s) and when this research fell out of favor, the field as a whole fell from grace. In the [[1970]]s new cybernetics has emerged in multiple fields, first in [[biology]]. Some biologists influenced by cybernetic concepts (Maturana and Varela, 1980); Varela, 1979; Atlan, 1979) realized that the cybernetic metaphors of the program upon which molecular biology had been based rendered a conception of the autonomy of the living being impossible. Consequently, these thinkers were led to invent a new cybernetics, one more suited to the organizations which mankind discovers in nature - organizations he has not himself invented. The possibility that this new cybernetics could also account for social forms of organization, remained an object of debate among theoreticians on self-organization in the 1980s.<ref> Jean-Pierre Dupuy, "The autonomy of social reality: on the contribution of systems theory to the theory of society" in: Elias L. Khalil & [[Kenneth E. Boulding]] eds., ''Evolution, Order and Complexity'', 1986.</ref> In [[political science]], [[Project Cybersyn]] attempted to introduce a cybernetically controlled economy during the early 1970s. In the [[1980]]s, unlike its predecessor, the new cybernetics concerns itself with the interaction of autonomous political [[actor]]s and subgroups, and the practical and reflexive consciousness of the subjects who produce and reproduce the structure of a political community. A dominant consideration is that of recursiveness, or self-reference of political action both with regards to the expression of political consciousness and with the ways in which systems build upon themselves.<ref name = "PHJ 88"> Peter Harries-Jones (1988), "The Self-Organizing Polity: An Epistemological Analysis of Political Life by Laurent Dobuzinskis" in: ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (Revue canadienne de science politique), Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 431-433.</ref> [[Image:Umpleby.jpg|thumb|[[Stuart A. Umpleby]]]] Geyer and van der Zouwen in [[1978]] discussed a number of characteristics of the emerging "[[new cybernetics]]". One characteristic of new cybernetics is that it views information as constructed and reconstructed by an individual interacting with the environment. This provides an [[epistemology|epistemological]] foundation of science, by viewing it as observer-dependent. Another characteristic of the new cybernetics is its contribution towards bridging the "micro-macro gap". That is, it links the individual with the society. Geyer and van der Zouwen also noted that a transition from classical cybernetics to the new cybernetics involves a transition from classical problems to new problems. These shifts in thinking involve, among others, a change from emphasis on the system being steered to the system doing the steering, and the factor which guides the steering decisions. And a new emphasis on communication between several systems which are trying to steer each other.<ref name = "KB 94"> [[Kenneth D. Bailey]] (1994), ''Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis'', p.163.</ref> Recent endeavors into the true focus of cybernetics, systems of control and emergent behavior, by such related fields as [[Game Theory]] (the analysis of group interaction), [[evolutionary stable strategy|systems of feedback in evolution]], and [[Metamaterials]] (the study of materials with properties beyond the newtonian properties of their constituent atoms), have led to a revived interest in this increasingly relevant field.<ref name="Kelly"/> ==Subdivisions of the field== Cybernetics is an earlier but still-used generic term for many subject matters. These subjects also extend into many others areas of science, but are united in their study of control of systems. === Pure Cybernetics === Pure cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as[[Image:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|thumb|[[ASIMO]] uses sensors and intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.]] *[[Artificial intelligence]] *[[Robotics]] *[[Computer Vision]] *[[Control system]]s *[[Emergence]] *[[Learning organization]] *[[New Cybernetics]] *[[Second-order cybernetics]] *[[Gordon_Pask#Interactions_of_Actors_Theory_.28IA.29|Interactions of Actors Theory]] *[[Conversation Theory]] === In Biology === Cybernetics in biology is the study of cybernetic systems present in biological organisms, primarily focusing on how animals adapt to their environment, and how information in the form of [[genes]] is passed from generation to generation<ref>Note: this does not refer to the concept of [[Racial Memory]] but to the concept of cumulative adaptation to a particular niche, such as the case of the [[pepper moth]] having genes for both light and dark environments.</ref>. There is also a secondary focus on [[cyborg]]s.[[Image:wiki tarantula.jpg|thumb|right|Thermal image of a cold-blooded [[tarantula]] on a warm-blooded human hand]] *[[Bioengineering]] <!--obviously, this also fits under the heading of engineering,picked bio because it had less--> *[[Biocybernetics]] *[[Bionics]] *[[Homeostasis]] *[[Medical cybernetics]] *[[Synthetic Biology]] *[[Systems Biology]] === In Complexity Science === Complexity Science attempts to analyze the nature of complex systems, and the reasons behind their unusual properties.[[Image:Complex-adaptive-system.jpg|thumb|A way of modelling Complex Adaptive System]] *[[Complex Adaptive System]] *[[Complex systems]] *[[Complexity theory]] === In Computer Science === Computer science directly applies the concepts of cybernetics to the control of devices and the analysis of information. *[[Robotics]] *[[Decision support system]] *[[Cellular automaton]] *[[Simulation]] === In Engineering === Cybernetics in engineering is used to analyze [[cascading failure]]s and [[System Accident]]s, in which the small errors and imperfections in a system can generate disasters. Other topics studied include:[[Image:JARVIK 7 artificial heart.jpg|thumb|An [[artificial heart]], example of a biomedical engineering.]] *[[Adaptive system]]s *[[Engineering cybernetics]] *[[Ergonomics]] *[[Biomedical engineering]] *[[Systems engineering]] === In Management === *[[Entrepreneurial cybernetics]] *[[Management cybernetics]] *[[Management cybernetics#Organizational cybernetics|Organizational cybernetics]] *[[Operations research]] *[[Systems engineering]] === In Mathematics === Mathematical Cybernetics focuses on the factors of information, interaction of parts in systems, and the structure of systems.[[Image:Airplane vortex edit.jpg|thumb|[[Turbulence]] in the [[Wingtip vortices|tip vortex]] from an [[airplane]] wing.]] *[[Dynamical system]] *[[Information theory]] *[[Systems theory]] === In Psychology === *[[Psycho-Cybernetics]] *[[Systems psychology]] === In Sociology === By examining group behavior through the lens of cybernetics, sociology seeks the reasons for such spontaneous events as [[smart mob]]s and [[riots]], as well as how communities develop rules, such as etiquette, by consensus without formal discussion. [[Affect Control Theory]] explains [[role]] behavior, [[emotion]]s, and [[labeling theory]] in terms of homeostatic maintenance of sentiments associated with cultural categories. These and other cybernetic models in sociology are reviewed in a book edited by McClelland and Fararo<ref name="McClelland"> McClelland, Kent A., and Thomas J. Fararo (Eds.). 2006. Purpose, Meaning, and Action: Control Systems Theories in Sociology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref>. *[[Affect Control Theory]] *[[Memetics]] *[[Sociocybernetics]] == See also == <!-- This section should mention subjects already metioned in the article above --> {{Multicol}} * [[Artificial life]] * [[Automation]] * [[Brain-computer interface]] * [[Chaos theory]] * [[Connectionism]] * [[Decision theory]] {{Multicol-break}} * [[Family therapy]] * [[Gaia hypothesis]] * [[Industrial Ecology]] * [[Intelligence amplification]] * [[Management science]] * [[Perceptual control theory]] {{Multicol-break}} * [[Principia Cybernetica]] * [[Project Cybersyn]] * [[Semiotics]] * [[Superorganisms]] * [[Synergetics]] {{multicol-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} == Further reading == <!--If anyone knows what these references cite, please add them using the <ref></ref> tag to the appropriate information.--> * [[W. Ross Ashby]] (1956), ''Introduction to Cybernetics''. Methuen, London, UK. [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/IntroCyb.pdf PDF text]. * [[Stafford Beer]] (1974), ''Designing Freedom'', John Wiley, London and New York, 1975. * Lars Bluma, (2005), ''Norbert Wiener und die Entstehung der Kybernetik im Zweiten Weltkrieg'', Münster. * Steve J. Heims (1980), ''John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death'', 3. Aufl., Cambridge. * Steve J. Heims (1993), ''Constructing a Social Science for Postwar America. The Cybernetics Group, 1946-1953'', Cambridge University Press, London, UK. * Helvey, T.C. The Age of Information: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Cybernetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications, 1971. * [[Francis Heylighen]], and Joslyn C. (2001), "[http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Cybernetics-EPST.pdf Cybernetics and Second Order Cybernetics]", in: R.A. Meyers (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Physical Science & Technology'' (3rd ed.), Vol. 4, (Academic Press, New York), p. 155-170. * Hans Joachim Ilgauds (1980), ''Norbert Wiener'', Leipzig. * P. Rustom Masani (1990), ''Norbert Wiener 1894-1964'', Basel. * Eden Medina, "Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile." Journal of Latin American Studies 38 (2006):571-606. * Paul Pangaro (1990), "Cybernetics — A Definition", [http://pangaro.com/published/cyber-macmillan.html Eprint]. * [[Gordon Pask]] (1972), "[http://www.cybsoc.org/gcyb.htm Cybernetics]", entry in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' 1972. * B.C. Patten, and [[E.P. Odum]] (1981), "The Cybernetic Nature of Ecosystems", ''The American Naturalist'' 118, 886-895. * [[Plato]], "Alcibiades&nbsp;1", W.R.M. Lamb (trans.), pp. 93–223 in ''Plato, Volume&nbsp;12'', Loeb Classical Library, London, UK, 1927. * [[Heinz von Foerster]], (1995), [http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/foerster.html Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics]. * [[Stuart Umpleby]] (1989), [ftp://ftp.vub.ac.be/pub/projects/Principia_Cybernetica/Papers_Umpleby/Science-Cybernetics.txt "The science of cybernetics and the cybernetics of science"], in: ''Cybernetics and Systems", Vol. 21, No. 1, (1990), pp. 109-121. * [[Norbert Wiener]] (1948), ''Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine'', Paris, Hermann et Cie - MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. ==External links== {{wiktionary}} * [http://wiki.biological-cybernetics.de BioCybernetics Wiki] * [http://www.biological-cybernetics.de Biological cybernetics portal] * [http://hermes.circ.gwu.edu/archives/cybcom.html Archives of Cybernetics Discussion Group] * [http://cybernetics.wikia.com Cybernetics Wikia] * [http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_wiener.htm Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics] &ndash; Living Internet * [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/indexASC.html Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and Systems] * [http://www.gwu.edu/~asc/slide/s1.html Glossary Slideshow (136 slides)] * [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html ''Principia Cybernetica Web''] * [http://www.systems-thinking.de Mindmap-based-page by Ragnar Heil] * [http://www.cybsoc.org The Cybernetics Society] * [http://www.asc-cybernetics.org/ American Society for Cybernetics] * [http://www.ieeesmc.org/ IEEE Systems, Man, & Cybernetics Society] * [http://www.infoamerica.org/documentos_word/shannon-wiener.htm Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France and the Soviet Union] * [http://www.medical-cybernetics.de Medizinische Kybernetik | Medical Cybernetics] * [http://open-site.org/Science/Mathematics/Applied/Cybernetics/ Cybernetics category in the Open Encyclopedia Project] * [http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/~gossimit/ifsr/francois/papers/systemics_and_cybernetics_in_a_historical_perspective.pdf Systemics and cybernetics in a historical perspective (pdf document)] : ([http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/~gossimit/ifsr/francois/ more related pdf documents]) * [http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/cybernetics.html Basics of Cybernetics] * [http://www.asc-cybernetics.org/foundations/definitions.htm Several definitions of cybernetics] * [http://www.cybersyn.cl/ Project in Chile by Stafford Beer] * [http://control.hut.fi/rpt/r151isbn9789512286133.pdf Report on Neocybernetics] + [http://www.control.hut.fi/Kurssit/AS-74.4192/luentokalvot.en.html lecture slides] {{Cybernetics}} {{Systems}} [[Category:Control theory]] [[Category:Cybernetics| ]] [[Category:Robotics| ]] [[Category:Systems]] [[Category:Systems theory]] [[Category:Formal sciences]] {{Link FA|ar}} [[af:Kubernetika]] [[ar:سبرانية]] [[bn:সাইবারনেটিক্‌স]] [[bg:Кибернетика]] [[ca:Cibernètica]] [[cs:Kybernetika]] [[da:Kybernetik]] [[de:Kybernetik]] [[et:Küberneetika]] [[el:Επιστήμη συστημάτων]] [[es:Cibernética]] [[eo:Cibernetiko]] [[eu:Zibernetika]] [[fa:سیبرنتیک]] [[fr:Cybernétique]] [[ko:사이버네틱스]] [[hr:Kibernetika]] [[it:Cibernetica]] [[he:קיברנטיקה]] [[lt:Kibernetika]] [[hu:Kibernetika]] [[nl:Cybernetica]] [[ja:サイバネティックス]] [[no:Kybernetikk]] [[nn:Kybernetikk]] [[pms:Sibernética]] [[pl:Cybernetyka]] [[pt:Cibernética]] [[ro:Cibernetică]] [[ru:Кибернетика]] [[simple:Cybernetics]] [[sk:Kybernetika]] [[sr:Кибернетика]] [[fi:Kybernetiikka]] [[sv:Cybernetik]] [[vi:Điều khiển học]] [[tr:Sibernetik]] [[uk:Кібернетика]] [[fiu-vro:Küberneetiga]] [[zh:控制论]]