DNA computing 253418 224382506 2008-07-08T16:39:13Z 130.234.5.138 /* Capabilities */ '''DNA computing''' is a form of [[computing]] which uses [[DNA]], [[biochemistry]] and [[molecular biology]], instead of the traditional silicon-based [[computer]] [[technology|technologies]]. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. R&D in this area concerns theory, experiments and applications of DNA computing. == History == This field was initially developed by [[Leonard Adleman]] of the [[University of Southern California]], in [[1994]]<ref>{{cite journal | author = [[Leonard Adleman|Leonard M. Adleman]] | date = [[1994-11-11]] | title = Molecular Computation Of Solutions To Combinatorial Problems | journal = [[Science (journal)]] | volume = 266 | issue = 11 | pages = 1021&ndash;1024 | url = http://www.usc.edu/dept/molecular-science/papers/fp-sci94.pdf }} &mdash; The first DNA computing paper. Describes a solution for the directed [[Hamiltonian path problem]].</ref> . Adleman demonstrated a [[proof-of-concept]] use of DNA as a form of computation which solved the seven-point [[Hamiltonian path problem]]. Since the initial Adleman experiments, advances have been made and various [[Turing machine]]s have been proven to be constructible<ref>{{cite journal | author = [[Dan Boneh]], Christopher Dunworth, [[Richard J. Lipton]], and Jiri Sgall | year = 1996 | title = On the Computational Power of DNA | journal = DAMATH: Discrete Applied Mathematics and Combinatorial Operations Research and Computer Science | volume = 71 | url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/boneh95computational.html }} &mdash; Describes a solution for the [[boolean satisfiability problem]]. </ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = Lila Kari, Greg Gloor, Sheng Yu | year = 2000 | month = January | title = Using DNA to solve the Bounded Post Correspondence Problem | journal = Theoretical Computer Science | volume = 231 | issue = 2 | pages = 192&ndash;203 | url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kari00using.html }} &mdash; Describes a solution for the bounded [[Post correspondence problem]], a hard-on-average NP-complete problem. </ref>. In 2002, researchers from the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in Rehovot, Israel, unveiled a programmable molecular computing machine composed of enzymes and DNA molecules instead of silicon microchips. <ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0224_030224_DNAcomputer.html Computer Made from DNA and Enzymes<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. On [[April 28]] [[2004]], [[Ehud Shapiro]], Yaakov Benenson, Binyamin Gil, Uri Ben-Dor, and Rivka Adar at the [[Weizmann Institute]] announced in the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] that they had constructed a DNA computer<ref> {{cite journal | author = Yaakov Benenson1, Binyamin Gil, Uri Ben-Dor, Rivka Adar, Ehud Shapiro | date = [[2004-04-28]] | title = An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression | journal = [[Nature (journal)]] | volume = 429 | pages = 423–429 | url = http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~lbn/other_links/ShapiroNature2004.pdf }} </ref>. This was coupled with an input and output module and is capable of diagnosing [[cancer]]ous activity within a cell, and then releasing an anti-cancer drug upon diagnosis. == Capabilities == DNA computing is fundamentally similar to [[parallel computing]] in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once. For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. But DNA computing does not provide any new capabilities from the standpoint of [[Computability_theory_(computer_science)|computability theory]], the study of which problems are computationally solvable using different models of computation. For example, problems which grow exponentially with the size of the problem ([[EXPSPACE]] problems) on [[von Neumann machine]]s still grow exponentially with the size of the problem on DNA machines. For very large EXPSPACE problems, the amount of DNA required is too large to be practical. ([[Quantum computing]], on the other hand, ''does'' provide some interesting new capabilities). DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct from, [[DNA nanotechnology]]. The latter uses the specificity of Watson-Crick [[Base pair|basepairing]] and other DNA properties to make novel structures out of DNA. These structures can be used for DNA computing, but they do not have to be. Additionally, DNA computing can be done without using the types of molecules made possible by DNA nanotechnology (as the above examples show). ==Examples of DNA computing== * [[MAYA II]] * [[Computational Genes]] ==See also== *[[Peptide computing]] *[[Parallel computing]] *[[Quantum computing]] ==References== <references/> ===Additional Literatures=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | author = [[Martyn Amos]] | year = 2005 | month = June | title = Theoretical and Experimental DNA Computation | publisher = Springer | id = ISBN 3-540-65773-8 | url = http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,3-0-22-1995351-0,00.html }} &mdash; The first general text to cover the whole field. *{{cite book | author = Gheorge Paun, Grzegorz Rozenberg, [[Arto Salomaa]] | year = 1998 | month = October | title = DNA Computing - New Computing Paradigms | publisher = Springer-Verlag | id = ISBN 3-540-64196-3 }} &mdash; The book starts with an introduction to DNA-related matters, the basics of biochemistry and language and computation theory, and progresses to the advanced mathematical theory of DNA computing. *{{cite book | author = JB. Waldner | year = 2007 | month = January | title = Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence |publisher = ISTE | pages = 189 | id = ISBN 2746215160 }} {{refend}} ==External links== * [http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer.htm How Stuff Works explanation] * [http://physicsweb.org/article/news/6/3/11 Physics Web] * [http://www.arstechnica.com/reviews/2q00/dna/dna-1.html Ars Technica] * [http://www.dcs.ex.ac.uk/~pf201/dna.html A Bibliography of Molecular Computation and Splicing Systems] * [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/29/science/29DNA.html NY Times DNA Computer for detecting Cancer] * [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0005BC6A-97DF-1446-951483414B7F0101 Bringing DNA computers to life, in Scientific American] * [http://www.tfot.info/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&page=inline&id=197&catid=1&limitstart=177 Japanese Researchers store information in bacteria DNA] * [http://hagi.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dna/ International Meeting on DNA Computing] [[Category:Classes of computers]] [[Category:Theoretical computer science]] [[Category:Molecular biology]] [[Category:DNA]] [[ar:حوسبة الدنا]] [[de:DNA-Computer]] [[es:Computación Basada en ADN]] [[fr:Ordinateur à ADN]] [[ko:DNA 컴퓨팅]] [[it:Computer a DNA]] [[he:מחשוב DNA]] [[ja:DNAコンピュータ]] [[pl:Komputer DNA]] [[pt:Computador de ADN]] [[ru:ДНК-компьютер]] [[sr:ДНК рачунар]] [[tr:DNA bilgisayarları]] [[zh:DNA運算]]