Czech Republic 5321 226161298 2008-07-17T02:38:29Z Golwengaud 471858 /* Czechoslovakia */ Changed "Dissents published [[Charter 77]] ..." to "Dissidents published [[Charter 77]] ..." {{otheruses1|the country in Europe}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = Česká republika |conventional_long_name = Czech Republic |common_name = Czech Republic |image_flag = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg |image_map = EU_location_CZE.png |map_caption = {{map_caption |countryprefix=the |region=[[Europe]] |subregion=the [[European Union]] |legend=European location legend en.png}} |national_motto = {{lang|cs|''"Pravda vítězí"''}}{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Czech language|Czech]])<br/>"Truth prevails"</small> |national_anthem = {{lang|cs|''[[Kde domov můj]]?''}} (in [[English language|English]]: Where is My Home?) |official_languages = [[Czech language|Czech]] |demonym = Czech |capital = [[Prague]] |latd=50 |latm=05 |latNS=N |longd=14 |longm=28 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of the Czech Republic|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Václav Klaus]] |leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Mirek Topolánek]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |sovereignty_note = (formed 9th century) |established_event1 = {{nowrap|from [[Austria-Hungary]]}} |established_date1 = [[October 28]] [[1918]] |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Czechoslovakia]] [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|dissolved]]}} |established_date2 = [[January 1]] [[1993]] |accessionEUdate = [[May 1]] [[2004]] |EUseats = 24 |area_rank = 117th |area_magnitude = 1_E10 |area_km2 = 78,866 |area_sq_mi = 30,450 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2 |population_estimate = 10,403,136 |population_estimate_year = 2008<sup>1</sup> |population_estimate_rank = 78th |population_census = 10,230,060 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 132 |population_density_sq_mi = 341 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 77th |religion = non-believer or no-organized believer (59%), Catholic (26,8%) |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] |GDP_PPP = $248.902 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] <!--2007 IMF data--> |GDP_PPP_rank = 39th² <!--2007 rank--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $24,236 <!--2007 IMF data--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 36th <!--2007 rank--> |GDP_nominal = $175.309 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] <!--2007 IMF data--> |GDP_nominal_rank = 39th <!--2007 rank--> |GDP_nominal_year = 2007 [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $17,070 <!--2007 IMF data--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 36th <!--2007 rank--> |Gini = 25.4 |Gini_year = 1996 |Gini_rank = 5th |Gini_category = <font color="#009900">low</font> |HDI_year = 2005 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.891 |HDI_rank = 32nd |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> |currency = [[Czech koruna]] |currency_code = CZK |time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |cctld = [[.cz]]³ |calling_code = 420 |calling_code_note = <sup>4</sup> |footnote1 = [[March 31]], [[2008]] (See [http://www.czso.cz/eng/csu.nsf/informace/aoby061208.doc Population changes - 1st quarter of 2008]). |footnote2 = Rank based on 2005 IMF data. |footnote3 = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states. |footnote4 = Shared code 42 with [[Slovakia]] until 1997. }} The '''Czech Republic''' ({{IPAEng|ˈtʃɛk riˈpʌblɨk}}) ({{Audio-cs|Česká republika|Ceska Republika.ogg}}, short form in {{lang-cs|Česko}}, {{IPA2|ʧɛsko}}), is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Central Europe]] and a member state of the [[European Union]]. The country has borders with [[Poland]] to the northeast, [[Germany]] to the west, [[Austria]] to the south, and [[Slovakia]] to the east. The capital and largest city is [[Prague]] ({{lang-cs|Praha}}), a major [[tourism|tourist]] destination. The country is composed of the historic regions of [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]], as well as parts of [[Czech Silesia|Silesia]]. Following the [[Battle of the White Mountain]], the [[Czech lands]] fell under the [[Habsburg]] rule from 1526, later becoming part of the [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]. The independent Republic of [[Czechoslovakia]] was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after [[World War I]]. After the [[Munich Agreement]], [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]] and the consequent disillusion with the [[Western betrayal|Western response]] and gratitude for the liberation of the major portion of Czechoslovakia by the [[Soviet Union|Red Army]], the [[Communist]] party won plurality (38 %)<ref>http://www.libri.cz/databaze/dejiny/text/t98.html (in Czech)</ref> in 1946 elections. In an 1948 overturn, Czechoslovakia became a communist-ruled state. In 1968, the increasing dissatisfaction has culminated in attempts to reform the communist regime. The events, known as [[Prague Spring]] of 1968, had ended with a invasion of armies of [[Warsaw Pact]] countries, and the troops remained in the country until the overturn in 1989 [[Velvet Revolution]], when the communist regime collapsed. On [[January 1]], [[1993]] the country Czechoslovakia [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|peacefully split]] into the Czech Republic and [[Slovakia]]. The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. [[President]] [[Václav Klaus]] is the current head of state. The [[List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]] (currently [[Mirek Topolánek]]). The Parliament has two chambers — the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]]. The Czech Republic joined [[NATO]] in 1999 and the [[European Union]] in 2004. It is also a member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[Visegrád Group]]. The Czech Republic made economic reforms such as fast [[privatization]] and [[flat tax]]. Annual [[gross domestic product]] growth has recently been around 6%. The country is the first former member of the [[Comecon]] to achieve the status of a [[developed country]] (2006) according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Velinger| first = Jan | title = World Bank Marks Czech Republic's Graduation to 'Developed' Status | publisher = Radio Prague| url = http://www.radio.cz/en/article/76314| date = 2006-02-28| accessdate = 2007-01-22 }}</ref> The Czech Republic also ranks best compared to the former Comecon countries in the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ Statistics of the Human Development Report].</ref> ==Name== {{seealso|Names of the Czech Republic|Czech lands}} After the dissolution of [[Czechoslovakia]], the Czech portion found itself without a common single-word name in [[English language|English]]. In 1993, The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs suggested the name '''Czechia''' as an official alternative in all situations other than formal official documents and the full names of government institutions; however, this has not become widely used--though other languages have single-word names, e.g. '''Tschechien''' in German, and '''Czechy''' in Polish. The official website of the Czech Republic ([http://www.czech.cz/ www.czech.cz]) run by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs also uses the name ''Czechia'' in some texts.<ref>http://www.czech.cz/en/news/science-and-discovery/brno-university-examines-how-to-eat-bugs/</ref>Its [[Czech language|Czech]] equivalent is ''Česko''. Another (unofficial) alternative is name '''Czechland''', which means the land of czechs. As well as Poland is the land of Poles.<ref>http://www.blisty.cz/2005/7/22/art24217.html</ref> <ref>http://www.kb.cz/en/com/press/news/25.shtml</ref> ==History== [[Image:Hradschin Prag.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prague Castle]]]] [[Image:Burgkarlstein01.jpg|thumb|[[Karlštejn]]]] [[Image:Tabor CZ aerial old town from north B1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tábor]]]] {{main|History of Czechoslovakia|History of the Czech lands}} Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlement in the area dating back to the [[Neolithic]] era. In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC [[Celts|Celtic]] migrations, the [[Boii]] (see [[Bohemia]]) and later in the 1st century Germanic tribes of [[Marcomanni]] and [[Quadi]] settled there. During the [[Migration Period]] around the 5th century, many Germanic tribes moved westwards and southwards out of Central Europe. In an equally significant migration, [[Slavic peoples|Slavic people]] from the [[Black Sea]] and [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] regions settled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: [[Huns]], [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]], [[Bulgars]] and [[Magyars]]). Following in the Germans' wake, they moved southwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present day Austria. During the [[7th century|7th]] century the Frankish merchant [[Samo]], supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe. The Moravian principality arose in the 8th century (see [[Great Moravia]]). The [[History of the Czechs|Bohemian or Czech state]] emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the [[Přemyslid dynasty]]. The [[Kingdom (politics)|kingdom]] of [[Bohemia]] was a significant regional power during the [[Middle Ages]]. It was part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the entire existence of this confederation. Religious conflicts such as the [[15th century|15th]] century [[Hussite Wars]] and the [[17th century|17th]] century [[Thirty Years' War]] had a devastating effect on the local population. From the [[16th century|16th]] century, Bohemia came increasingly under [[Habsburg]] control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then hereditary rulers of Bohemia. After the fall of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], Bohemia became part of [[Austrian Empire]] and later of [[Austria-Hungary]]. [[Image:Stramberk.jpg|right|thumb|left|[[Štramberk]]]] ===Czechoslovakia=== Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after [[World War I]], the independent republic of [[Czechoslovakia]] was created in 1918. This new country incorporated regions of [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]], [[Silesia]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] (known as Subcarpathian Rus at the time) with significant [[German people|German]], [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]], [[Poles|Polish]] and [[Ruthenian]] speaking minorities.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tab. 3 Národnost československých státních příslušníků podle žup a zemí k 15.2.1921 | url=http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb.nsf/i/8BE4678613181F2AC1256E66004C77DD/$File/tab3_21.pdf | format=PDF | language=Czech | accessed=2007-06-02}}</ref> Although Czechoslovakia was a [[unitary state]], it provided what was at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities. However, it did not grant its minorities any territorial political autonomy, which resulted in discontent and strong support among some of the minorities to break away from Czechoslovakia. [[Adolf Hitler]] used the opportunity and, supported by [[Konrad Henlein]]'s [[Sudeten German National Socialist Party]], gained the [[Sudeten Germans|largely German]] speaking [[Sudetenland]] through the 1938 [[Munich Agreement]]. Poland occupied Polish inhabited areas around [[Český Těšín]]. [[Hungary]] gained parts of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus as a result of the [[First Vienna Award]] in November 1938. [[Image:Ceskykrumlov.JPG|thumb|left|200px||[[Český Krumlov]]]] [[Image:Kutná Hora - pohled od Svaté Barbory.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Kutná Hora]]]] Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus gained greater autonomy, with the state renamed to "Czecho-Slovakia" (The Second Republic; see [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia]]). Slovakia seceded in March 1939 and allied itself with Hitler's coalition. The remaining Czech territory was occupied by Germany, transformed it into the so-called [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]. The Protectorate was proclaimed part of the [[Third Reich]], and President and Prime Minister were subordinate to the Nazi ''[[Reichsprotektor]]'' ("imperial protector"). Subcarpathian Rus declared independence as the Republic of [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] on [[15 March]] [[1939]] but was invaded by Hungary the same day and formally annexed on 16 March. Approximately 390,000 Czechoslovak citizens, including 83,000 [[Jew]]s, were killed or executed, and hundreds of thousands of others were sent to prisons and [[concentration camp]]s or as forced labour. A [[Nazi]] concentration camp existed at [[Terezin]] to the north of Prague. There was [[Czech resistance to Nazi occupation]] both home and abroad, most notably with the assassination of leading Nazi leader [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in Prague suburbs on [[May 27]] [[1942]]. The [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia#Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile|Czechoslovak government-in-exile]] and its army fighting against the Germans were acknowledged by Allies (Czechoslovak troops fought in [[Great Britain]], [[North Africa]], [[Middle East]] and [[Soviet Union]]). The occupation ended on [[9 May]] [[1945]] with the arrival of [[Soviet]] and [[United States|American]] armies and the [[Prague uprising]]. In 1945-46 almost the entire German minority of Czechoslovakia, about 2.7 million people, [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II#Czech Republic and Slovakia|were expelled]] to [[Germany]] and [[Austria]]. During this time, thousands of Germans were held in prisons, detention camps, and used as forced labour. In the summer of 1945, there were several massacres. Only 250,000 Germans who had been active in the resistance against the Nazis or were necessary for the economy were not expelled, though many of them emigrated later. Following a Soviet-organised referendum, the Subcarpathian Rus has never returned under Czechoslovak rule and became part of the [[Ukrainian SSR]], as the [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] in 1946. [[Image:Prague 1939 occupation.jpg|thumb|[[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. Prague, 1939]] [[Image:Praga1968MolotovCoctail.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia]]. Prague, 1968]] Czechoslovakia uneasily tried to play the role of a "bridge" between the West and East. However, the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] rapidly increased in popularity, particularly because of a general disappointment with the West (due to the pre-war [[Munich Agreement]]) and a favourable popular attitude towards the [[Soviet Union]] (due to the Soviets' role in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule). In the 1946 elections, with 38% of the votes, the Communists became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament. They formed a coalition government with other parties of the [[National Front (Czechoslovakia)|National Front]], and moved quickly to consolidate power. The decisive step took place in February 1948. During a series of events characterized by Communists as a "revolution" and by anti-Communists as a "takeover", the Communist [[People's Militias (Czechoslovakia)|People's Militias]] secured control of key locations in Prague, and a new, all-Communist government was formed. For the next forty-one years, Czechoslovakia was a [[Communism|Communist]] state within the [[eastern bloc]] (see [[Czechoslovakia: 1948-1989]]). This period was marked by a variety of social developments. The Communist government completely [[Nationalization|nationalized]] the [[means of production]] and established a [[command economy]]. The economy grew rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, but slowed down in the 1970s with increasing problems during the 1980s. The political climate was highly repressive during the 1950s (including numerous [[show trial]]s), but became more open and tolerant in the 1960s, culminating in [[Alexander Dubček]]'s leadership in the 1968 [[Prague Spring]] that tried to create "[[socialism]] with a human face" and perhaps even introduce political [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]]. This was forcibly ended by [[21 August]] [[1968]] [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion. The invasion was followed by a harsh program of "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|Normalization]]" in the 1960s and the 1970s. Until 1989, the political establishment returned to censorship of opposition, though using more "carrot" than "whip" policy to ensure the populace's passivity. Dissidents published [[Charter 77]] in 1977 and first protests were seen in 1988. ===Velvet revolution and Czech Republic=== In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to democracy through a peaceful "[[Velvet Revolution]]". However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened until on [[January 1]] [[1993]], the [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|country peacefully split]] into the independent Czech Republic and [[Slovakia]]. Both countries went through economic reforms and [[privatisation]]s, with the intention of creating a [[market economy]]. Voters embraced fast economic reforms and the success enabled the Czech Republic to become the first post-communist country to receive an investment-grade credit rating by international credit institutions. Most state-owned heavy industries were privatized through the [[voucher privatization]] systems. Czech Republic saw modest budget deficits, low unemployment, a positive balance of payments position, a stable exchange rate, a shift of exports from former communist economic bloc markets to Western Europe From 1991 the Czech Republic (originally as part of Czechoslovakia, and now in its own right) has been a member of the [[Visegrad Group]] and from 1995 of the [[OECD]]. The Czech Republic joined [[NATO]] on [[March 12]] [[1999]] and the [[European Union]] on [[May 1]] [[2004]]. ==Geography== [[Image:Ez-map.png|thumb|left|General map of the Czech Republic]] [[Image:Labe udoli.jpg|thumb|[[Labe]] near [[Děčín]]]] [[Image:CzechRepCitiesTowns.png|thumb|left|Map of the Czech Republic showing cities and main towns]] [[Image:Smrk a rameno Šance 1.jpg|thumb|[[Moravian-Silesian Beskids]]]] {{main|Geography of the Czech Republic}} {{see also|Protected Areas of the Czech Republic}} The Czech landscape is quite varied. [[Bohemia]] to the west consists of a basin, drained by the [[Elbe]] ({{lang-cz|Labe}}) and the [[Vltava]] rivers, and surrounded by mostly low mountains such as the [[Karkonosze|Krkonoše]] range of the [[Sudetes]]. The highest point in the country, [[Sněžka]], at 1,602&nbsp;m (5,262&nbsp;ft), is located here. [[Moravia]], the eastern part of the country, is also quite hilly. It is drained mainly by the [[Morava river, Central Europe|Morava River]], but it also contains the source of the [[Oder]] ({{lang-cz|Odra}}) River. Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the [[North Sea]], [[Baltic Sea]] and [[Black Sea]]. The Czech Republic also leases the [[Moldauhafen]], a {{convert|30000|m2|acre|lk=on|sing=on}} [[lot (real estate)|lot]] in the middle of the [[Hamburg]] Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported downriver could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028. [[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four [[ecoregion]]s: the [[Central European mixed forests]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Western European broadleaf forests]] and [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]]. ===Weather and climate=== The Czech Republic has a temperate, [[continental climate]] with relatively hot summers and cold, cloudy winters, usually with snow. Most rains are during the summer. The temperature difference between summers and winters is relatively high due to its landlocked geographical position. Even within the Czech Republic, temperatures vary greatly depending on the [[elevation]]. In general, at higher altitudes the temperatures decrease and [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] increases. Another important factor is the distribution of the mountains. Therefore the climate is quite varied. At the highest peak ([[Sněžka-Śnieżka|Sněžka]], {{convert|1602|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=/}}) the average temperature is only {{convert|-0.4|C|F}}, whereas in the lowlands of [[South Moravia]], the average temperature is as high as {{convert|10|C|F}}. This also applies for the country's capital [[Prague]], but this is due to urban factors. The coldest month is usually January followed by February and December. During these months there is usually snow in the mountains and sometimes in the major cities and lowlands. During March, April and May, the temperature usually increases rapidly and especially during April the temperature and weather tends to vary widely during the day. Spring is also characterized by high water levels in the rivers due to melting snow followed by floods at times. The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, the summer temperatures are about {{convert|20|C|F}} higher than during winter. Especially in the last decade,{{Fact|date=April 2008}} temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} are not unusual. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms. Autumn generally begins in September, which is still relatively warm, but much drier. During October, temperatures usually fall back under 15° or 10°C (59° or 50°F) and [[Deciduous|deciduous tree]]s begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point. ==Demographics== [[Image:Pyramide Republique Tchèque.PNG|thumb|Czech Republic's [[population pyramid]] (2007).]] {{main|Demographics of the Czech Republic}} ===Population=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; text-align:right; font-size:90%;" |+ Population of the Czech lands<ref>[http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/population_hd Czech Statistic Office]</ref> |- ! Year !! Total !! Change !! Year !! Total !! Change |- ! 1857 | 7,016,531 || — ! 1930 | 10,674,386 || 6.6% |- ! 1869 | 7,617,230 || 8.6% ! 1950 | 8,896,133 || -16.7% |- ! 1880 | 8,222,013 || 7.9% ! 1961 | 9,571,531 || 7.6% |- ! 1890 | 8,665,421 || 5.4% ! 1970 | 9,807,697 || 2.5% |- ! 1900 | 9,372,214 || 8.2% ! 1980 | 10,291,927 || 4.9% |- ! 1910 | 10,078,637 || 7.5% ! 1991 | 10,302,215 || 0.1% |- ! 1921 | 10,009,587 || -0.7% ! 2001 | 10,230,060 || -0.7% |} The vast majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are [[Czechs]] (94.2%). Minorities include the [[Slovaks]] (1.9%), [[Poles]] (0.5%), [[Vietnamese]] (0.44%){{Fact|date=July 2008}} [[Germans]] (0.4%)<ref>{{cite web | title =Zjišťování národnosti ve sčítání lidu, domů a bytů v období 1921 - 2001 | url =http://www.czso.cz/csu/2003edicniplan.nsf/t/C2002D382C/$File/Kapitola1.pdf | publisher =Czech Statistical Office | language =Czech | format = [[PDF]] | page =2 | accessdate =2007-05-24}}</ref><!--This is not a full list. Use main page-->. According to the Interior Ministry of the Czech Republic, there were 392,087 foreigners legally residing in the country at the end of 2007, making up 3.2% of the population, with the largest groups being [[Ukrainian]]s and [[Slovak]]s<ref>[http://www.czech.cz/en/news/domestic-news/largest-number-of-children-since-1993-born-in-czechrep-last-year/ Largest number of children since 1993 born in CzechRep last year], ''Czech.cz'', March 20, 2008</ref>. [[Fertility rate]] was low at 1.44 children born/woman. In 2007, [[immigration]] added to the population by almost 1%. ===Religion=== The Czech Republic, along with [[Estonia]], has one of the least religious populations in all of Europe. According to the 2001 census, 59% of the country is [[agnostic]], [[atheist]], non-believer or no-organised believer, 26.8% [[Roman Catholic]] and 2.5% [[Protestant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/2003edicniplan.nsf/o/4110-03--obyvatelstvo_hlasici_se_k_jednotlivym_cirkvim_a_nabozenskym_spolecnostem |title=Obyvatelstvo hlásící se k jednotlivým církvím a náboženským společnostem |language=Czech |accessdate=2006-12-19 |publisher=Czech Statistical Office}}</ref> According to the most recent [[Eurobarometer|Eurobarometer Poll]] 2005,<ref name=EUROBAROMETER>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|title=Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11|accessdate=2007-05-05}}</ref> 19% of Czech citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 50% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 30% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force", the lowest rate of [[EU]] countries after [[Estonia]] with 16%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |title=Social values, Science and Technology |date=June 2005 |language=English |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-12-19 |publisher=[[Eurobarometer]]}}</ref> ==Politics== [[Image:Vaclav Havel IMF.jpg|thumb|right|[[Václav Havel]], the first President of the Czech Republic.]] [[Image:Vaclav-Klaus-01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Václav Klaus]], current President of the Czech Republic.]] {{main|Politics of the Czech Republic}} ===Political system=== The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]], where the [[Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]]. The Parliament is bicameral, with the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang-cs|Poslanecká sněmovna}}) (200 members) and the [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] (81 members). The [[President of the Czech Republic]] is elected by joint session of the parliament for five-year term (no more than two consecutive). The president is a formal [[head of state]] with limited specific powers, most importantly to return laws to the parliament, nominate [[Constitutional Court]] judges for Senate's approval, and dissolve the parliament under certain special and rare conditions. He also appoints the [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|prime minister]] as well the other members of the [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] on a proposal by the prime minister. [[Václav Klaus]], now [[President]] of the Czech Republic, former Prime Minister and chairman of Civic Democrats (ODS) remains one of the country's most popular politicians. The [[Prime Minister]] is the head of government and wields considerable powers, including the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy, mobilize the parliamentary majority, and choose governmental ministers. The [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]] (''Parlament České republiky'') has [[bicameralism|two chambers]]. The [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] (''Poslanecká sněmovna'') has 200 members, elected for a four year term by [[proportional representation]] with a 5 % [[election threshold]]. There are 14 voting districts identical to the country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, at first the [[Czech National Council]], has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former [[Czechoslovakia]]. The [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] (''Senát'') has 81 members, in single-seat [[constituency|constituencies]] elected by two-round [[Two-round system|runoff voting]] for a six-year term, with one third renewed every even year in the autumn. The first election was 1996 (for differing terms). This is patterned after the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] but each constituency is of (roughly) same size and the system used is two-round runoff voting. The Senate is unpopular among the public and suffers from low election turnout (overall roughly 30% in the first round, 20% in the second). ===Foreign policy=== Membership in the European Union is central in Czech Republic's foreign policy. According to [[The Economist]], the Czech Republic has earned "a reputation for promoting human rights at every turn". Czech officials have supported dissents everywhere from [[Myanmar]] to [[Belarus]], [[Moldova]] and [[Cuba]]. The Czech foreign ministry has an entire unit devoted to helping dissents around the world.<ref name="democrats">[http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9725352 The Economist: Czechs with few mates]</ref> Czech Republic is motivated by its experience of nazi and communist oppression. Also, the country's first post-communist president [[Václav Havel]] is an ex-dissident writer, who has set moral example and has attracted ex-dissidents to key government positions.<ref name="democrats"/> For example, every March since 2003, when Fidel Castro locked up 75 political opponents, activists have set up a cage in Wenceslas Square representing a Cuban prison cell. Frequent prison uniform-wearing protesters have included names such as the foreign minister, the mayor of Prague and musical stars.<ref name="democrats"/> Some EU officials have been irritated by Czech Republic's activism in human rights. Czech Republic, and other countries emphasizing human rights, have been in conflicts with EU countries who favor closer ties with dictatorships such as Cuba or Myanmar.<ref name="democrats"/> ===Armed forces=== [[Image:Saab.jas39c.gripen.taxi.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Czech Air Force]] [[Saab Gripen]].]] {{main|Military of the Czech Republic}} The Czech armed forces consist of the [[Czech Army|Army]] and [[Czech Air Force|Air Force]] and of specialized support units. In 2004, the Czech armed forces completely phased out [[conscription]] and transformed into a fully [[volunteer military|professional army]] and air force. The country has been a member of [[NATO]] since [[March 12]] [[1999]]. Defence spending is around 1.8% of [[GDP]] (2006). == Regions and districts == {{main|Regions of the Czech Republic|Districts of the Czech Republic}} Since 2000, the Czech Republic is divided into [[Regions of the Czech Republic|thirteen regions]] ([[Czech language|Czech]]: [[wikt:en:kraj#Czech|''kraje'', singular ''kraj'']]) and the capital city of [[Prague]]. Each region has its own elected Regional Assembly (''krajské zastupitelstvo'') and ''hejtman'' (usually translated as [[Hetman (Czech Republic)|hetman]] or "president"). In Prague, their powers are executed by the city council and the mayor. The older seventy-six [[districts of the Czech Republic|districts]] (''okresy'', singular ''[[okres]]'') including three 'statutory cities' (without Prague, which had special status) were disbanded in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial division and seats of various branches of state administration.<ref>[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/36046 The death of the districts], [[Radio Prague]] [[January 3]] [[2003]].</ref> [[Image:CZ-cleneni.svg|thumb|right|Map of the Czech Republic with regions.]] {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:1em" |<small>([[Vehicle registration plate|Lic. plate]])</small> !Region ! style="width: 9em" | Capital ! style="width:5em" | <small>Population (2004 est.)</small> ! style="width: 5em" | Population <small>(2008 est.)</small> |- | align=center | A || colspan=2 | Capital of [[Prague]] (Hlavní město Praha) || align=right |1,170,571 || align=right | 1,218,644 |- |align=center|S | [[Central Bohemian Region]] (Středočeský kraj)|| offices located in [[Prague]]&nbsp;(Praha) || align=right | 1,144,071 || align=right | 1,208,145 |- |align=center|C | [[South Bohemian Region]] (Jihočeský kraj) || [[České Budějovice]] || align=right |625,712 || align=right | 633,750 |- |align=center|P || [[Plzeň Region]] (Plzeňský kraj) || [[Pilsen]] (Plzeň) || align=right |549,618 || align=right | 562,783 |- |align=center|K || [[Karlovy Vary Region]] (Karlovarský kraj) || [[Karlovy Vary]] || align=right |304,588 || align=right | 307,975 |- |align=center|U || [[Ústí nad Labem Region]] (Ústecký kraj) || [[Ústí nad Labem]] || align=right |822,133 || align=right | 833,218 |- |align=center|L || [[Liberec Region]] (Liberecký&nbsp;kraj) || [[Liberec]] || align=right |427,563 || align=right | 434,751 |- |align=center|H |[[Hradec Králové Region]] (Královéhradecký kraj)||[[Hradec Králové]] || align=right |547,296 || align=right | 552,850 |- |align=center|E || [[Pardubice Region]] (Pardubický&nbsp;kraj) || [[Pardubice]] || align=right |505,285 || align=right | 512,380 |- |align=center|M || [[Olomouc Region]] (Olomoucký&nbsp;kraj) || [[Olomouc]] || align=right |635,126 || align=right | 641,809 |- |align=center| T || [[Moravian-Silesian Region]] (Moravskoslezský kraj) || [[Ostrava]] || align=right |1,257,554 || align=right | 1,249,844 |- |align=center|B || [[South Moravian Region]] (Jihomoravský kraj) || [[Brno]] || align=right |1,123,201 || align=right | 1,142,013 |- |align=center|Z || [[Zlín Region]] (Zlínský kraj) || [[Zlín]] || align=right |590,706 || align=right | 590,828 |- |align=center|J || [[Highlands Region]] (Vysočina) || [[Jihlava]] || align=right |517,153 || align=right | 514,146 |} ==Economy== {{main|Economy of the Czech Republic}} The Czech Republic possesses a developed,<ref>[http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/getting-to-know-czech-republic/ Getting to know Czech Republic], from [http://www.czech.cz Czech.cz], the official site of the Czech Republic</ref> [[First World#High income countries|high-income]]<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#High_income World Bank 2007]</ref> economy with a GDP per capita of 82% of the European Union average. One of the most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the Czech Republic has seen a growth of over 6% annually in the last three years. Recent growth has been led by exports to the [[European Union]], especially [[Germany]], and foreign investment, while domestic demand is reviving. However, the rate of corruption remains one of the highest among [[OECD]] countries. The public budgets remain in deficit despite strong growth of the economy in recent years. However, the 2007 deficit has been 1.58% GDP (according to [http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/nfaccount/info/data/esa95/en/esa95en.htm EU accounting rules]), far less than originally expected. Most of the economy has been privatized, including banks and telecommunications. The current right-center government plans to continue with privatization, including the energy industry and the Prague airport. It has recently agreed to the sale of a 7% stake of the energy producer [[ČEZ]], with the sale of the [[Budějovický Budvar]] brewery also mooted. The country has fully implemented the [[Schengen Agreement]] and therefore has abolished border controls with all of its neighbours (Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia) on [[December 21]] [[2007]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Czech Republic to join Schengen | url =http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2006/12/13/czech-republic-to-join-schengen.php | publisher =The Prague Post | date =2006-12-13 | accessdate =2007-10-08}}</ref> The Czech Republic is a member of the [[WTO]]. The last Czech government had expressed a desire to adopt the [[euro]] in 2010, but the current government has postponed it due to budget deficits. An exact date has not been set up, but the Finance Ministry described adoption by 2012 as realistic<ref>{{cite web | title =Czech government adopts euro adoption plan | url =http://www.eubusiness.com/Euro/czech-euro.83/ | publisher =EUbusiness | date =2007-04-11 | accessdate =2007-06-01}}</ref> if public finance reform passes. However, the most recent draft of the euro adoption plan omits giving any date. The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]], coordinated by the [[OECD]], currently ranks the Czech education as the 15th best in the world, being higher than the OECD average.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf OECD.org]</ref> ===Infrastructure=== {{seealso|Internet in the Czech Republic}} [[Prague Airport]] is the main international airport. Czech Republic has 46 airports, out of which two have over 3,047 meter runaways. In 2005, according to the Czech Statistical Office, 65.4% of electricity was produced in steam, combined, and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30% in [[nuclear plant]]s; and 4.6% from renewable sources, including hydropower. Russia (via pipelines through Ukraine) and, to a lesser extent, Norway (via pipelines through Germany) supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas. The Czech Republic has the most Wi-Fi subscribers in the European Union.<ref>[http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/Czech_Republic_E/2007_WiFi_survey_EN 2007 WiFi survey EN<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.volweb.cz/horvitz/os-info/czech.html openspectrum.info - Czech Republic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> By the beginning of 2008 there was over 800 mostly local WISPs<ref>{{citeweb|title=Wi-Fi: Poskytovatelé bezdrátového připojení|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetprovsechny.cz%2Fwifi-poskytovatele.php&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|publisher=internetprovsechny.cz|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|title=Bezdrátové připojení k internetu|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bezdratovepripojeni.cz&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|publisher=bezdratovepripojeni.cz|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> with about 350 000 subscribers in 2007. Mobile internet is quite popular. Plans based on either [[GPRS]], [[EDGE]], [[UMTS]] or [[CDMA2000]] are being offered by all three mobile phone operators ([[T-Mobile]], [[Vodafone]], [[Telefonica|Telefonica O2]]) and U:fon. Government-owned Český Telecom slowed down broadband penetration. At the beginning of 2004, [[local loop unbundling]] began, and alternative operators started to offer ADSL (and also SDSL). This, and later privatisation of Český Telecom helped drive down prices. On [[July 1]], [[2006]], Český Telecom was renamed to [[Telefónica O2 Czech Republic]]. As of January 2006, ADSL2+ is offered in many variants, both with data limit and without with speeds up to 10 Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining popularity with its higher download speeds beginning at 2 Mbit/s up to 20 Mbit/s. The biggest ISP, UPC (which has bought another CATV internet provider Karneval in 2007) is providing its service in big cities ([[Prague]], [[Brno]], [[Ostrava]]) ==Tourism== [[Image:Prague crowd Malá Strana.jpg|right|thumb|Tourists in [[Prague]].]] [[Image:Sněžka from Černá hora (CZE).jpg|right|thumb|[[Sněžka]] is the highest point in the Czech Republic.]] {{main|Tourism in the Czech Republic}} The Czech economy gets a substantial income from tourism: in 2001, the total earnings from tourism reached 118.13 billion [[Czech koruna|CZK]], making up 5.5% of [[GNP]] and 9.3% of overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people - over 1% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czechtourism.com/index.php?show=001006&lang=3 |title=Promotion Strategy of the Czech Republic in 2004 - 2010 |accessdate=2006-12-19 |publisher=Czech Tourism }}</ref> There are several centres of tourist activity: The historic city of [[Prague]] is the primary tourist attraction, and the city is also the most common point of entry for tourists visiting other parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverczech.com/czech-sights.php4 |title=CZECH SIGHTS |accessdate=2006-12-19 |publisher=Discover Czech }}</ref> Most other cities in the country attract significant numbers of tourists, but the spa towns such as [[Karlovy Vary]], [[Mariánské Lázně]] and [[Františkovy Lázně]] are particularly popular holiday destinations. Other popular tourist sites are the many castles and chateaux, such as those at [[Karlštejn]], [[Konopiště]] and [[Český Krumlov]]. Away from the towns, areas as [[Český ráj]], [[Šumava]] and the [[Krkonoše Mountains]] attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits. The country is also famous for its love of [[Puppeteer|puppetry]] and [[marionette]]s. The [[Pilsner]] style [[beer]] originated in western Bohemian city of [[Plzeň]]. ==Culture== ===Cuisine=== {{seealso|Czech cuisine}} [[Image:VeproKnedloZelo-00.jpg|thumb|''Vepřo-knedlo-zelo'' (Roast pork with dumplings and cabbage)]] Czech cuisine is marked by a strong emphasis on meat dishes. Pork is quite common, and beef and chicken are also popular. Goose, duck, rabbit and wild game are served. Fish is rare, with the occasional exception of fresh trout, and [[carp]], which is served at Christmas. Aside from [[Slivovitz]], [[Czech beer]] and [[Czech wine|wine]], Czechs also produce two uniquely Czech liquors, [[Fernet Stock]] and [[Becherovka]]. [[Kofola]] is a non-alcoholic Czech [[soft drink]] somewhat similar in look and taste to [[Coca-Cola]]. ===Sport=== {{main|Sport in the Czech Republic}} {{seealso|Czech Republic national football team}} Sport plays a significant part in the life of many [[Czechs]] who are generally loyal supporters of their favourite teams or individuals. The two leading sports in the Czech Republic are [[Association football|football]] and [[ice hockey]], both drawing the largest attention of both the media and supporters. The many other sports with professional leagues and structures include [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[handball]], [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], [[floorball]] and others. Sport is a source of strong waves of [[patriotism]], usually rising several days or weeks before an event and sinking several days after. The events considered the most important by Czech fans are: the [[IHWC|Ice Hockey World Championship]], Olympic Ice hockey tournament, the [[UEFA European Football Championship|Euro]], the football [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] and [[qualification]] matches for such events. In general, any international match of the Czech ice hockey or football national team draws attention, especially when played against a traditional rival: [[Germany]] in football; [[Russia]], [[Sweden]] and [[Canada]] in ice hockey; and [[Slovakia]] in both. ===Music=== {{seealso|Music of the Czech Republic}} Music in the Czech Republic has roots both in high-culture [[opera]] and symphony and in the [[traditional music]] of [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]. Cross-pollination and diversity are important aspects of Czech music: Composers were often influenced by traditional music; jazz and bluegrass music have become popular; pop music often consisted of English language hits sung in Czech. ===Literature=== {{seealso|Czech literature}} [[Czech literature]] is the [[literature]] of the historical regions of [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]], and the Czech-speaking part of [[Silesia]], (now part of the [[Czech Republic]], formerly of [[Czechoslovakia]]). This most often means literature written by [[Czechs]], in the [[Czech language]], although [[Old Church Slavonic]], [[Latin]], and [[German language|German]] were also used, mostly in the early periods. Modern authors from the Czech territory who wrote in other languages (e.g. German) are generally considered separately, and their writing usually existed in parallel with Czech-language literature and did not interact with it. Thus [[Franz Kafka]], for example, who wrote in German (though he also knew Czech rather well), falls within [[Austrian literature]], though he lived his entire life in Bohemia. Czech literature is divided into several main time periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the years of re-Catholicization and the baroque; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the 19th century; the avantgarde of the interwar period; the years under Communism and the Prague Spring; and the literature of the post-Communist Czech Republic. Czech literature and culture played a major role on at least two occasions when Czech society lived under oppression and no political activity was possible. On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to create political freedom and to establish a confident, politically aware nation. ==International rankings== * [[Human Development Index]] 2007: Rank 32nd out of 178 countries * [[Index of Economic Freedom]] 2007: Rank 31st out of 157 countries * [[Reporters Without Borders]] world-wide press freedom index 2007: Rank 14th out of 169 countries * [[Global Competitiveness Report]] 2006: Rank 29th out of 125 countries * [[Democracy Index]] (January 2007): Ranks 18th of 167 countries (a ''functioning democracy'' along with only 27 others) * It was also ranked as the highest alcohol-consuming nation by [[The Economist]] in 2006. ==See also== {{columns |width=500px |col1 = * [[List of Czech Republic-related topics]] * [[Foreign relations of the Czech Republic]] * [[List of cities in the Czech Republic]] * [[List of postal codes in the Czech Republic]] * [[Internet in the Czech Republic]] * [[Communications in the Czech Republic]] * [[Public holidays in the Czech Republic]] * [[Transport in the Czech Republic]] * [[Spa towns in the Czech Republic]] |col2 = ===Culture=== * [[Cinema of the Czech Republic]] * [[List of Czechs|List of famous Czechs]] * [[Czech literature]] * [[Music of the Czech Republic]] * [[List of Czech musical groups]] * [[National Theatre (Prague)]] * [[List of Czech language television channels]] * [[Czech cuisine]] * [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] }} ==References== <!--To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a <ref></ref> pair in the correct place in the body of the article.--> {{reflist|2}} <div class="references-small"> *''Some of the material comes from the [[CIA World Factbook]] 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.'' </div> ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Czech Republic}} * [http://www.czech.cz/en/ Czech Republic] ===Government=== * [http://www.vlada.cz/defaultEN.html Governmental website] * [http://www.hrad.cz/en/ Presidential website] * [http://portal.gov.cz/wps/portal/_s.155/19005 Portal of the Public Administration] ====Parliament==== * [http://www.psp.cz/cgi-bin/eng/sqw/hp.sqw Chamber of Deputies] * [http://www.senat.cz/index-eng.php Senate] ===News=== * [http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/ Czech News Agency news] * [http://www.praguemonitor.com Prague Daily Monitor] * [http://www.prague-tribune.cz The Prague Tribune] * [http://radio.cz/en/ Radio Prague] ===Statistics=== * [http://dataranking.com/country.cgi?LG=e&CO=5 Economic & Social Data Ranking] ===Travelling=== * [http://www.czechtourism.com/ CzechTourism] * [[Wikitravel:Czech Republic|Czech Republic at Wikitravel]] {{Template group |title = [[Image:Nuvola filesystems www.png|23px]]&nbsp;Geographic locale |list = {{Countries of Europe}} {{coor title dm|49|45|N|15|45|E|type:country_scale:9000000_region:EN}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{Members of the European Union (EU)}} {{Council of Europe}} {{North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)}} {{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)}} {{Visegrád Group}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Slavic-speaking states}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Czech Republic| ]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Slavic countries]] [[Category:Liberal democracies]] {{Link FA|eo}} {{Link FA|vi}} <!--Interwiki--> [[af:Tsjeggië]] [[als:Tschechien]] [[am:ቼክ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[ang:Cecland]] [[ar:تشيك]] [[an:Republica Checa]] [[arc:ܬܫܝܟ]] [[roa-rup:Cehia]] [[frp:Rèpublica tch·èca]] [[ast:República Checa]] [[gn:Cheko]] [[az:Çex Respublikası]] [[bn:চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র]] [[zh-min-nan:Česko]] [[be:Чэхія]] [[be-x-old:Чэхія]] [[bar:Tschechische Republik]] [[bo:ཅེ་ཁེ]] [[bs:Češka republika]] [[br:Republik Tchek]] [[bg:Чехия]] [[ca:República Txeca]] [[cv:Чех Республики]] [[ceb:Republikang Czech]] [[cs:Česko]] [[co:Cechia]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Tsiec]] [[da:Tjekkiet]] [[de:Tschechien]] [[dv:ޗެކް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ]] [[dsb:Česka]] [[dz:ཅེཀ་རི་པབ་ལིཀ་]] [[et:Tšehhi]] [[el:Τσεχία]] [[es:República Checa]] [[eo:Ĉeĥio]] [[eu:Txekiar Errepublika]] [[fa:جمهوری چک]] [[fo:Kekkia]] [[fr:République tchèque]] [[fy:Tsjechje]] [[fur:Republiche Ceche]] [[ga:Poblacht na Seice]] [[gv:Yn Phobblaght Çheck]] [[gd:An t-Seic]] [[gl:Chequia - Česko]] [[zh-classical:捷克]] [[ko:체코]] [[haw:Ka Repupalika 'o Tieka]] [[hy:Չեխիա]] [[hi:चेक गणराज्य]] [[hsb:Čěska republika]] [[hr:Češka]] [[io:Chekia]] [[bpy:চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র]] [[id:Ceko]] [[ia:Republica Chec]] [[ie:Republica Tchec]] [[os:Чехи]] [[is:Tékkland]] [[it:Repubblica Ceca]] [[he:צ'כיה]] [[jv:Céko]] [[kl:Tjekkia]] [[pam:Czech Republic]] [[kn:ಜೆಕ್ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ]] [[ka:ჩეხეთი]] [[ks:चेक रिपब्लिक]] [[csb:Czeskô Repùblika]] [[kk:Чехия]] [[kw:Pow Chek]] [[sw:Ucheki]] [[kv:Чехия]] [[ht:Repiblik tchèk]] [[ku:Çekiya]] [[la:Res publica Bohemica]] [[lv:Čehija]] [[lb:Tschechesch Republik]] [[lt:Čekija]] [[lij:Repubbrica Ceca]] [[li:Tsjechië]] [[hu:Csehország]] [[mk:Чешка]] [[ml:ചെക്ക്‌ റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക്‌]] [[mt:Repubblika Ċeka]] [[mr:चेक प्रजासत्ताक]] [[ms:Republik Czech]] [[nah:Checatl Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl]] [[na:Republik Czechia]] [[nl:Tsjechië]] [[nds-nl:Tsjechie]] [[ne:चेक गणतन्त्र]] [[ja:チェコ]] [[ce:Чехия]] [[no:Tsjekkia]] [[nn:Tsjekkia]] [[nrm:Républyique Tchèque]] [[nov:Chekia]] [[oc:Republica Chèca]] [[ug:چېخ جۇمھۇرىيەتى]] [[uz:Chexiya]] [[ps:چېک جمهوريت]] [[pms:Repùblica Ceca]] [[nds:Tschechien]] [[pl:Czechy]] [[pt:República Checa]] [[crh:Çehiya]] [[ksh:Tshäshäij]] [[ro:Cehia]] [[rmy:Chexiya]] [[qu:Chiksuyu]] [[ru:Чехия]] [[se:Čeahkka]] [[sa:चेक रिपब्लिक]] [[sco:Czech Republic]] [[sq:Republika Çeke]] [[scn:Ripùbblica Ceca]] [[simple:Czech Republic]] [[sk:Česko]] [[cu:Чешьско]] [[sl:Češka]] [[szl:Rypublika Česko]] [[sr:Чешка Република]] [[sh:Češka Republika]] [[fi:Tšekki]] [[sv:Tjeckien]] [[tl:Czechia]] [[ta:செக் குடியரசு]] [[tet:Repúblika Xeka]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐเช็ก]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Séc]] [[tg:Чехия]] [[tr:Çek Cumhuriyeti]] [[udm:Чехия]] [[uk:Чехія]] [[ur:چیک جمہوریہ]] [[vec:Republica Ceca]] [[vo:Tsyegän]] [[fiu-vro:Tsehhi Vabariik]] [[war:Republika Czeka]] [[wo:Réewum Cek]] [[wuu:采克]] [[yi:טשעכיי]] [[zh-yue:捷克]] [[diq:Çekıstan]] [[bat-smg:Čekėjė]] [[zh:捷克]]