Czechoslovakia
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2008-07-16T23:17:33Z
Tom
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/66.75.128.57|66.75.128.57]] to last version by 96.238.176.23 (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{refimprove|date=May 2007}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = ''Československo''
|conventional_long_name = Czechoslovakia
|common_name = Czechoslovakia
|continent = Europe
|government_type = Republic
|year_start = 1918
|event_start = Independence from Austria-Hungary
|date_start = 28 October
|year_end = 1992
|life_span = 1918 – 1992
|event_end = Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
|date_end = 31 December
|event1 = [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupation
|date_event1 = [[1939]]
|event2 = [[Liberty|Liberation]]
|date_event2 = [[1945]]
|p1 = Austria-Hungary
|flag_p1 = Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg
|s1 = Czech Republic
|flag_s1 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg
|s2 = Slovakia
|flag_s2 = Flag of Slovakia.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|flag = Flag of Czechoslovakia
|flag_border = Flag of Czechoslovakia
|image_coat = CoA CSFRc.svg
|symbol = Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia
|image_map = LocationCzechoslovakia.png
|capital = Prague
|latd=50|latm=05|latNS=N|longd=14|longm=28|longEW=E|
|national_motto = [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Pravda vítězí''<br>("Truth prevails"; 1918–1990)<br>[[Latin]]: ''Veritas Vincit''<br>("Truth prevails"; 1990–1992)
|national_anthem = ''[[Kde domov můj]]'' and ''[[Nad Tatrou sa blýska]]''
|common_languages = [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|currency = [[Czechoslovak koruna]]
<!-- If there are more than 4 leaders, only give first and last - the infobox is not intended to list everything. -->
|leader1 = [[Tomáš Masaryk|Tomáš G. Masaryk]] (first)
<!-- |leader2 = Edvard Beneš
|leader3 = Emil Hácha
|leader4 = Klement Gottwald
|leader5 = Antonín Zápotocký
|leader6 = Antonín Novotný
|leader7 = Ludvík Svoboda
|leader8 = Gustáv Husák -->
|leader2 = [[Václav Havel]] (last)
|year_leader1 = 1918–1935
<!-- |year_leader2 = 1935–1938, 1945–1948
|year_leader3 = 1938–1939
|year_leader4 = 1948–1953
|year_leader5 = 1953–1957
|year_leader6 = 1957–1968
|year_leader7 = 1968–1975
|year_leader8 = 1975–1989 -->
|year_leader2 = 1989–1992
|leader =
|title_leader = [[List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia|President]]
|deputy1 = Karel Kramář
|deputy2 = Jan Stráský
|year_deputy1 = 1918–1919
|year_deputy2 = 1992
|title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia|Prime Minister]]
|stat_year1 = 1993
|stat_area1 = 127900
|stat_pop1 = 15600000
|cctld = [[.cs]]
|calling_code = 42
|footnotes = current [[ISO 3166-3]] code: CSHH
|footnotes2 = {{smallsup|2}}Country code 42 was retired in Winter 1997. The number range was subdivided, and re-allocated amongst [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Liechtenstein]].
}}
'''Czechoslovakia''' ([[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: ''Československo''; after 1990: ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a [[sovereign state]] in [[Central Europe]] that existed from October 1918 (upon declaring its independence from the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]) until 1992 (with a [[Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile|government-in-exile]] during the [[World War II]] period). On [[January 1]], [[1993]], Czechoslovakia [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia|peacefully split]] into the '''[[Czech Republic]] '''and''' [[Slovakia]]'''.
==Basic characteristics==
'''Form of state''':
*1918–1938: a [[democratic]] republic
*1938–1939: after annexation of [[Sudetenland]] by [[Germany]] in 1938 gradually turned into a state with loosened connections between Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A large strip of southern Slovakia and Ruthenia was annexed by Hungary, and the [[Zaolzie]] region by Poland.
*1939–1945: De-facto split into the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] and the [[Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovak Republic]]. ''De jure'' Czechoslovakia continued to exist, a [[Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile|government-in-exile]] supported by the Western Allies was based in London; after German invasion of Russia also recognised by the USSR.
*1945–1948: a country governed by a coalition government with Communist ministers (including the prime minister and minister of interior) playing leading roles
*1948–1989: a [[Communist]] country with a centrally [[planned economy]] (from 1960 onwards officially a [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Socialist Republic]]):
**1969–1990: a [[Federation|federal]] republic consisting of the ''[[Czech Socialist Republic]]'' and the ''[[Slovak Socialist Republic]]'';
*1990–1992: a [[Federation|federal]] [[democratic]] republic consisting of the ''Czech Republic'' and the ''Slovak Republic''
'''Neighbors''': [[Germany]] (1945–1990: [[BRD]] and [[East Germany|DDR]]), [[Poland]], from 1945 [[Soviet Union]] (1992: [[Ukraine]]), [[Romania]] (until 1939), [[Hungary]], [[Austria]]
'''Topography''': Generally irregular terrain. Western area is part of north-central European uplands. Eastern region is composed of northern reaches of [[Carpathian Mountains]] and [[Danube River]] Basin lands.
[[Image:Czechoslovakia1920-38.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Czechoslovakia 1920-1938, physical]]
'''Climate''': Predominantly continental but varied from the moderate temperatures of Western Europe in the west to more severe weather systems affecting Eastern Europe and the western Soviet Union in the east.
==Official names==
*1918–1920: '''Czecho-Slovak Republic''' (abbreviated RČS); short form Czecho-Slovakia
*1920–1938: '''Czechoslovak Republic''' (ČSR); short form Czechoslovakia
*1938–1939: '''Czecho-Slovak Republic'''; short form Czecho-Slovakia
*1945–1960: '''Czechoslovak Republic''' (ČSR); short form Czechoslovakia
*1960–1990: '''[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]]''' (ČSSR); Czechoslovakia
*April 1990: Czechoslovak Federative Republic (Czech version) and Czecho-Slovak Federative Republic (Slovak version),
*afterwards: '''[[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic]]''' (ČSFR, with the short forms Československo in Czech and Česko-Slovensko in Slovak)
{{See also|Hyphen War}}
==History==
{{main|History of Czechoslovakia}}
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" | Czechoslovak lands inside [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], 1911
[[Image:Czech and Slovak peoples in Austro-Hungarian Empire.gif|400px|thumb|center|]]
|-
|{{legend|#99cccc|Czechs}} {{legend|#f7b5b5|Austrians/<br> Germans}} ||{{legend|#b5bd8c|Slovaks}} {{legend|#99cc99|Hungarians}} {{legend|#ffcc99|Romanians}} ||{{legend|#cc9966|Poles}}
{{legend|#dee78c|Ruthenians (Rusyns and Ukrainians)}}
|-
|}
===Foundation===
{{main|History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)}}
Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918 as one of the successor states of [[Austria-Hungary]] at the end of [[World War I]]. It consisted of the present-day territories of the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]. Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary. It was a [[democratic]] republic throughout the pre-[[World War II]] period, but was characterized by ethnic problems stemming from dissatisfaction among the second and third largest [[ethnic group]]s ([[ethnic German|Germans]] and [[Slovaks]], respectively) with the political and economic dominance of the [[Czechs]], and from a failure among most Germans and [[Hungarians]] of Czechoslovakia to ever fully accept the creation of the new state.
[[Image:Czechoslovakia1930linguistic.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Czechoslovakia 1930: linguistic]]
{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=300px
! colspan=3 |
----
'''Nationalities of Czechoslovakia 1921'''
----
|-
! align=left | total population !! align=right | 13.5 mill.
|-
| width=50% | [[Czech]] || width=25% align=right | 6.8 mill. || width=25% align=right | 50 %
|-
| [[Germany|German]] || align=right | 3.2 mill. || align=right | 23 %
|-
| [[Slovak people|Slovak]] || align=right | 2.34 mill. || align=right | 15 %
|-
| [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] || align=right | ca. 0.8 mill. || align=right | 5.5 %
|-
| [[Ruthenian]] || align=right | ca. 0.5 mill. || align=right | 3.5 %
|-
| others || align=right | ca. 0.5 mill. || align=right | 4 %
|-
| colspan=3 align=center |
|}
The original ethnic composition of the new state was 51% Czechs, 16% Slovaks, 22% Germans, 5% Hungarians and 4% Rusyns.<ref>"The War of the World", Niall Ferguson Allen Lane 2006.</ref> Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles<ref name = "pp">[http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2005/07/06/playing-the-blame-game.php Playing the blame game], ''[[Prague Post]]'', July 6th, 2005</ref> and also some Slovaks, felt disadvantaged in Czechoslovakia, because the political elite of the country introduced a centralized state and most of the time did not allow political autonomy for the ethnic groups. This policy, combined with increasing Nazi propaganda especially in the industrialized German speaking Sudetenland, led to increasing unrest among the Non-Czech population.
[[Image:Czechoslovakia01.png|thumb|left|200px|Czechoslovakia in 1928]]
===World War II===
{{main|German occupation of Czechoslovakia}}
[[Image:Czechoslovakia 1939.SVG|thumb|Annexations of Czechoslovakia]]
After the [[Munich Agreement]] of 1938 in which the [[UK]] and [[France]] forced Czechoslovakia to cede the German-speaking [[Sudetenland]] to [[Nazi Germany]] despite existing treaties in what is commonly known as part of the [[Western Betrayal]]. The still-democratic state briefly existed as a basically non-functioning entity at the mercy of its fascist neighbours. In 1939 Czechoslovakia was invaded by [[Nazi Germany]] and divided into the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] and the puppet [[Slovak State]]. Much of Slovakia and all of [[Subcarpathian Ruthenia]] was annexed by Hungary.
Following the War the ante bellum arrangement was restored, with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia which was annexed by the [[Soviet Union]] as part of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] the territory passed to the hands of [[Ukraine]] where it remains today.
===Communist Czechoslovakia===
{{main|History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)}}
After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, the so-called [[Beneš decrees]] concerned the expropriation of [[Pursuit of Nazi collaborators|wartime "traitors" and collaborators accused of treason]] but also all ethnic Germans (see [[Potsdam Agreement]]) and Hungarians. They also ordered the removal of [[citizenship]] for people of German and Hungarian [[ethnic origin]] who decided to acquire the German and Hungarian citizenship during the occupation. (These provisions were cancelled for the Hungarians, but not for the Germans, in 1948). This was then used to confiscate their property and [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expel around 90% of the ethnic German population]] of Czechoslovakia, over 2 million people. The people who remained were [[Guilt#Collective guilt|collectively accused]] of supporting the Nazis (after the [[Munich Agreement]], in December 1938, 97.32% of adult Sudetengermans voted for [[NSDAP]] in elections). Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to anti-fascists although the term ''Anti-fascist'' was not explicitly defined<!-- typically it was up to decision of local municipalities -->. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some anti-fascists, but also people required for the post-war reconstruction of the country remained in Czechoslovakia. The Benes Decrees still cause controversy between [[nationalist]] groups in Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary.<ref>[http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num1_2/special/rupnik.html East European Constitutional Review<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1946 parliamentary election the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] emerged as the winner in the Czech lands (the [[Democratic Party (Slovakia)|Democratic Party]] won in Slovakia). In February 1948 the Communists seized power. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the [[National Front (Czechoslovakia)|National Front]], except for a short period in the late 1960s (the [[Prague Spring]]) the country was characterised by the absence of [[liberal democracy]]. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbours in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe. In the religious sphere, [[atheism]] was officially promoted and taught.
In 1968, in response to a brief period of liberalization, five Eastern Bloc countries [[Prague Spring|invaded Czechoslovakia]]. In 1969, Czechoslovakia was turned into a [[federation]] of the [[Czech Socialist Republic]] and [[Slovak Socialist Republic]]. Under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state were largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as Education, were formally transferred to the two republics. However, the centralized political control by the Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization.
The 1970s saw the rise of the [[dissident]] movement in Czechoslovakia, represented (among others) by [[Václav Havel]]. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, making itself felt by limits on work activities (up to a ban on any professional employment and refusal of higher education to the dissidents' children), police harassment and even prison time.
===After 1989===
{{main|History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)}}
In 1989 the country became democratic again through the [[Velvet Revolution]]. This occurred at around the same time as the fall of communism in [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]]. Within three years communist rule had been totally eradicated from [[Europe]].
Unlike [[Yugoslavia]] and the [[Soviet Union]], the end of communism in this country did not automatically mean the end of the "communist" name: the word "socialist" was removed from the name on [[March 29]], [[1990]], and replaced by "federal".
In 1992, because of growing nationalist tensions, Czechoslovakia was [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia|peacefully dissolved]] by parliament. Its territory became the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], which were formally created on [[January 1]], [[1993]].
==Heads of state and government==
*[[List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia]]
*[[List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia]]
* see also [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia#Leaders|leaders of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]
==International agreements and membership==
After WWII, active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ([[Comecon]]), [[Warsaw Pact]], [[United Nations]] and its specialized agencies; signatory of [[conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe]]
==Administrative divisions==
{{main|Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia}}
*1918–1923: different systems on former Austrian territory ([[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]], small part of [[Silesia]]) and on former Hungarian territory ([[Slovakia]] and [[Ruthenia]]): three lands [země] (also called district units [obvody]) Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia plus 21 counties [župy] in today's Slovakia plus two(?) counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided in districts [okresy]
*1923–1927: like above, except that the above counties were replaced by six (grand) counties [(veľ)župy] in today's Slovakia and one (grand) county in today's Ruthenia, and the number and frontiers of the okresy were changed on these two territories
*1928–1938: four lands [in Czech: země / in Slovak: krajiny]: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia; divided in districts [okresy]
*late 1938–March 1939: like above, but Slovakia and Ruthenia were promoted to "autonomous lands"
*1945–1948: like 1928–1938, except that Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union
*1949–1960: 19 regions [kraje] divided in 270 districts [okresy]
* 1960–1992: 10 regions [kraje], [[Prague]], and (since 1970) [[Bratislava]] (capital of Slovakia); divided in 109–114 districts ([[okres]]y]); the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many functions since 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the two republics Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 (without the word ''Socialist'' since 1990)
==Population and ethnic groups==
{{main|Demographics of Czechoslovakia}}
==Politics==
{{main|History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)}} {{main|Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia}}
After WWII, monopoly on politics held by [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]. [[Gustáv Husák]] elected first secretary of KSC in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to KSC. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, grouped under umbrella of the [[National Front (Czechoslovakia)|National Front]]. Human rights activists and religious activists severely repressed.
==Constitutional development==<!-- This section is linked from [[Constitution of Czechoslovakia]] -->
Czechoslovakia had the following [[constitution]]s throughout its history (1918 – 1992):
* Temporary Constitution of [[November 14]], [[1918]] [democratic], see: [[History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)]]
* The [[Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920|1920 Constitution]] (The Constitutional Document of the Czechoslovak Republic) [democratic, in force till 1948, several amendments]
* The Communist 1948 [[Ninth-of-May Constitution]]
* The Communist [[1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia|1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] with major amendments in 1968 ([[Constitutional Law of Federation]]), 1971, 1975, 1978, and in 1989 (at which point the leading role of the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] was abolished). It was amended several more times during 1990–1992 (e.g. 1990, name change to [[Czecho-Slovakia]], 1991 incorporation of the human rights charter)
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia}}
After WWII, economy centrally planned with command links controlled by communist party, similar to [[Soviet Union]]. Large metallurgical industry but dependent on imports for iron and nonferrous ores.
*Industry: Extractive and manufacturing industries dominated sector. Major branches included machinery, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, and textiles. Industry wasteful of energy, materials, and labor and slow to upgrade technology, but country source of high-quality machinery, aircraft, aero engines and instruments, electronics and arms for other communist countries.
*Agriculture: Minor sector but supplied bulk of food needs, due to collectivised farms of large acreage and relatively effective way of operation. Dependent on imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather. Meat production constrained by shortage of feed, but high per capita consumption of meat.
*Foreign Trade: Exports estimated at US$17.8 billion in 1985, of which 55% machinery, 14% fuels and materials, 16% manufactured consumer goods. Imports at estimated US$17.9 billion in 1985, of which 41% fuels and materials, 33% machinery, 12% agricultural and forestry products other. In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade with communist countries.
*Exchange Rate: Official, or commercial, rate Kcs 5.4 per US$1 in 1987; tourist, or noncommercial, rate Kcs 10.5 per US$1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the [[black market]] was around Kcs 30 per US$1, and this rate became the official one once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.
*Fiscal Year: Calendar year.
*Fiscal Policy: State almost exclusive owner of means of production. Revenues from state enterprises primary source of revenues followed by [[turnover tax]]. Large budget expenditures on social programs, subsidies, and investments. Budget usually balanced or small surplus.
==Resource base==
{{main|Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia}}
After WWII, country energy short, relying on imported crude oil and natural gas from Soviet Union, domestic brown coal, and nuclear and hydroelectric energy. Energy constraints a major factor in 1980s.
==Transportation and communications==
{{main|Transportation in Czechoslovakia}}
==Society and social groups==
{{main|Society of Communist Czechoslovakia}}
==Education==
{{main|Education in Czechoslovakia}}
Education free at all levels and compulsory from age six to fifteen. Vast majority of population literate. Highly developed system of apprenticeship training and vocational schools supplemented general secondary schools and institutions of higher education.
==Religion==
{{main|Religion in Socialist Czechoslovakia}}
In 1991: Roman Catholics 46.4%, Evangelic Lutheran 5.3%, Atheist 29.5%, n/a 16.7%, but there were huge differences between the 2 constituent republics – see [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]]
==Health, social welfare and housing==
{{main|Health and Social Welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia}}
After WWII, [[free health care]] was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasized preventive medicine; factory and local health-care centers supplemented hospitals and other inpatient institutions. There became substantial improvement in [[rural]] [[health care]] during the 1960s and 1970s.
==Mass media==
{{main|Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia}}
The mass media in Czechoslovakia was controlled by the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] (KSČ). Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this informational monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were [[Censorship|reviewed]] by the government's ''Office for Press and Information''.
==Sports==
The [[Czechoslovakia national football team]] was a consistent performer in the international scene, with 8 appearances in the [[Football World Cup|FIFA World Cup Finals]], finishing in second-place in [[Football World Cup 1934|1934]] and [[Football World Cup 1962|1962]]. The team also won the [[European Football Championship]] in [[1976 European Football Championship|1976]] and came in third in [[1980 European Football Championship|1980]].
The [[Czechoslovak national ice hockey team]] won many medals from the world championships and Olympic games.
[[Emil Zátopek]], winner of four [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medals in [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], is considered one of the top athletes in history.
The famous [[tennis]] players [[Ivan Lendl]], [[Miloslav Mečíř]], [[Daniela Hantuchová]] and [[Martina Navrátilová]] were born in Czechoslovakia.
==Culture==
*[[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]]
*[[List of Czechs]], [[List of Slovaks]]
*[[International Women's Day|MDŽ]]
*[[Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia]]
==Postage stamps==
* [[List of people on stamps of Czechoslovakia]]
* [http://www.fortunecity.com/marina/armada/367/czecfirs.htm Czechoslovakia's first issue]
==From creation to dissolution—overview==
{{Czechoslovakia timeline|state=expanded}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
[http://www.czech.cz/en/basic-facts/history/all-about-czech-history/the-first-czechoslovak-republic/ Czechoslovak Republic]
==See also==
{{commonscat|Czechoslovakia}}
*[[Former countries in Europe after 1815]]
*[[Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War]]
*[[1968 Red Square demonstration]]
==External links==
* [http://www.vyznamenani.net/main.htm Orders and Medals of Czechoslovakia including Order of the White Lion] (''in English and Czech'')
* [http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/history/all-about-czech-history/the-first-czechoslovak-republic/ Czechoslovakia]-The First Czechoslovak Republic
*[[Andropov]] to the Central Committee, about the Demonstration in Red Square Against the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, [[September 20]], [[1968]]. [[Andrei Sakharov]] [[KGB]] file, Archieve posted at the [[Yale University]], http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/documents_frames/Sakharov_008.htm
* [http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/163.gif Hungarian Language Map], border changes after the creation of Czechoslovakia
* [http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/166.gif Map]
* [http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/200.gif Map]
[[Category:Czechoslovakia| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in Europe|Czechoslovakia (1945-1992)]]
[[Category:Former Slavic countries]]
[[Category:Amalgamated placenames]]
{{Link FA|eo}}
[[ar:تشيكوسلوفاكيا]]
[[frp:Tch·ècoslovaquie]]
[[be:Чэхаславакія]]
[[be-x-old:Чэхаславаччына]]
[[bs:Čehoslovačka]]
[[br:Tchekoslovakia]]
[[bg:Чехословакия]]
[[ca:Txecoslovàquia]]
[[cs:Československo]]
[[cy:Tsiecoslofacia]]
[[da:Tjekkoslovakiet]]
[[de:Tschechoslowakei]]
[[dsb:Českosłowakska]]
[[et:Tšehhoslovakkia]]
[[el:Τσεχοσλοβακία]]
[[es:Checoslovaquia]]
[[eo:Ĉeĥoslovakio]]
[[eu:Txekoslovakia]]
[[fa:چکسلواکی]]
[[fr:Tchécoslovaquie]]
[[fur:Cecoslovachie]]
[[gl:Checoslovaquia - Československo]]
[[ko:체코슬로바키아]]
[[hi:चेकोस्लोवाकिया]]
[[hr:Čehoslovačka]]
[[io:Chekoslovakia]]
[[id:Cekoslowakia]]
[[ia:Checoslovachia]]
[[os:Чехословаки]]
[[is:Tékkóslóvakía]]
[[it:Cecoslovacchia]]
[[he:צ'כוסלובקיה]]
[[ka:ჩეხოსლოვაკია]]
[[sw:Chekoslovakia]]
[[la:Bohemoslovacia]]
[[lv:Čehoslovākija]]
[[lt:Čekoslovakija]]
[[hu:Csehszlovákia]]
[[mk:Чехословачка]]
[[ml:ചെക്കൊസ്ലൊവാക്യ]]
[[ms:Czechoslovakia]]
[[nl:Tsjecho-Slowakije]]
[[ja:チェコスロバキア]]
[[no:Tsjekkoslovakia]]
[[nn:Tsjekkoslovakia]]
[[pl:Czechosłowacja]]
[[pt:Checoslováquia]]
[[ro:Cehoslovacia]]
[[ru:Чехословакия]]
[[scn:Cecoslovacchia]]
[[simple:Czechoslovakia]]
[[sk:Česko-Slovensko]]
[[sl:Češkoslovaška]]
[[sr:Чехословачка]]
[[sh:Čehoslovačka]]
[[fi:Tšekkoslovakia]]
[[sv:Tjeckoslovakien]]
[[th:เชโกสโลวาเกีย]]
[[vi:Tiệp Khắc]]
[[tr:Çekoslovakya]]
[[uk:Чехословаччина]]
[[vec:Cecoslovachia]]
[[yi:טשעכאסלאוואקיי]]
[[zh:捷克斯洛伐克]]