Dartmoor 8167 225237251 2008-07-12T16:55:51Z 92.10.26.31 {{dablink|For the Victorian hamlet in [[Australia]], see [[Dartmoor, Victoria]].}} {{coor title dm|50|34|N|4|0|W}} {{Geobox|Protected Area <!-- *** Name section *** --> | name = Dartmoor | native_name = | other_name = | other_name1 = <!-- *** Category *** --> | category_local = [[National parks of England and Wales|National Park of England]] | category_iucn = II <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = High_Willhays.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[High Willhays]], the highest point on Dartmoor and southern [[England]] at 621 m (2037 ft) above sea level, with [[Yes Tor]] beyond <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country = United Kingdom | country_flag = 1 | state = England | state_type = Part | state_flag = 1 | region = Devon | region_type = County | location = | lat_d = | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | elevation = <!-- *** Nature *** --> | biome = | biome_share = | biome1 = | biome1_share = | geology = | geology1 = | plant = | plant1 = | animal = Dartmoor Pony | animal1 = <!-- *** Geography *** --> | area = 953 | area1 = | area1_type = | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | highest = High Willhays | highest location = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | highest_elevation = 621 | lowest = Doghole Bridge | lowest_location = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = | lowest_elevation = 30 <!-- *** People *** --> | established_type = [[National parks of England and Wales|National Park of England]] | established = 1951 | established1_type = | established1 = | management_body = Dartmoor National Park Authority | management_location = Bovey Tracey | management_lat_d = | management_lat_m = | management_lat_s = | management_lat_NS = | management_long_d = | management_long_m = | management_long_s = | management_long_EW = | management_elevation = | visitation = 10.98m | visitation_year = 1997 <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free_type = | free = | free1_type = | free1 = <!-- *** Map section *** --> | map = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = | map_size = 200 | map_caption = Position of Dartmoor within England | map_first = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/ }} '''Dartmoor''' is an area of [[moorland]] in the centre of [[Devon]], [[England]]. Protected by [[National parks of England and Wales|National Park]] status, it covers 953&nbsp;km² (368&nbsp;mile²). The [[granite]] [[upland]] dates from the [[Carboniferous]] period of [[geology|geological]] history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite hilltops (known as [[tor (geography)|tor]]s), providing habitats for [[Dartmoor wildlife]]. The highest point is [[High Willhays]], {{convert|621|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}} above sea level. The entire area is rich in antiquities and [[archaeology]]. Dartmoor is managed by the [[Dartmoor National Park Authority]] whose 26 members are drawn from [[Devon]] [[County Council]], local [[District Council]]s and Government. Parts of Dartmoor have been used as a [[military]] [[firing range]] for over 200 years. The public enjoy extensive access rights to the rest of Dartmoor, and it is a popular [[tourism|tourist]] destination. The Park was featured on the TV programme ''[[Seven Natural Wonders]]'' as the top natural wonder in [[South West England]]. ==Physical geography== ===Tors=== Dartmoor is known for its [[tor]]s &ndash; large hills, topped with outcrops of bedrock, which in [[granite]] country such as this are usually rounded boulder-like formations. There are over 160 tors on Dartmoor. They are the focus of an annual event known as the [[Ten Tors Challenge]], when over a thousand people, aged between 14 and 21, walk for distances of 35, 45 or 55&nbsp;miles (56, 72 or 89&nbsp;km) over ten tors on many differing routes. While many of the hills of Dartmoor have the word "Tor" in them quite a number do not, however this does not appear to relate to whether there is an outcrop of rock on their summit. The highest points on Dartmoor are High Willhays ({{gbmapping|SX580895}}) at {{convert|621|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}} and [[Yes Tor]] ({{gbmapping|SX581901}}) {{convert|619|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}} on the northern moor. [[Ryder's Hill]] ({{gbmapping|SX690660}}), {{convert|515|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}}, Snowdon {{convert|495|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}}, and an unnamed point at ({{gbmapping|SX603645}}),{{convert|493|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}} are the highest points on the southern moor. Probably the best known tor on Dartmoor is [[Haytor]] (also spelt Hey Tor) ({{gbmapping|SX757771}}), {{convert|457|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}}. For a more complete list see [[List of Dartmoor tors and hills]]. ===Rivers=== [[Image:ErmeIvybridge.jpg|thumb|right|[[River Erme]] at [[Ivybridge]]]] The levels of rainfall on Dartmoor are considerably higher than in the surrounding lowlands. With much of the national park covered in thick layers of [[peat]], the rain is usually absorbed quickly and distributed slowly, so that the moor is rarely dry. In areas where water accumulates, dangerous [[bog]]s or mires can result. Some of these, up to {{convert|12|ft|1}} across and topped with bright green moss, are known to locals as "feather beds" or "quakers", because they shift (or 'quake') beneath your feet. This is the result of accumulations of sphagnum moss growing over a hollow in the granite filled with water.<ref>Ian Mercer: ''Bogs and Mires of Dartmoor'', in [[#refHW1977|Hunt & Wills 1977]], p.16.</ref> Another consequence of the high rainfall is that there are numerous rivers and streams on Dartmoor. As well as shaping the landscape, these have traditionally provided a source of power for moor industries such as [[Dartmoor tin-mining|tin mining]] and quarrying. The Moor takes its name from the [[River Dart]], which starts as the [[East Dart]] and [[West Dart]] and then becomes a single river at [[Dartmeet]]. For a full list, expand the ''Rivers of Dartmoor'' navigational box at the bottom of this page. ====Angling==== [[Angling]] is a popular pastime on the moor, especially for migratory fish such as [[salmon]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}} <ref>http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/index/visiting/vi-enjoyingdartmoor/vi-otheractivities.htm</ref> ====Kayaking and canoeing==== Dartmoor is a focal point for [[whitewater kayaking]] and [[canoeing]], due to the previously mentioned high rainfall and high quality of rivers. The [[River Dart]] is the most prominent meeting place, but the [[River Erme|Erme]], [[River Tavy|Tavy]] and [[River Plym|Plym]] are also frequently paddled. ==History== ===Pre-history=== The majority of the [[prehistoric]] remains on Dartmoor date back to the late [[Neolithic]] and early [[Bronze Age]]. Indeed, Dartmoor contains the largest concentration of Bronze Age remains in the United Kingdom, which suggests that this was when a larger population moved onto the hills of Dartmoor. The climate at the time was warmer than today, and much of today's moorland was covered with trees. The prehistoric settlers began clearing the forest, and established the first [[farming]] communities. [[Fire]] was the main method of clearing land, creating [[pasture]] and [[swidden]] types of fire-fallow farmland. Areas less suited for farming, tended to be burned for livestock grazing. Over the centuries these Neolithic practices greatly expanded the upland moors, contributed to the acidification of the soil and the accumulation of [[peat]] and [[bog]]s.<ref>Role of anthropogenic fire and in creating moors, and moor-burning in sustaining them, described in [[#refPyne1997|Pyne 1997]], pp.348-369.</ref> The nature of the soil, which is highly acidic, means that no organic remains have survived. However, by contrast, the high durability of the natural granite means that their homes and monuments are still to be found in abundance, as are their flint tools. It should be noted that a number of remains were "restored" by enthusiastic [[Victorians]] and that, in some cases, they have placed their own interpretation on how an area may have looked. [[Image:Beardown man dartmoor.jpg|thumb|Beardown Man, Dartmoor]] Numerous [[menhir]]s (more usually referred to locally as [[standing stone]]s or longstones), [[stone circle]]s, [[kistvaen]]s, [[cairn]]s and [[stone row]]s are to be found on the moor. The most significant sites include: *Beardown Man, near [[Devil’s Tor]] &ndash; isolated standing stone {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, said to have another {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} below ground. {{gbmapping|SX596796}} *Challacombe, near the prehistoric settlement of [[Grimspound]] &ndash; triple stone row. {{gbmapping|SX689807}} *[[Drizzlecombe]], east of [[Sheepstor]] village &ndash; stone circles, rows, standing stones, kistvaens and cairns. {{gbmapping|SX591669}} *[[Grey Wethers]], near [[Postbridge, Devon|Postbridge]] &ndash; double circle, aligned almost exactly north south. {{gbmapping|SX638831}} *Laughter Tor, near [[Two Bridges]] &ndash; standing stone {{convert|2.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and two double stone rows, one {{convert|164|m|ft|abbr=on}} long. {{gbmapping|SX652753}} *[[Merrivale, Devon|Merrivale]], between [[Princetown]] and [[Tavistock, Devon|Tavistock]] &ndash; includes a double stone row {{convert|182|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|1.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, aligned almost exactly east-west), stone circles and a kistvaen. {{gbmapping|SX554747}} *Scorhill, west of [[Chagford]] &ndash; circle, {{convert|26.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} in circumference, and stone rows. {{gbmapping|SX654873}} *Shovel Down, north of [[Dartmoor reservoirs|Fernworthy reservoir]] &ndash; double stone row approximately {{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} long. {{gbmapping|SX660859}} There are also an estimated 5,000 hut circles still surviving today, despite the fact that many have been raided over the centuries by the builders of the traditional dry stone walls. These are the remnants of Bronze Age houses. The smallest are around {{convert|1.8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, and the largest may be up to five times this size. Some have L-shaped porches to protect against wind and rain &ndash; some particularly good examples are to be found at Grimspound. It is believed that they would have had a conical roof, supported by timbers and covered in turf or thatch. Many ancient structures, including the hut circles at [[Grimspound]], were reconstructed during the 19th century &ndash; most notably by civil engineer and historian Richard Hansford Worth. Some of this work was based more on speculation than archaeological expertise, and has since been criticised for its inaccuracy. ===The historical period=== The climate worsened over the course of a thousand years from around 1000 BC, so that much of high Dartmoor was largely abandoned by its early inhabitants. It was not until the early [[medieval]] period that the weather again became warmer, and settlers moved back onto the moors. Like their ancient forebears, they also used the natural granite to build their homes, preferring a style known as the [[Dartmoor longhouse|longhouse]] &ndash; some of which are still inhabited today, although they have been clearly adapted over the centuries. Many are now being used as farm buildings, while others were abandoned and fell into ruin. The earliest surviving farms, still in operation today, are known as the [[Ancient Tenements]]. Most of these date back to the 14th century and sometimes earlier. Some way into the moor stands the town of [[Princetown, England|Princetown]], the site of the notorious [[Dartmoor (HM Prison)|Dartmoor Prison]], which was originally built both by, and for, [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] from the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The prison has a (now misplaced) reputation for being escape-proof, both due to the buildings themselves and its physical location. The Dartmoor landscape is scattered with the marks left by the many generations who have lived and worked there over the centuries &ndash; such as the remains of the once mighty [[Dartmoor tin-mining]] industry, and farmhouses long since abandoned. Indeed the [[industrial archaeology of Dartmoor]] is a subject in its own right. ==Myths and literature== [[Image:Dartmoor a.jpg|thumb|]] Dartmoor abounds with myths and legends. It is reputedly the haunt of [[pixie]]s, a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of 'spectral hounds', and a large black dog. During [[The Great Thunderstorm, Widecombe|the Great Thunderstorm]] of 1638, Dartmoor was even said to have been visited by the [[Devil]]. Many landmarks have ancient legends and [[ghost]] stories associated with them, such as [[Jay's Grave]], the ancient burial site at [[Childe's Tomb]], and a rock pile called [[Bowerman's Nose]]. A few stories have emerged in recent decades, such as the '[[hairy hands]]', that are said to attack travellers on the B3212 near [[Two Bridges]]. Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers, such as [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] in ''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'' and ''[[The Adventure of Silver Blaze]]'', [[Eden Phillpotts]], [[Beatrice Chase]], [[Agatha Christie]] and the Reverend [[Sabine Baring-Gould]]. ==Ownership and access== Over half of Dartmoor National Park (57.3%) is private land, much of this owned by the [[Duke of Cornwall]], a title held under a charter of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] by the [[Prince of Wales]]. The Ministry of Defence owns 14% (see below), 3.8% is owned by water companies (see [[Dartmoor reservoirs]]), 3.7% by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], 1.8% by the [[Forestry Commission]] and 1.4% by Dartmoor's [[National Park Authority]]. About 37% of Dartmoor is [[Common land]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/print/lab-comm.pdf|title=Dartmoor Commons|publisher=Dartmoor National Park Authority|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> Dartmoor differs from some other [[National parks of England and Wales|National Parks in England and Wales]], in that since a 1985 [[Act of Parliament]] much of it has been designated as 'Access Land', with no restrictions on where walkers can roam. This Access Land remains privately owned land. There are still almost {{convert|450|mi|km}} of [[Rights of way in England and Wales|footpaths and bridleway]]s on Dartmoor, but they are for guidance and convenience &ndash; they do not have to be kept to, and in fact footpaths in these sections of the Park are generally not [[waymarking|waymarked]]. This is not connected with the [[Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000]], which has established similar rights in other rural parts of the country. Dartmoor is largely unaffected by this legislation because of its existing arrangements. In 2006, this Act opened up much of the remaining restricted land for walkers &ndash; a topic much disputed amongst the landowners and the councils {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. === Use by the Ministry of Defence === There is a tradition of military usage of Dartmoor dating back to the [[Napoleonic wars]]. There is still a large [[British Army]] training camp at [[Okehampton]] &ndash; also the site of an airbase during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) uses three areas of the northern moor for manoeuvres and live-firing exercises, totalling 108.71&nbsp;km² (41.9&nbsp;mile²), or just over 11% of Dartmoor National Park. Red and white posts mark the boundaries of these military areas (shown on [[Ordnance Survey]] 1:25,000 scale maps). Flagpoles on many tors in and around the ranges will fly red flags when firing is taking place. At other times, members of the public are allowed access. Blank rounds may also be used, but the MoD has no obligation to alert the civilian population of this. Those wishing to walk in the firing areas are advised to check the firing times for the coming week by calling the MoD on 0800 4584868. Further advice is available at the National Park [http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/index/visiting/content_manager_templatepage-3.htm website]. Some "challenge" and [[Charitable organization|charitable]] events take place with assistance of the military on Dartmoor including the long established [[Ten Tors]] event and the more recent [[Dartmoor Beast]]. ==Preservation== [[Image:Dartmoor Clapper Bridge.jpg|thumb|The clapper bridge at [[Postbridge]]]] Throughout human history, the landscape has been exploited for industrial purposes. In recent years, controversy has surrounded the work of industrial conglomerates [[Imerys]] and [[Watts Blake Bearne]], who have used parts of the moor for [[china clay]] [[mining]]. Licences were granted by the [[British Government]] but were recently renounced after sustained public pressure from bodies such as the [[Dartmoor Preservation Association]]. Many of these licences predate much of the heavy machinery which is in use today. Imerys were singled out for particular criticism after work at [[Lee Moor]] destroyed a number of archaeologically significant sites. The British government has made promises to protect the integrity of the moor; however, the cost of compensating companies for these licences, which may not have been granted in today's political climate, could prove prohibitive. The military use of the moor has been another source of controversy, such as when training was extended in January 2003. The [[National Park Authority]] received 1,700 objections before making the decision. Objectors claimed that Dartmoor should be an area for recreation, and that the training disturbs the peace. Those who objected included the [[Open Spaces Society]] and the Dartmoor Preservation Association. During her lifetime, [[Sylvia Sayer|Lady Sayer]] was another outspoken critic of the damage which she perceived that the army was doing to the moor. ==Towns and villages== [[Image:Saddle tor evening.jpg|thumb|right|A typical Dartmoor tor close to [[Haytor]].]] Dartmoor has a resident [[population]] of about 33,400, which swells considerably during holiday periods with incoming tourists. For a list, expand the ''Settlements of Dartmoor'' navigational box at the bottom of this page. ==Features== ===Well known landmarks=== {{Prose|date=September 2007}} *[[Black Tor Beare]] &ndash; Remote woodland of stunted oaks over {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} above sea level in West Okement valley *[[Bowerman's Nose]] &ndash; unusual rock formation *[[Brent Tor|Brentor Church]] &ndash; Remote church {{convert|1100|ft|m|abbr=on}} high on crag at western edge of moor *[[Dartmoor reservoirs|Burrator Reservoir]] &ndash; late Victorian reservoir *[[Castle Drogo]] &ndash; Edwardian faux castle built by Edwin Lutyens on crag above Teign Gorge, Drewsteignton *[[Childes Tomb|Childe's Tomb]] &ndash; ancient burial site *[[Church House, South Tawton]] &ndash; 15th century [[church ales]] house *[[Cosdon or Cawsand Beacon]] &ndash; Prominent hill, northern extremity of moor, site of beacon fire for invasion warning *[[Cranmere Pool]] &ndash; original letter box site and location of the legend of Cranmere Binjie *[[Crazywell Pool]] &ndash; artificial lake *[[Dartmeet]] &ndash; meeting point of East and West Dart *[[Devonport Leat]] &ndash; man-made water channel *[[Duck's Pool, Dartmoor|Duck's Pool]] &ndash; location of a memorial to local writer [[William Crossing]] *[[Dartmoor reservoirs|Fernworthy Dam & Reservoir]] &ndash; Granite-faced concrete dam and lake in Fernworthy Forest, nr. Chagford *[[Great Links Tor]] &ndash; dominant tor on NW scarp of moor *[[Grey Wethers]] &ndash; pair of ancient stone circles *[[Grimspound]] &ndash; Bronze Age settlement *[[Haytor|Haytor Rock]] &ndash; Prominent tor and viewpoint between Bovey Tracey and Widecombe *[[Haytor Granite Tramway]] &ndash; Remarkable early tramway with stone rails; ran from quarries at Haytor to Stover Canal *[[High Willhays]] &ndash; highest point on Dartmoor *[[Hound Tor]] &ndash; Rugged tor with remains of Iron Age village *[[Jay's Grave]] &ndash; mysterious burial site *[[Lydford Gorge]] &ndash; Dramatic, very deep and narrow gorge with waterfalls *[[Meldon, Devon|Meldon dam & viaduct]] &ndash; {{convert|140|ft|m|abbr=on}} high concrete dam and dramatic Victorian iron bridge *[[Powdermills, Cherrybrook]] &ndash; Remains of gunpowder grinding mill near Two Bridges *[[Rattlebrook railway]] &ndash; Remains of horse-worked railway track to peat works near Great Links Tor *[[Skaigh Valley]] &ndash; Narrow, wooded valley leading up on to moor at Belstone; on famous Sticklepath geological fault *[[Scorhill stone circle]] &ndash; Well-preserved circle of standing stones near Teign-e-ver, Gidleigh *[[Tavistock Canal]] &ndash; 19th century canal *[[Tavy Cleave]] &ndash; dramatic river gorge on western moor near Marytavy *[[Teign-e-ver]] &ndash; confluence of North Teign and Wallabrook; clapper bridges & [[Bullaun|tolmen stone]] *[[Two Bridges]] &ndash; 18th century coaching inn *[[Warren House Inn]] &ndash; highest inn in SW England *[[Widgery Cross]] &ndash; Granite cross atop Brat Tor, memorial to Dartmoor artist F J Widgery *[[Wistman's Wood]] &ndash; Remote copse of stunted oaks in valley of West Dart near two bridges *[[Wheal Betsy]] &ndash; Engine house of mine on Blackdown, Marytavy ==Letterboxing== The definitive guide to [[hill walking]] on Dartmoor was written by the [[Victorian era]] walker [[William Crossing]]. He states that a Dartmoor guide placed a bottle for visitors' cards at [[Cranmere Pool]] on the northern moor in 1854. This would seem to be the origin of [[letterboxing]]. In 1938 a plaque and letterbox in Crossing's memory were placed at [[Duck's Pool, Dartmoor|Duck's Pool]] on the southern moor. This pursuit has become increasingly popular in recent decades. Watertight containers, or 'letterboxes', are hidden throughout Dartmoor, each containing a visitor's book and a rubber stamp. The original intention was for walkers to leave a letter or postcard, which would then be collected and posted by the next person to visit the site. Today visitors take an impression of the letterbox's rubber stamp as proof of finding the box and record their visit by stamping their own personal stamp in the letterbox's logbook. Until the 1970s there were no more than a dozen such sites around the moor, usually in the most inaccessible locations. Today there are thousands of letterboxes, many within easy walking distance of the road. Today there is a club called the "100 Club", membership of which is open to anyone who has found at least 100 letterboxes on Dartmoor. Clues to the locations of letterboxes are published by the "100 Club" in a bi-annual catalogue. Some letterboxes however remain "word of mouth" and the clues to their location can only be obtained from the person who placed the box. Some clues may also be found in other letterboxes or on the Internet, this is however more commonly for letterboxes in places other than Dartmoor, where no "100 Club" or catalogue exist. Letterboxing has become a sport in itself, with thousands of walkers gathering for 'box-hunts' &ndash; an in some areas of the moor is particularly popular amongst children, some of the more difficult to find boxes and tougher terrain are however better suited to more experienced adults. Such letterboxes have also been placed in various locations around the world, with a more recent variant known as [[Geocaching|geocaches]]. These caches are usually much harder to find, and often require [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] coordinates to locate. ==See also== *[[Geology of the United Kingdom]] *[[Haytor Granite Tramway]] *[[Dartmoor Discovery]] Ultramarathon Race *[[Rock-cut basin]] The Tolmen stone *[[Dartmoor Way]] [[long-distance footpath]] ==External links== <!-- Please bear in mind that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a directory. It may be that one or two links will add something to a page however they must only be placed on the relevant page and will always be subject to review by wikipedians.--> {{commons|Dartmoor}} *[http://www.dartmoorsociety.com/ Dartmoor Society] *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Devon/Dartmoor/}} *[http://www.dartmoorletterboxing.org/ Dartmoor Letterboxing] *[http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/dartmoor_legends.htm Legendary Dartmoor] *[http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/ Dartmoor National Park Authority] *[http://www.events.ex.ac.uk/tentors/ Ten Tors Official Website] *[http://www.dartmoor-rescue.org/ Dartmoor Rescue Group] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *<cite id=refHW1977>Hunt, P.J., Wills, G.L. (editors), ''Devon Wetlands'', Exeter: Devon County Council, [1977]. ISBN 0-903849-19-4.</cite> *<cite id=refPyne1997>Pyne, Stephen J. ''Vestal Fire: An Environmental History, Told through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World''. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1997. ISBN 0-295-97596-2.</cite> {{National_parks_in_the_UK}} {{Settlements_of_Dartmoor}} {{Rivers_of_Dartmoor}} [[Category:Dartmoor|*]] [[Category:National parks of England and Wales]] [[Category:Hills of Devon]] [[Category:Special Areas of Conservation in England]] [[de:Dartmoor]] [[eo:Dartmoor]] [[fr:Parc naturel du Dartmoor]] [[no:Dartmoor]] [[pl:Dartmoor]] [[pt:Dartmoor]] [[simple:Dartmoor]] [[fi:Dartmoor]] [[sv:Dartmoor]]