Dairy product
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'''Dairy products ''' are generally defined as [[food]]stuffs produced from [[milk]]. They are usually high-energy-yielding food products. A production plant for such processing is called a [[dairy]] or a dairy factory. Raw milk for processing generally comes from [[cattle|cow]]s, but occasionally from other [[mammal]]s such as [[dairy goat|goats]], [[domestic sheep|sheep]], [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]], [[yak]]s, or [[horse]]s. Dairy products are commonly found in [[European cuisine|European]], [[Middle Eastern]] and [[Indian cuisine]], whereas they are almost unknown in [[East Asian]] cuisine.
[[Image:Milkproducts.svg|thumb|500px|Milk products and production relationships]]
[[Image:Dairy farm.jpg|thumb|200px|Dairy farm]]
== Type of dairy products ==
'''*[[Milk]],''' after optional [[homogenization]], [[pasteurization]], in several grades of bacteria ''Streptococcus lactis'' and ''Leuconostoc citrovorum''
***[[Crème fraîche]], slightly fermented cream
***[[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]], Central and Eastern European variety of sour cream
***[[Clotted cream]], thick spoonable cream made by heating
**[[Cultured buttermilk]], fermented concentrated (water removed) milk using the same bacteria as sour cream
**[[Powdered milk|Milk powder]] (or powdered milk), produced by removing the water from milk
*** Whole milk & buttermilk
*** [[Skim milk]]
*** Cream
*** High milk-fat & nutritional powders (for infant formulas)
*** Cultured and confectionery powders
**[[Condensed milk]], milk which has been concentrated by evaporation, often with sugar added for longer life in an opened can
**[[Evaporated milk]], (less concentrated than condensed) milk without added sugar
**[[Ricotta cheese]], milk heated and reduced in volume, known in Indian cuisine as [[Khoa (food)|Khoa]]
**[[Infant formula]], dried milk powder with specific additives for feeding human infants
**[[Baked milk]], a variety of boiled milk that has been particularly popular in [[Russia]]
*[[Butter]], mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream
**[[Buttermilk]], the liquid left over after producing butter from cream, often dried as [[livestock]] food
**[[Ghee]], clarified butter, by gentle heating of butter and removal of the solid matter
** [[Anhydrous]] milkfat
*[[Cheese]], produced by coagulating milk, separating from whey and letting it ripen, generally with [[bacterium|bacteria]] and sometimes also with certain [[mold]]s
**[[Curd]]s, the soft curdled part of milk (or skim milk) used to make cheese (or casein)
**Whey, the liquid drained from curds and used for further processing or as a livestock food
**[[Cottage cheese]]
**[[Quark (cheese)|Quark]]
**[[Cream cheese]], produced by the addition of cream to milk and then curdled to form a rich curd or cheese made from skim milk with cream added to the curd
**[[Fromage frais]]
* [[Casein]]
** [[Caseinates]]
** Milk [[protein]] concentrates and isonates
** [[Whey]] protein concentrates and isonates
** [[Hydrolysates]]
** [[Mineral]] concentrates
*[[Yoghurt|Yogurt]], milk fermented by ''[[Streptococcus]] salivarius ssp. thermophilus'' and ''[[Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus]]'' sometimes with additional bacteria, such as ''[[Lactobacillus]] acidophilus''
**[[Ayran]]
**[[Lassi]]
*[[Gelato]], slowly frozen milk and water
*[[Ice cream]], slowly frozen cream and emulsifying additives
**[[Ice milk]]
**[[Frozen custard]]
**[[Frozen yogurt]], yogurt with emulsifiers that is frozen
*Other
**[[Kumis]]/[[Airag]], slightly fermented mares' milk popular in [[Central Asia]]
**[[Viili]]
**[[Kajmak]]
**[[Kefir|Kephir]]
**[[Filmjölk]]
**[[Piimä]]
**[[Vla]]
**[[Dulce de leche]]
**[[Uloo kao patha laeen ka]]
== Criticism ==
Dairy may cause health issues for individuals with [[lactose intolerant|lactose intolerance]] and [[milk allergies]].
[[Vegan]]s and some [[vegetarian]]s avoid dairy products due to a variety of [[ethic]]al, [[Diet (nutrition)|dietary]], [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]al, [[politics|political]], and [[religion|religious]] concerns.
== Eggs as dairy? ==
[[Egg (food)|Egg]]s are sometimes categorized as dairy, defining dairy as "food that is produced by animals (other than meat)" rather than as milk specifically. For example, the [[Open Directory Project]] at one point listed cooking eggs as a subcategory of cooking dairy products. Defining dairy as limited to milk products, however, is more common.
== External links ==
{{cookbook}}
*[http://www.idswageningen.nl International Dairy School]
*[http://www.food-info.net/uk/qa/dairy.htm Questions and Answers on dairy products]
*[http://www.milkacademy.com MilkAcademy - Applicable information about milking equipments and dairy farming]
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