Cypriniformes
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220031253
2008-06-17T23:26:19Z
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{{Taxobox
| name = Cypriniformes
| fossil_range = [[Paleocene]] - Recent<ref name=briggs/>
| image = Rhodeus sericeus.jpg
| image_width = 250 px
| image_caption = ''[[Rhodeus sericeus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| superordo = [[Ostariophysi]]
| ordo = '''Cypriniformes'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[family (biology)|Families]]
| subdivision =
*[[Balitoridae]] (Hillstream loaches)
*[[Catostomidae]] (Suckers)
*[[Cobitidae]] (Loaches)
*[[Cyprinidae]] (Carps and minnows)
*[[Gyrinocheilidae]] (Sucking loaches)
*[[Psilorhynchidae]]
}}
The '''Cypriniformes''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]], including the minnows and some related families.<ref name=Nelson>{{cite book | title = [[Fishes of the World]] | last = Nelson | first = Joseph, S. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 2006 | ISBN = 0471250317}}</ref> Historically these included all the forms now placed in the superorder [[Ostariophysi]] except the catfish, which were placed in the order [[Siluriformes]].
Defined thus, the Cypriniformes were [[paraphyletic]], and recently the orders [[Gonorhynchiformes]], [[Characiformes]] ([[characin]]s and allies), and [[Gymnotiformes]] ([[knifefish]]es and [[electric eel]]s) have been separated out to form their own [[monophyletic]] orders.<ref>Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 228-229, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7</ref>
Aside from the features they share with the rest of the Ostariophysi, of which the [[Weberian apparatus]] is the most notable, the Cypriniformes are distinguished by having a single dorsal fin (most of the others have a second, fleshy ''adipose'' fin), the kinethmoid, and by having teeth in the throat rather than the mouth, called [[pharyngeal teeth]]. Other groups of fish, such as cichlids, also possess pharyngeal teeth, however, the cypriniformes' pharyngeal teeth oppose a chewing pad located on the base of the skull instead of an upper pharyngeal jaw. <ref name=Nelson>{{cite book | title = [[Fishes of the World]] | last = Nelson | first = Joseph, S. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 2006 | ISBN = 0471250317}}</ref>
==Diversity and distribution==
This order contains six families, 321 genera, and about 3,268 species. They are most diverse in southeastern [[Asia]], but are entirely absent from [[Australia]] and [[South America]].<ref name=Nelson/>
==Constituent families==
The families of Cypriniformes are divided into two superfamilies. Superfamily '''Cyprinioidea''' contains [[Cyprinidae]] and [[Psilorhynchidae]], and superfamily '''Cobitioidea''' contains [[Balitoridae]], [[Catostomidae]], [[Cobitidae]], and [[Gyrinocheilidae]]. Superfamily Cyprinioidea is more primitive than the latter.<ref name=Nelson/>
The most notable family placed here is the Cyprinidae, the [[carp]]s and [[minnow]]s. This is one of the largest families of fish, and is widely distributed across [[Africa]], [[Eurasia]], and [[North America]]. Most species are strictly freshwater inhabitants, but a considerable number are found in [[brackish]] water, such as [[Roach (fish)|roach]] and [[Carp bream|bream]]. At least one species is found in the sea, the Pacific Redfin, ''[[Tribolodon brandtii]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=47843&genusname=Tribolodon&speciesname=brandtii|title=Species summary for Tribolodon brandtii (Pacific redfin)|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> The brackish water and marine cyprinids are invariably [[anadromous]], swimming upstream into rivers to spawn.
The other families in the Cypriniformes are the Balitoridae, Catostomidae, Cobitidae, Gyrinocheilidae, and the Psilorhynchidae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes|title=Order Cypriniformes|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref>
The Balitoridae<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=126|title=Family Balitoridae |author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> and Psilorhynchidae<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=124|title=Family Psilorhynchidae |author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> are small families of mountain stream fishes the feed on algae and small invertebrates. The are found only in tropical and subtropical Asia. The Catostomidae are known as '''suckers''' and found in temperate North America and eastern Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=125|title=Family Catostomidae|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> These large fishes are similar to carps in appearance and ecology. The Cobitidae are the '''loaches''' that are common across Eurasia and parts of North Africa. They are rather similar to [[catfish]] in morphology and behaviour, feeding primarily off the substrate and equipped with barbels to help them locate food at night or in murky conditions. The Gyrinocheilidae is another small family of mountain stream fishes and is confined to [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=123|title=Family Gyrinocheilidae |author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref>
==Evolution==
Cypriniformes is the most primitive of the [[Ostariophysi|otophysan]]s. This is evidenced not only by physiological evidence, but their great distribution, which indicates they had the longest time to spread.<ref name=briggs/><ref name=Nelson/> The earliest that Cypriniformes might have diverged from [[Characiformes]] is thought to be about 250 million years ago.<ref name=saitoh>{{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/blnh675lhd646x15/fulltext.pdf|title=Mitochondrial Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography|last=Saitoh|first=Kenji|coauthors=Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Ishiguro, Naoya B.; Nishida, Mutsumi|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|year=2003|volume=56|pages=464–472|format=[[PDF]]|doi=10.1007/s00239-002-2417-y}}</ref> However, their divergence probably occurred much later, between 115 and 160 million years ago.<ref name=briggs/>
Cypriniformes is thought to have originated in south-east [[Asia]], where the most diversity of this group is found. The alternative hypothesis is that they began in [[South America]], similar to the other otophysans. If this were the case, they would have spread to Asia through Africa; as [[Characiformes|characiforms]] began to evolve, they may have outcompeted South American basal cypriniforms, while more advanced African cypriniforms managed to survive and coexist with characiforms.<ref name=briggs/>
The earliest fossils, from family Catostomidae, are known from the [[Paleocene]] of [[Alberta]]. During the [[Eocene]], catostomids and cyprinids spread throughout Asia. After the Eocene, the cyprinids began to outcompete the catostomids, causing their decline.<ref name=briggs>{{cite journal|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x|title=The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal|last=Briggs|first=John C.|journal=Journal of Biogeography|year=2005|volume=32|pages=287–294|format=[[PDF]] | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x <!--Retrieved from URL by DOI bot-->}}</ref> Cyprinids probably began their radiation in Asia prior to the Eocene, reached Africa in the early [[Miocene]], and North America and Europe by the mid-[[Oligocene]]. The cypriniforms would have spread to North America through the [[Bering land bridge]].<ref name=briggs/>
==Commercial importance==
The Cyprinidae in particular are important in a variety of ways. Many species are important food fish, particularly in Europe and Asia. Some are also important as aquarium fish, of which the [[goldfish]] and [[koi]] are perhaps the most celebrated. Accidentally or deliberately introduced populations of carp<ref>{{cite web | title=Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes | publisher=State of Florida | date = 2006 | url=http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html#carp | accessdate = 2007-03-05}}</ref> and [[grass carp]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes | publisher=State of Florida | date = 2006 | url=http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html#grasscarp | accessdate = 2007-03-05}}</ref> are found on all continents except Antarctica. In some cases, these [[invasive species|exotic species]] have a negative impact on the environment, carp in particular stir up the riverbed reducing the clarity of the water making it difficult for plants to grow.<ref name="GulfStateMarine">{{cite web | last=University of Southern Mississippi/College of Marine Sciences/Gulf Coast Research Laboratory | title=Fact Sheet for Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)| publisher=Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission | date=2005-08-03 | url=http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 | accessdate = 2007-05-03 }}</ref>
The other families are of less commercial importance. The Catostomidae have some importance in [[angling]], and a few species of Cobitidae and Gyrinocheilidae are traded as [[aquarium]] fish.
== References ==
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==External links==
*"Cypriniformes." ''ITIS Standard Report''. ([[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 2004-04-28). [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=162846 ITIS 162846]
*[http://bio.slu.edu/mayden/cypriniformes/home.html Cypriniformes Tree of Life]
{{Actinopterygii}}
[[Category:Cypriniformes| ]]
[[Category:Fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fish of South America]]
[[Category:Fish of Central America]]
[[ar:أشكال الشبوطيات]]
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