Cynopterus
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{{Taxobox
| name = ''Cynopterus''
|image=Cynopterus brachyotis.jpg
|image_caption=''[[Cynopterus brachyotis]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Chiroptera]]
| subordo = [[Megachiroptera]]
| familia = [[Pteropodidae]]
| genus = '''''Cynopterus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Cynopterus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[megabat]]s. The Cynopterine section is represented by 11 genera<ref name="Anderson">Andersen K. 1912. Catalogue of the chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Second edition, British Museum of Natural History.</ref>, five of which occur in [[Malaysia]], namely, ''Chironx, Balionycteris, Penthetor, Dyacopterus'' and ''Cynopterus''. 30 names for ''Cynopterus'' [[species]] have been proposed, but only 16 are [[taxonomy|taxonomically]] valid forms<ref name="KitchenerMaharadatunkamsi">Kitchener DJ, Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. Description of a new species of ''Cynopterus'' (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Research Western Australian Museum 15(2):307-363.</ref>.
==''Cynopterus'' species==
The description of species in the genus ''Cynopterus'' will be limited to the five species that are generally recognised and accepted<ref name="WilsonReeder">Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographical reference. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.</ref>. Thus the genus ''Cynopterus'' is represented in the [[List of ecoregions#Indo-Malayan 2|Indo-Malayan region]] by ''C. brachyotis'', ''C. horsfieldi'', ''C. sphinx'', ''C. titthaecheilus'', and ''C. nusatenggara''<ref name="WilsonReeder"/>.
===Cynopterus brachyotis===
The ''Cynopterus brachyotis'' [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/taj_abdullah] type specimen was collected from the [[Dewei River]] in [[Borneo]] by Müller on 12 September 1836<ref name="WilsonReeder"/>, [[Naga Cave]] near [[Jammut]] on the [[Teweh River]], Borneo (as communicated by Dr C. Smeenk to this author in 2005). Vernacularly known as the short-nosed [[fruit bat]], it is a small bat (weight 21-32 g, 0.7-1 oz) that occurs in most [[Habitat (ecology)|habitats]] (but most frequently in disturbed [[forest]]) including lower montane forest, dipterocarp forest, gardens, [[mangrove]] and strand vegetation<ref name="Payne">Payne J, Francis CM, Phillipps K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society and World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu.</ref>. It prefers to roost in small groups in trees, under leaves, and in caves. C. brachyotis is widely distributed in [[Sri Lanka]], southwest [[India]], northeast India, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], southern [[China]], southern [[Burma]], [[Indochina]], [[Thailand]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Sulawesi]], the [[Philippines]] and also on the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]; from sea level up to 1600 m in Borneo<ref>Lekagul B, McNeely JA. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Sahankarnbhat, Bangkok.</ref><ref>Medway L. 1978. The wild mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.</ref><ref>Bergmans W, Rozendaal FG. 1988. Notes on collections of fruit bats from Sulawasi and some off-lying islands (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen 248:1-74.</ref><ref name="CorbetHill">Corbet GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Peterson AT, Heaney LR. 1993. Genetic differentiation in Philippines bats of the genera Cynopterus and Haplonycteris. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 49:203-218.</ref>
There are nine [[subspecies]] of ''C. brachyotis''<ref name="Mickleburg">Mickleburg SP, Hutson AM, Racey PA. 1992. Old world fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN/FFPS/ZSL/WWF/JWPT/NWF/Sultanate of Oman.</ref>. The nominate subspecies ''C. b. brachyotis'' is distributed in Borneo, [[Lombok]], Peninsular [[Malaysia]], the Philippines and Sulawesi. It is found widespread from sea level to 1,600 meters in altitude<ref name="Mickleburg"/>. Forearm length is 55-65 mm (2.1-2.6 in), tail length is 8-10 mm (0.3-0.4 in), and ear length is 14-16 mm (0.5-0.6 in) (Payne et al. 1985). ''C.b. altitudinis'' is confined to the highlands of Peninsular Malaysia, from the [[Cameron Highlands]] to [[Gunung Bunga Buah]]<ref name="Mickleburg"/>. ''C.b. brachysoma'' is found on the Andaman Islands; ''C.b. cylonensis'' in Sri Lanka; ''C.b. concolor'' in [[Enggano]]; ''C.b. hoffetti'' in [[Vietnam]]; ''C.b. insularum'' on the [[Kangean Islands]]; ''C.b. javanicus'' on [[Java]]; and ''C.b. minutus'' on [[Nias]]<ref name="Mickleburg"/>.
Corbet and Hill<ref name="CorbetHill"/> listed 19 [[synonym]]s of ''C. brachyotis'', which include: ''Pachysoma brachyotis'', ''P. duvaucelii'', ''P. brevicaudatum'', ''P. luzoniense'', ''C. grandidieri'', ''C. marginatus var. scherzeri'', ''C. marginatus var. ceylonensis'', ''C. marginatus var. philippensis'', ''C. marginatus var. cuminggii'', ''C. marginatus var. andamanensis'', ''C. brachyoma'', ''C. montanoi'', ''C. minutus'', ''C. minor'', ''C. babi'', ''C. archipelagus'' and ''C. nusatenggara''. Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi<ref name="KitchenerMaharadatunkamsi"/> considered ''luzoniensis'' and ''minutus'' as separate species while Hill and Thonglongya<ref name="HillThonglongya">Hill JE, Thonglongya K. 1972. Bats from Thailand and Cambodia. Bulletin British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 22:171-196.</ref> transferred ''angulatus'' to ''C. sphinx''.
[[Image:Cb habitat.jpg|thumb|100px|right| Habitat of large-sized ''C. brachyotis'']]
Hill and [[Kitti Thonglongya|Thonglongya]]<ref name="HillThonglongya"/> observed that the treatments of ''C. brachyotis'' and ''C. sphinx'' by Andersen<ref name="Anderson"/> were contradictory. Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi<ref name="KitchenerMaharadatunkamsi"/> considered ''C. minutus'' a species and not a subspecies of ''C. brachyotis'' while ''C. luzoniensis'' is a species and not a synonym of ''C. b. brachyotis''. Due to these controversies and difficulties surrounding these species, Corbet and Hill<ref name="CorbetHill"/> suggested that further detailed studies are needed on the taxonomy of these species.
===Cynopterus sphinx===
''Cynopterus sphinx'' or the greater short-nosed fruit bat, usually roosts in trees and feeds on [[nectar]] and fruit. Its range includes Sri Lanka, India, China, south-east Asia, Sumatra and central [[Kalimantan]]<ref name="Payne"/>. Synonyms include ''angulatus'', ''babi'', ''gangeticus'', ''pagensis'', ''scherzeri'' and ''serasi''<ref name="WilsonReeder"/>.
===Cynopterus horsfieldi===
''Cynopterus horsfieldi'', or [[Horsfield]]'s fruit bat, roosts in rock shelters and caves and feeds on fruit. It ranges from Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, [[Gunong Kinabalu]] and [[Gunong Gomantong]]<ref name="Payne"/>.
[[Image:Gomantong.jpg|thumb|100px|left| Habitat at Gomantong]]
Synonyms include: ''C. harpax'', ''C. lyoni'', ''C. minor'', ''C. persimilis'' and ''C. princeps''<ref name="WilsonReeder"/>.
[[Image:Kinabalu.jpg|thumb|100px|right| Habitat at Kinabalu]]
===Cynopterus titthaecheilus===
''Cynopterus titthaecheilus'' is distributed in all habitats, particularly disturbed situations, in Lombok Island, Sumatra, Java, Krakatau, Timor and Sebesi Island (Kitchener et al. 1990).
Synonyms include: ''C. major'' and ''C. terminus''<ref name="WilsonReeder"/>.
===Cynopterus nusatenggara===
''Cynopterus nusatenggara'' is common in both natural and disturbed situations in Lombok, [[Sumbawa]], [[Mayo Flores]], [[Sumba]] and [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]] islands<ref name="KitchenerMaharadatunkamsi"/><ref name="WilsonReeder"/>.
==MtDNA Analysis of ''Cynopterus'' species==
Recently, it was discovered that the [[phylogeny]] on ''Cynopterus'' species is discordant<ref>Abdullah MT, Moritz C, Grigg GC., Hall LS. 2000. Evidence of cryptic species within Cynopterus brachyotis by using mtDNA sequence. In Yaacob Z, Moo-Tan S, Yorath S (eds) In situ and ex situ Biodiversity Conservation. Yayasan Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.</ref><ref>Abdullah MT. 2003. Biogeography and variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. PhD Thesis (Zoology). Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.</ref><ref>Campbell, P., C. J. Schneider, et al. 2004. Phylogeny and phylogeography of Old World fruit bats in the Cynopterus brachyotis complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</ref> with the classical hypothesis by Andersen<ref name="Anderson"/> or the present knowledge on fruit bat classification by Corbet and Hill<ref name="CorbetHill"/>, Wilson and Reeder<ref name="WilsonReeder"/> and Schmitt ''et al''<ref>Schmitt LH, Kitchener DJ, How RA. 1995. A genetic perspective of mammalian variation and evolution in the Indonesian archipelago: biogeographic correlates in the fruit bat genus Cynopterus. Evolution 49(3):399-412.</ref>. [[Mitochondrial DNA|MtDNA]] sequence divergence is very high at about 9%-12% among two major [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]] of ''C. brachyotis'' and the two putative taxa within ''C. brachyotis'' populations were not sister taxa. There was correspondence between the [[genetics|genetic]] lineages with the [[ecology|ecological]] habitat and [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] characteristics of the short-nosed fruit bats. ''C. brachyotis'' I (Cb I) is morphologically larger and inhabits open habitats and ''C. brachyotis'' II (Cb II) is smaller and occurs in closed forest. The two lineages co-exist in forest edge habitats. The deep branch of Cb I suggests an older lineage compared to Cb II, which may probably have [[evolution|evolved]] later. Cb II, which is a derived form, is however more closely related to its [[congeneric]]s ''C. horsfieldi'' and ''C. sphinx'', which also occur in closed forests across the [[Sunda Shelf]] region. Recently, there are evidences to show of possible mixing of the smal and large forms at the ecotone region which should be investigated using nuclear DNA.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
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==External links==
*[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&contgroup=Eutheria Tree of Life]
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/chordata/mammalia/chiroptera.html University of Michigan Museum of Zoology]
*[http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Cynopterus_brachyotis/ ARKive images and movies of the lesser short-nosed fruit bat (''Cynopterus brachyotis'')]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4213495.stm Bats make up 20% of mammals]
*[http://www.bats.org.uk The Bat Conservation Trust]
*[http://www.batconservation.org Organization for Bat Conservation]
* [http://www.arbec.com.my/pdf/art11sepoct99.pdf/ Article 1]
* [http://www2.library.unr.edu/dataworks/borneo/searchfull.asp?p_ID=1480/ Article 2]
* [http://www.arbec.com.my/pdf/art8sepoct99.pdf/ Article 3]
* [http://www.arbec.com.my/pdf/art8sepoct99.pdf#search=%22cynopterus%20abdullah%22/ Article 4]
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/taj_abdullah/cynopterus_brachyotis.jpg/view.html/ Article 5]
* [http://greenfield.fortunecity.com/wilderness/258/tarsier.htm/ Interspecific interaction 6]
* [http://www.researchsea.com/html/article.php/aid/638/cid/1/research/fruit_bats_in_borneo__size_matters__picture_attached_.html/ Article Size Matters 7]
*[http://www.lubee.org Lubee Bat Conservancy]
*[http://rainforest.montclair.edu/pwebrf/rainforest/Animals/mammals/bats.html General text on bats]
*[http://www.batml.org.uk Bat Research, Scotland, UK]
* [http://www.unimas.my/research/rimc/bulletin/bulletin3/animal5.htm/ Article 8]
* [http://sea.nus.edu.sg/library/bibliographies/all.html/ Article ]
[[Category:Fruit bats]]
[[Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Malaysia]]
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[[fr:Cynopterus]]
[[pt:Cynopterus]]
[[zh:犬蝠屬]]