Dartmouth College 8418 225248164 2008-07-12T18:03:40Z Rande M Sefowt 384111 {{Infobox University | name = Dartmouth College | image_name = Dartmouth College shield.svg | motto = ''Vox clamantis in deserto'' | mottoeng = The voice of one crying in the wilderness | established = [[December 13]], [[1769]] | type = [[private university|Private]] | endowment = [[United States dollar|US $]]3.76 billion<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2007/09/04.html | work = Dartmouth News | title = Impressive returns reported for Dartmouth endowment in fiscal 2006–07 | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-04 }}</ref> | president = [[James Wright (historian)|James Edward Wright]] | faculty = 647<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/cds2006-2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Common Data Set '06-'07 | publisher = Office of Institutional Research | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> | undergrad = 4,164<ref name="cds">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/cds2007-2008.pdf | format = PDF | title = Common Data Set '07-'08 | publisher = Office of Institutional Research | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> | postgrad = 1,685<ref name="cds"/> | city = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]] | state = [[New Hampshire|NH]] | country = [[United States|U.S.]] | campus = [[Rural]] town, 269 [[acre]]s (1.1 [[Kilometre|km]]²) | colors = Dartmouth green and white | nickname = Big Green | mascot = Indian,<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2003041501020 | title = Mascot debate returns to agenda | first = Allison | last = Forbes | date = [[2003-04-15]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | quote = The Assembly's Student Life Committee initiated discussions about the College's unofficial mascot, the Indian... | accessdate = 2007-01-29 }}</ref> [[Keggy the Keg]],<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2004021601020 | title = 'Keggy' makes an awaited return | first = Brent | last = Butler | coauthors = Frances Cha | date = [[2004-02-16]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | quote = ...Keggy debuted last fall as the Big Green's unofficial mascot... | accessdate = 2007-01-29 }}</ref> and Dartmouth Moose<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2003052301010 | title = Moose tops mascot survey | first = Jessica | last = Spradling | quote = ...the moose has been an unofficial symbol of the College for a long time. | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2003-05-23]] | accessdate = 2007-01-29 }}</ref> (all unofficial) | athletics = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I, [[Ivy League]]<br/>34 varsity teams | affiliations = [[University of the Arctic|UArctic]] | website = [http://www.dartmouth.edu/ www.dartmouth.edu] }} '''Dartmouth College''' ([[Help:pronunciation|IPA]]: {{IPA|/dɑrtməθ/}}) is a [[private university|private]], [[coeducation]]al [[university]]<ref name="usnwr-aag">{{cite web | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_2573_brief.php | title = Dartmouth College: At a Glance | publisher = [[U.S. News & World Report]] | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> located in [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]], [[New Hampshire]], [[United States|U.S.]] Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"<ref name="irs">{{cite web | url = http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2005/020/222/2005-020222111-02604b96-9.pdf | format = PDF | title = 2005 Form 990 | author = Trustees of Dartmouth College | publisher = GuideStar.org | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~trustees/ | title = Trustees of Dartmouth College | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> it is a member of the [[Ivy League]] and one of the nine [[Colonial Colleges]] founded before the American Revolution.<ref name="about-dartmouth-facts">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/about/facts.html | title = About Dartmouth: Facts | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, Dartmouth has [[Dartmouth Medical School|medical]], [[Thayer School of Engineering|engineering]], and [[Tuck School of Business|business]] schools, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,849, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League.<ref name="cds"/> Established in 1769 by [[Congregational church|Congregational]] minister [[Eleazar Wheelock]] with funds largely raised by the efforts of Native American preacher [[Samson Occom]], the College's initial mission was to acculturate and Christianize the Native Americans in the area. After a long period of financial and political struggles, Dartmouth emerged from relative obscurity in the early twentieth century.<ref name="trd-wheelock">{{cite news | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2006/10/01/the_wheelock_succession.php | title = The Wheelock Succession | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | first = Aziz G | last = Sayigh | coauthors = Boris V. Vabson | date = [[2006-10-01]] | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> In 2004, [[Booz Allen Hamilton]] selected Dartmouth College as one of the "World's Ten Most Enduring Institutions," recognizing its ability to overcome crises that threatened its survival (most notably in ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward|Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'').<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bah.com/bahng/SilverDemo?PID=Home.html&contType=TABLE&dispType=HTML&Region=&Geography=&Taxonomy1=&Taxonomy2=&Taxonomy3=&SortBy=creation+date+DESC,title+ASC&GroupBy=-1&FORM_ACTION=FOCUS&style=item&ITID=451148 | title = Booz Allen Hamilton Lists the World's Most Enduring Institutions | publisher = Booz Allen Hamilton | date = [[2004-12-16]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> Dartmouth alumni, from [[Daniel Webster]] to the many donors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, are famously involved in their college.<ref name="ihe-alum">{{cite news | url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/09/10/dartmouth | title = Dartmouth Approves Controversial Board Changes | first = Scott | last = Jaschik | work = Inside Higher Education | date = [[2007-09-10]] | accessdate = 2007-09-10 }}</ref> Dartmouth is located on a rural 269-acre (1.1 km²) campus in the [[Upper Valley (Connecticut River)|Upper Valley]] region of New Hampshire. Given the College's isolated location, participation in athletics and the school's [[Dartmouth College Greek organizations|Greek system]] is high.<ref name="abc-greek">{{cite news | url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3211439 | publisher = ABC News | title = Conservatives Gain Ground at Dartmouth: Dartmouth Alumni Elect Conservatives to Trustees Amid Struggle to Change College's Direction | date = [[2007-05-25]] | first = Katharine | last = Webster | work = Associated Press | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> Dartmouth's 34 varsity sports team compete in the [[Ivy League]] conference of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I. Students are also well-known for preserving a variety of strong campus traditions.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E0D81F3BF934A35752C1A96F958260 | title = A Frat Party Is:; a) Milk and Cookies; b) Beer Pong | first = Randy | last = Kennedy | work = [[The New York Times]] | quote = ...at Dartmouth College a place where traditions die hard... | date = [[1999-11-07]] | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://parents.dartmouth.edu/news_and_events/news_articles/traditions.html | title = Hill Winds, Granite Brains, and Other Dartmouth Traditions | work = Summer 2007 Newsletter | publisher = Dartmouth Parents & Grandparents | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/about/mission.html | title = Our Mission | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2006-10-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/1998/sept98/speech.html | title = Dartmouth: Forever New An address by President James Wright: On the Occasion of his Inauguration as the 16th President of Dartmouth College | date = [[1998-09-23]] | work = Dartmouth News | accessdate = 2006-10-15 }}</ref> == History == [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-10-02 03 - Charter.jpg.jpg|thumb|right|The Charter of Dartmouth College on display in [[Baker Memorial Library]]. The Charter was signed on [[December 13]], [[1769]], on behalf of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III of Great Britain]].]] Dartmouth was founded by [[Eleazar Wheelock]], a [[Puritan]] minister from Connecticut, who sought to establish a school to train Indians as ministers to spread [[Anglo-American]] cultural precepts, particularly Protestant Christianity. Wheelock's ostensible inspiration for such an establishment largely resulted from his relationship with [[Mohegan]] Indian [[Samson Occom]]. Occom became an ordained minister after studying under Wheelock’s tutelage from 1743 to 1747 and later moved to [[Long Island]] to preach to the Montauks.<ref name="history-lesson">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~speccoll/Resources/DartmouthHistory/DartmouthHistory.shtml | title = A Dartmouth History Lesson for Freshman | first = Francis Lane | last = Childs | work = Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | date = December 1957 | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> Wheelock instituted Moor's Indian Charity School in 1755.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Nov1999/Hoefnagel_Close.html | title = Eleazar Wheelock's Two Schools | first = Dick | last = Hoefnagel | coauthors = Virginia L. Close | work = Dartmouth College Library Bulletin | date = November 1999 | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> The Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue school’s operations. To this end, Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money in the dissenting churches of that nation. With the funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock.<ref name="history-lesson"/> Although the fund provided Wheelock ample financial support for the Charity School, Wheelock had trouble recruiting Indians to the institution &ndash; primarily because its location was far from tribal territories. Receiving the best land offer from New Hampshire, Wheelock approached the Royal Governor of the Province of New Hampshire [[John Wentworth (governor)|John Wentworth]] for a charter. Wentworth, acting in the name [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III of the United Kingdom]], granted Dartmouth a [[royal charter]] on [[December 13]], [[1769]], establishing the final [[colonial college]] and naming the institution after his English friend, [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth]].<ref name="history-lesson"/> Dartmouth's purpose, according to the original charter, was to provide for the [[Christianization]], instruction, and education of "youth of the Indian Tribes in this land [...] and also of English youth and any others." Given the failure of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new College as one primarily for whites.<ref name="chi">{{cite web | url = http://chi.gospelcom.net/DAILYF/2002/08/daily-08-30-2002.shtml | title = Samson Occom | publisher = Christian History Institute | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="history-lesson"/> [[Image:DanielWebster DartmouthCollegeCase.jpg|thumb|left|Painting by Robert Clayton Burns (1962) depicting Daniel Webster arguing ''Dartmouth College v. Woodward''.]] Wheelock had established a collegiate department within Moor's Charity School in 1768. He moved the school to Hanover in 1770 where the College granted its first degrees in 1771.<ref>{{cite book | first = Dick | last = Hoefnagel | coauthors = Virginia L. Close | title = Eleazar Wheelock and the Adventurous Founding of Dartmouth College | location = Hanover, New Hampshire | publisher = Durand Press for Hanover Historical Society | year = 2002 }}</ref> Occom, disappointed with Wheelock's departure from the school's original goal of Indian Christianization, went on to form his own community of New England Indians called [[Brothertown Indians]] in New York.<ref name="history-lesson"/><ref name="chi"/> In 1819, Dartmouth College was the subject of the historic [[Dartmouth College v. Woodward|Dartmouth College case]], in which the State of [[New Hampshire]]'s 1816 attempt to amend the College's royal charter to make the school a public university was challenged. An institution called [[Dartmouth University]] occupied the College buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817, though the College continued teaching classes in rented rooms nearby.<ref name="history-lesson"/> [[Daniel Webster]], an [[alumnus]] of the class of 1801, presented the College's case to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an [[Contract Clause|illegal impairment of a contract]] by the state and reversed New Hampshire's takeover of the College. Webster concluded his peroration with the famous and frequently quoted words: "It is, Sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it."<ref name="history-lesson"/> [[Image:Dartmouth Hall.jpg|thumb|right|Lithograph of the President's House, Thornton Hall, Dartmouth Hall, and Wentworth Hall, circa 1834. The lithograph depicts the reverse of the actual scene.]] Dartmouth emerged onto the national academic stage at the turn of the twentieth century. Prior to this period, the College had been relatively unknown and poorly funded.<ref name="trd-wheelock"/> Under the presidency of [[William Jewett Tucker]] (1893-1909), Dartmouth underwent a major revitalization of facilities, faculty, and the student body. Twenty new structures replaced antiquated buildings, while the student body and faculty both expanded threefold. Tucker is often credited for having "refounded Dartmouth" and bringing it into national prestige.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~presoff/succession/tucker.html | title = William Jewett Tucker | publisher = Office of the President | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> Presidents [[Ernest Fox Nichols]] (1909-16) and [[Ernest Martin Hopkins]] (1916-45) continued Tucker's trend of modernization, further improving campus facilities and introducing [[College admissions in the United States|selective admissions]] in the 1920s.<ref name="trd-wheelock"/> [[John Sloan Dickey]], serving as president from 1945 until 1970, strongly emphasized the liberal arts (particularly public policy and international relations).<ref name="trd-wheelock"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~presoff/succession/dickey.html | title = John Sloan Dickey | publisher = Office of the President | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> In 1970, longtime professor of [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]] [[John George Kemeny]] became president of Dartmouth.<ref name="kemeny-bio">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/features/succession/kemeny.html | title = The Wheelock Succession of Dartmouth Presidents: John G. Kemeny, 1970-1981 | work = Dartmouth News | accessdate = 2008-05-12 }}</ref> Kemeny presided over several major changes at the College. Dartmouth, previously serving as a men's institution, began admitting women as full-time students and undergraduate degree candidates in 1972 amid much controversy.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ask.dartmouth.edu/categories/stulife/11.html | publisher = Dartmouth College | title = When did Dartmouth become co-educational? | work = AskDartmouth | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> At about the same time, the College adopted its "[[#The Dartmouth Plan|Dartmouth Plan]]" of academic scheduling, permitting the student body to increase in size within the existing facilities.<ref name="kemeny-bio"/> During the 1990s, the College saw a major academic overhaul under President [[James O. Freedman]] and a controversial 1999 initiative to alter the character of the school's single-sex Greek houses.<ref name="trd-wheelock"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~presoff/succession/freedman.html | title = James O. Freedman | publisher = Office of the President | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> The 2000s saw the commencement of the $1.3 billion Campaign for the Dartmouth Experience, the largest capital fundraising campaign in the College's history, which as of January 2008 has surpassed $1 billion and is on schedule to be completed before 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2008/01/23/news/campaign/ | title = Capital campaign hits $1 billion benchmark | first = Michael | last = Coburn | date = [[2008-01-23]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | accessdate = 2008-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/05/04/news/capitalcampaign/ | title = 65 percent done, $1.3 billion capital campaign right on track | first = JR | last = Santo | date = [[2007-05-04]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | accessdate = 2008-02-05 }}</ref> The mid- and late 2000s have also seen extensive campus construction, with the erection of two new housing complexes, full renovation of two dormitories, and a forthcoming dining hall, life sciences center, and visual arts center.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~opdc/projects/index.html | title = Current Capital Projects | publisher = Office of Planning, Design & Construction | accessdate = 2008-02-05 }}</ref> Since the election of a number of petition elections to the Board of Trustees starting in 2004, the role of alumni in Dartmouth governance has been the subject of ongoing ideological conflict.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/09/19/news/board/ | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | first = William | last = Schpero | title = Battle for Board leaves boardroom | date = [[2007-09-19]] | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> In February 2008, it was announced that current president [[James Wright (historian)|James Wright]] would step down in June 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2008/02/04/news/wright/ | title = President Wright to step down in June of 2009 | first = Allie | last = Lowe | date = [[2008-02-04]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | accessdate = 2008-02-05 }}</ref> == Academics and administration == [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-06-23 Dartmouth Hall 02.JPG|thumb|right|Until it burned in 1904, Dartmouth Hall (first built in 1784) was the oldest building on Dartmouth's campus. (It was rebuilt the following year, shown here.)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/buildings/cdbldg.html#dartmouthhall1 | accessdate = 2007-07-16 | title = Dartmouth Hall | work = Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College}}</ref>]] Dartmouth, a [[liberal arts]] institution, offers only a four-year [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree to undergraduate students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/about/ | title = About Dartmouth | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref><ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/> There are 39 academic departments offering 56 [[Academic major|major programs]], although students are free to design special majors or engage in dual majors.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/academics_research/undergraduate_majors.html | title = Undergraduate Majors | publisher = Dartmouth College| accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> In 2008, the most popular majors were economics, government, history, psychology and brain sciences, English, biology, and engineering sciences.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2008/06/08m.html | title = Dartmouth Commencement 2008 Class Notes | work = Dartmouth News | date = [[2008-06-08]] | accessdate = 2008-06-15 }}</ref> In order to graduate, a student must complete 35 total courses, eight to ten of which are typically part of a chosen major program.<ref name="requirements">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~reg/regulations/undergrad/degree-req.html | title = Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts | publisher = Office of the Registrar | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> Other requirements for graduation include the completion of ten "distributive requirements" in a variety of academic fields, proficiency in a foreign language, and completion of a writing class or first-year seminar in writing.<ref name="requirements"/> Many departments offer honors programs requiring students seeking that distinction to engage in "independent, sustained work," culminating in the production of a [[thesis]].<ref name="requirements"/> In addition to the courses offered in Hanover, Dartmouth offers 57 different off-campus programs, including Foreign Study Programs, Language Study Abroad programs, and Exchange Programs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ocp-prod.dartmouth.edu/ocp/prod/index.cfm?FuseAction=Programs.Home | title = Programs - List All | publisher = Off-Campus Programs| accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://ocp-prod.dartmouth.edu/ocp/prod/index.cfm?FuseAction=Abroad.ViewLink&Parent_ID=0&Link_ID=CF68AA77-C37A-2F74-CCDEF6D70AE63083# | title = Types of Programs | publisher = Off-Campus Programs| accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> Dartmouth also grants degrees in nineteen Arts & Sciences graduate programs.<ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/> Furthermore, Dartmouth is home to three graduate schools: [[Dartmouth Medical School]] (established 1797), [[Thayer School of Engineering]] (1867)—which also serves as the undergraduate department of engineering sciences—and [[Tuck School of Business]] (1900). With these graduate programs, conventional American usage would accord Dartmouth the label of "Dartmouth University";<ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/> however, because of historical and nostalgic reasons (such as ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]''), the school uses the name "Dartmouth College" for the entire institution.<ref name="history-lesson"/> Dartmouth employs a total of 597 tenured or tenure-track faculty members, including the highest proportion of female tenured professors among the Ivy League universities.<ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/> Faculty members have been at the forefront of such major academic developments as the [[Dartmouth Conferences]], the [[Dartmouth Time Sharing System]], [[Dartmouth BASIC]], and [[Dartmouth ALGOL 30]]. As of 2005, sponsored project awards to Dartmouth faculty research amounted to $169 million.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/academics_research/ | title = Academics & Research | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-08-21 }}</ref> {{further|[[List of Dartmouth College faculty]]}} === The Dartmouth Plan === [[Image:Dartmouth College Baker building.jpg|thumb|left|[[Baker Memorial Library]] at Dartmouth College]] Dartmouth functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week [[academic term]]s. The Dartmouth Plan (or simply "D-Plan") is an academic scheduling system that permits the customization of each student's academic year. All undergraduates are required to be in residence for the fall, winter, and spring terms of their freshman and senior years, as well as the summer term of their sophomore year.<ref name="d-plan-admin">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/apply/generalinfo/overview/dplan.html | title = D-Plan | publisher = Admissions and Financial Aid| accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> During all other terms, students are permitted to choose between studying on-campus, studying at an off-campus program, or taking a term off for vacation, outside internships, or research projects.<ref name="d-plan-admin"/> The typical course load is three classes per term, and students will generally enroll in classes for twelve total terms over the course of their academic career.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~reg/regulations/undergrad/working-rules.html | title = Working Rules and Procedures | publisher = Office of the Registrar | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> The D-Plan was instituted in the early 1970s at the same time that Dartmouth began accepting female undergraduates. It was initially devised as a plan to increase the enrollment without enlarging campus accommodations, and has been described by some commentators as "a way to put 4,000 students into 3,000 beds."<ref name="trd-wheelock"/> Although new dormitories have been built since, the number of students has also increased and the D-Plan remains in effect and mainly unchanged. === Admissions === [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-06-23 McNutt Hall 02.JPG|thumb|right|McNutt Hall, the location of the Department of Admissions & Financial Aid]] Dartmouth describes itself as "highly selective,"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/apply/admissions/firstyear/ | title = First Year Admissions | publisher = Admissions & Financial Aid | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}</ref> ranked as the fifteenth "toughest to get into" school by ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' in 2007, and classified as "most selective" by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/rankings/rankingDetails.asp?CategoryID=1&TopicID=10 | title = The Toughest to Get Into | publisher = [[The Princeton Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-17 }}</ref><ref name="usnwr-aag"/> For the class of 2012, 16,536 students applied for approximately 1,100 places, and only 13.2% of applicants were admitted. 93.4% of admitted students were ranked in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. 38.5% of admitted students were valedictorians and 11.3% were salutatorians. The mean SAT scores of admitted students by section were 726 for verbal, 731 for math, and 726 for writing.<ref name="2012-admissions">{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Enews/releases/2008/03/31.html | title = From its largest pool of applicants for undergraduate admissions to date, Dartmouth invites 2,190 to join the Class of 2012 | first = Roland | last = Adams | coauthors = Latarsha Gatlin | date = [[2008-03-31]] | accessdate = 2008-03-31 | work = Dartmouth News }}</ref> In 2007, Dartmouth was ranked eleventh among undergraduate programs at national universities by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = America's Best Colleges 2008: National Universities | year = 2007 | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php | work = [[U.S. News & World Report]] | accessdate = 2006-08-16 }}</ref> However, since Dartmouth is ranked in a category for national [[Research university|research universities]], some have questioned the fairness of the ranking given the College's emphasis on undergraduate education.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartreview.com/archives/1998/09/30/dartmouth_ranked_tenth_best_college.php | title = Dartmouth Ranked Tenth Best College | first = Steven | last = Menash | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | date = [[1998-09-30]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/natudoc/tier1/t1natudoc_brief.php | title = College ranks ninth for six years running | first = Linzi | last = Sheldon | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2005-08-23]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> The 2006 [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]] classification<ref>{{cite web | url = http://carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/ | title = The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education | publisher = The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | accessdate = 2007-01-01 }}</ref> listed Dartmouth as the only majority-undergraduate, arts-and-sciences focused institution in the country that also had some graduate coexistence and very high research activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/sub.asp?key=748&subkey=15105&start=782 | title = Classifications: Dartmouth College | publisher = The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | accessdate = 2007-01-02 }}</ref> Dartmouth meets 100% of students' demonstrated financial need in order to attend the College, and currently admits North American students on a [[Need-blind admission|need-blind basis]]. Beginning in the 2008-2009 academic year, Dartmouth will institute a new [[Student financial aid|financial aid]] policy extending need-blind admission to international students and replacing all [[Student loans in the United States|student loans]] with scholarships and grants. Students from families with a combined annual income of less than $75,000 will not be charged any tuition.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2008/01/22.html | work = Dartmouth News | title = Dartmouth announces new financial aid initiative | first = Roland | last = Adams | date = [[2008-01-22]] | accessdate = 2008-02-05 }}</ref> === Board of Trustees === {{main|Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College}} Dartmouth is governed by a Board of Trustees which includes the College president and the state governor (both ''ex officio''), eight elected trustees nominated by the board itself (charter trustees), and eight elected trustees nominated by alumni (alumni trustees).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2003/11/17b.html | title = Dartmouth Trustees vote to expand size of board | date = [[2003-11-17]] | work = Dartmouth News | accessdate = 2007-09-09 }}</ref> The alumni trustees are nominated by members of the Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College, a body created in 1854 that includes all of Dartmouth's 68,000 living alumni. Names of potential nominees are first proposed by the Alumni Council or by alumni petition, and then alumni cast ballots to determine which one will be their nominee to the Board. In September 2007, the Board announced that it would expand from 18 to 26 by adding eight charter trustee seats.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/09/08/news/board/ | title = Board adds 8 seats, ends century-old parity | first = William | last = Schpero | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2007-09-08]] | accessdate = 2007-09-09 }}</ref> == Campus == {{Quote box | width=30% | align=right | quote="This is what a college is supposed to look like." | source=&mdash; [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], 1953<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=51477 | first = William J. | last = Clinton | title = Remarks at the Dartmouth College Commencement Ceremony in Hanover, New Hampshire | publisher = The American Presidency Project | date = [[1995-06-11]] | accessdate = 2007-10-14 }}</ref> }} {{main|List of Dartmouth College buildings}} Dartmouth College is situated in the rural town of [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], located in the [[Upper Valley (Connecticut River)|Upper Valley]] along the [[Connecticut River]] in [[New England]]. Its 269 acre (1.1 km²) campus is centered around a five-acre (two-hectare) "[[The Green (Dartmouth College)|Green]]",<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/about/campus.html | title = The Campus | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> a former field of [[Pine|pine tree]]s cleared by the College in 1771.<ref name="dartmo-green">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/buildings/ghijkbldg.html#thegreen | title = The Green | work = Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College| accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Dartmouth is the largest private landowner of the town of Hanover,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hanovernh.org/stories/storyReader$94 | title = Open Space Priorities Plan | publisher = Planning and Zoning Department of the Town of Hanover, New Hampshire | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> and its total landholdings and facilities are worth an estimated $434 million.<ref name="irs"/> In addition to its campus in Hanover, Dartmouth owns 4,500 acres (18.2&nbsp;km²) of [[Mount Moosilauke]] in the [[White Mountains Region]]<ref>''Dartmouth Outing Guide'' p. 56.</ref> and a 27,000 acre (109 km²) tract of land in northern New Hampshire known as the [[Second College Grant, New Hampshire|Second College Grant]]. Dartmouth's campus buildings vary in age from Wentworth and Thornton Halls of the 1820s (the oldest surviving buildings constructed by the College) to new dormitories and mathematics facilities completed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~opdc/projects/kh/ | title = Kemeny Hall and Haldeman Center | publisher = Office of Planning, Design, and Construction | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~opdc/projects/mcl/ | title = McLaughlin Cluster Residence Halls | publisher = Office of Planning, Design, and Construction | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> Most of Dartmouth's buildings are designed in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] [[American colonial architecture|American colonial]] style,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cic.edu/projects_services/grants/getty_definitions.pdf | title = CIC Historic Campus Architecture Project | format = PDF | publisher = The Council of Independent Colleges | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/archives/category/history | title = Atkin Olshin Lawson-Bell Architects | work = Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College| accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=y4GXfnoJdFkC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=dartmouth+campus+brick+colonial&source=web&ots=i89-np6_oY&sig=GvOPuCNdt-DNIh55fhjTb9vImgw | title = A History of American Higher Education | first = John R. | last = Thelin | publisher = John Hopkins University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 0801878551 | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> a theme which has been preserved in recent architectural additions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.saucierflynn.com/clients/educational/dartmouth/dartlanddesignguides.php | title = Dartmouth Landscape Design Guidelines | publisher = Saucier + Flynn Landscape Architects | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> The College has actively sought to reduce carbon emissions and energy usage on campus, earning it the grade of A- from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title = Dartmouth Sustainability Initiative | publisher = Dartmouth College | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Esustain/about/ | accessdate = 2008-05-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = College Sustainability Report Card 2008 | publisher = Sustainable Endowments Institute | url = http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/ | accessdate = 2008-05-21 }}</ref> === Academic facilities === [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-06-23 Hopkins Center for the Arts 02.JPG|thumb|right|The Hopkins Center]] The College's creative and performing arts facility is the [[Hopkins Center for the Arts]] ("the Hop"). Opened in 1962, the Hop houses the College's drama, music, film, and studio arts departments, as well as a woodshop, pottery studio, and jewelry studio which are open for use by students and faculty.<ref name="hop-info">{{cite web | url = http://hop.dartmouth.edu/about/gen-info.html | title = General Information & History | publisher = Hopkins Center for the Arts | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The building was designed by the famed architect [[Wallace Harrison]], who would later design the similar-looking façade of [[City of New York|Manhattan]]'s [[Metropolitan Opera House]] at the [[Lincoln Center]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2002/nov/110402b.html | title = The Hopkins Center Turns 40 | first = Tamara | last = Steinert | work = Dartmouth News | date = [[2002-11-04]] | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> Its facilities include two theaters and one 900-seat auditorium.<ref name="hop-info"/> The Hop is also the location of all student mailboxes ("Hinman boxes")<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~fom/services/mail/undergraduatestudentmail.html | title = Undergraduate Student Mail | publisher = Facilities Operations and Management | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> and the Courtyard Café dining facility.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dds/text/courtyardcafe.shtml | title = Dining Locations: Courtyard Café | publisher = Dartmouth Dining Service | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The Hop is connected to the [[Hood Museum of Art]], arguably North America's oldest museum in continuous operation,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drservices_2573_brief.php | title = Dartmouth College: Services and Facilities | work = [[U.S. News and World Report]] | accessdate = 2007-09-17 }}</ref> and the Loew Auditorium, where films are screened.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gradstdy/students/fun/arts.html | title = The Arts | publisher = Graduate Studies | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-10-20 09.JPG|thumb|left|A view of the Sherman Fairchild Physical Science Center and Wheeler Hall from the tower of [[Baker Memorial Library]]]] In addition to its nineteen graduate programs in the arts and sciences, Dartmouth is home to three separate graduate schools. [[Dartmouth Medical School]] is located in a complex on the north side of campus<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dms.dartmouth.edu/about/visitor.shtml | title = Maps and Directions | publisher = Dartmouth Medical School | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> and includes laboratories, classrooms, offices, and a biomedical library.<ref name="d-maps">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~maps/ | title = Dartmouth Maps | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> The [[Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center]], located several miles to the south in [[Lebanon, New Hampshire]], contains a 396-bed [[teaching hospital]] for the Medical School.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dhmc.org/webpage.cfm?site_id=2&org_id=566&morg_id=0&sec_id=0&gsec_id=39&item_id=41397 | title = About Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center | publisher = Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> The [[Thayer School of Engineering]] and the [[Tuck School of Business]] are both located at the end of Tuck Mall, west of the center of campus and near the Connecticut River.<ref name="d-maps"/> The Thayer School presently comprises two buildings;<ref name="d-maps"/> Tuck has six academic and administrative buildings, as well as several common areas.<ref name="tuck-campus">{{cite web | url = http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/about/campus/index.html | title = Our Campus | publisher = Tuck School of Business | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> The two graduate schools share a library, the Feldberg Business & Engineering Library.<ref name="tuck-campus"/> Dartmouth's nine libraries are all part of the collective Dartmouth College Library, which comprises 2.48 million volumes and 6 million total resources, including videos, maps, sound recordings, and photographs.<ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/library.pdf | title = Library Holdings | publisher = Dartmouth College Fact Book | accessdate = 2007-11-15 }}</ref> Its specialized libraries include the Biomedical Libraries, Evans Map Room, Feldberg Business & Engineering Library, Jones Media Center, Kresge Physical Sciences Library, Paddock Music Library, Rauner Special Collections Library, and Sherman Art Library. Baker-Berry Library is the main library at Dartmouth, composed of [[Baker Memorial Library]] (opened 1928) and Berry Library (opened 2000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/buildings/abbldg.html#berrylibrary | title = Berry Library | work = Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College| accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref>). Located on the northern side of the Green, Baker's {{convert|200|ft|m|sing=on}} tower<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~libcirc/bells.shtml | publisher = Dartmouth College Libraries | title = Baker Library Bell Tower | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> is an iconic symbol of the College.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~thepress/read.php?id=819 | title = No Bridge Left Unburned: Rage at Dartmouth | first = Nicholas J | last = Santos | work = The Dartmouth Free Press | date = [[2004-09-17]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nhspe.org/pages/observer/Feb_3.pdf | format = PDF | title = Dartmouth College's Berry/Baker Library | work = The Observer | publisher = New Hampshire Society of Professional Engineers | date = February 2003 | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> === Athletic facilities === [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-06-23 Memorial Field 02.JPG|thumb|right|[[Memorial Field (Dartmouth College)|Memorial Field]]]] Dartmouth's original sports field was [[The Green (Dartmouth College)|the Green]], where students played [[cricket]] and [[old division football]] during the 1800s.<ref name="dartmo-green"/> Today, Dartmouth maintains more than a dozen athletic facilities and fields<ref name="dcaf">{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&KEY=&ATCLID=576518 | title = Dartmouth College Athletic Facilities | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> and has spent more than $70 million in facility improvements since 2000.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=57747&SPID=6287&DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=584935 | title = About Dartmouth Athletics | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Most of Dartmouth's athletic facilities are located in the southeast corner of campus.<ref name="dcaf"/> The center of athletic life is the [[Alumni Gymnasium (Dartmouth College)|Alumni Gymnasium]], which includes the Karl Michael Competition Pool and the Spaulding Pool, a fitness center, a weight room, and a 1/13<sup>th</sup>-mile (123 m) indoor track.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=590342 | title = Alumni Gym | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Attached to Alumni Gymnasium is the Berry Sports Center, which contains basketball and volleyball courts ([[Leede Arena]]), as well as the Kresge Fitness Center.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=590343 | title = Berry Sports Center | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Behind the Alumni Gymnasium is [[Memorial Field (Dartmouth College)|Memorial Field]], a 15,000-seat stadium overlooking Dartmouth's football field and track.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=590352 | title = Memorial Field | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The nearby [[Thompson Arena]], designed by Italian engineer [[Pier Luigi Nervi]] and constructed in 1975, houses Dartmouth's ice rink.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=590355 | title = Thompson Arena | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Dartmouth's other athletic facilities in Hanover include the Friends of Dartmouth Rowing Boathouse, located along the Connecticut River, the [[Hanover Country Club]], Dartmouth's oldest remaining athletic facility (established in 1899),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hccweb/course/history.html | title = History | publisher = Hanover Country Club | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> and the Corey Ford Rugby Clubhouse.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rugby Fires It Up With New Clubhouse | first = Thomas | last = Monahan | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2005/10/07/rugby_fires_it_up_with_new_clubhouse.php }}</ref> The College also maintains the [[Dartmouth Skiway]], a 100 acre (0.4 km²) skiing facility located over two mountains near the Hanover campus in [[Lyme, New Hampshire|Lyme Center, New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~skiway/ | title = Dartmouth Skiway | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> === Housing and student life facilities === [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-06-23 Lord Hall.JPG|thumb|right|Lord Hall in the Gold Coast Cluster]] As opposed to ungrouped dormitories or [[residential colleges]] as employed at such institutions as [[Yale University]], Dartmouth has nine residential communities located throughout campus.<ref name="orl">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~orl/housing/intro.html | title = Introduction: Housing on Campus | publisher = Office of Residential Life | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The dormitories vary in design from modern to traditional Georgian styles, and room arrangements range from singles to quads and apartment suites.<ref name="orl"/> Since 2006, the College has guaranteed housing for students during their freshman and sophomore years.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2006/01/18/news/assembly/ | title = Assembly reworks UFC membership guidelines | first = Katy | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2006-01-18]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> More than 3,000 students elect to live in housing provided by College.<ref name="orl"/> Campus meals are served by Dartmouth Dining Services, which operates eleven dining establishments around campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dds/text/campusmap.shtml | title = Campus Map | publisher = Dartmouth Dining Services | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> Four of them are located at the center of campus in Thayer Dining Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dds/text/diningloc.shtml | title = Dining Locations | publisher = Dartmouth Dining Services | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> The Collis Center is the center of student life and programming, serving as what would be generically termed the "student union" or "campus center."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sao/collis/index.html | title = Collis Center | publisher = Collis Center & Student Activities Office | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> It contains a café, study space, common areas, and a number of administrative departments.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sao/collis/floorplan.html | title = Collis Floor Plans | publisher = Collis Center & Student Activities Office | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sao/collis/admin.html | title = Administrative Departments in Collis Center | publisher = Collis Center & Student Activities Office | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> Robinson Hall, next door to both Collis and Thayer, contains the offices of a number of student organizations including the [[Dartmouth Outing Club]] and ''[[The Dartmouth]]'' daily newspaper.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sao/robinson.html | title = Robinson Hall | publisher = Collis Center & Student Activities Office | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> == Student life == In 2006, ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' ranked Dartmouth third in its "Quality of Life" category, and sixth for having the "Happiest Students."<ref>{{cite book | last = The Princeton Review | title = Best 361 Colleges | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | publisher = Princeton Review Press | date = [[2005-08-23]] }}</ref> Athletics and participation in the Greek system are the most popular campus activities;<ref name="abc-greek"/> in all, Dartmouth offers more than 350 organizations, teams, and sports.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/apply/generalinfo/stulife/index.html | title = Student Life | publisher = Admissions and Financial Aid | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> The school is also home to a variety of longstanding traditions and celebrations. === Student groups === [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-10-03 Robinson Hall.JPG|thumb|right|Robinson Hall houses many of the College's student-run organizations, including the [[Dartmouth Outing Club]]. The building is a designated stop along the [[Appalachian Trail]].]] {{main|Dartmouth College student groups|Dartmouth College publications|Dartmouth College Greek organizations}} Dartmouth's more than 200 student organizations and clubs cover a wide range of interests.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/campus_life/clubs.html | title = Campus Life: Clubs and Organizations | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> As of 2007, the College hosts eight academic groups, 17 cultural groups, two honor societies, 30 "issue-oriented" groups, 25 performing groups, 12 pre-professional groups, 20 publications, and 11 recreational groups.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sao/coso/orgs.html | title = COSO Student Organizations | publisher = Collis Center and Student Activities Office | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Notable student groups include the nation's largest and oldest collegiate outdoors club, the [[Dartmouth Outing Club]], the controversial newspaper ''[[The Dartmouth Review]]'',<ref>{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDC1530F937A25751C0A96E948260 | title = Reagan's Disappearing Bureaucrats | work = [[The New York Times]] | first = Phillip | last = Longman | date = [[1988-02-14]] | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> and ''[[The Dartmouth]]'', arguably the nation's oldest university newspaper.<ref name = "nlestk">{{cite web | url = http://thedartmouth.com/ | title = The Dartmouth | publisher = The Dartmouth | accessdate = 2008-01-27 }}</ref>{{ref|a|[a]}} Partially due to Dartmouth's rural, isolated location, the [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek system]] dating from the 1840s is one of the most popular social outlets for students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/halls/hallscontent1.html | first = Scott | last = Meacham | title = Halls, Tombs and Houses: Student Society Architecture at Dartmouth | publisher = Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="abc-greek"/> Dartmouth is home to 27 recognized Greek houses: 15 fraternities, nine sororities, and three coeducational organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~orl/greek-soc/cfs/ | title = Coed, Fraternity, and Sorority Administration | publisher = Office of Residential Life | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> As of 2007, over 60% of eligible students belong to a Greek organization;<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/05/03/news/transgender/ | title = Transgenders try to navigate Greek system | first = Amanda | last = Cohen | date = [[2007-05-03]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> since 1987, students have not been permitted to join Greek organizations until their sophomore year.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~greeks/history.html | title = History of CFS Organizations at Dartmouth | publisher = Greek Leadership Council | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Dartmouth College was among the first institutions of higher education to [[desegregate]] fraternity houses in the 1950s, and was involved in the movement to create [[coeducational]] Greek houses in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hill | first = Ralph Nading | year = 1964 | title = The College on the Hill: A Dartmouth Chronicle | location = Hanover, New Hampshire | publisher = Dartmouth Publications | pages = 259–260 }} {{LCC|64-16542}}</ref> In the early 2000s, campus-wide debate focused on a Board of Trustees recommendation that Greek organizations become "substantially coeducational";<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/1999/march_1999_1.html | title = Dartmouth to Abolish Fraternities and Sororities | first = Stephan | last = Wellman | work = Accuracy in Academia | date = March 1999 | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> this attempt to the change the Greek system eventually failed.<ref>{{cite news | title = Interrogating the S.L.I. | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2005/01/31/interrogating_the_sli.php | date = [[2005-01-30]] | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | first = Joseph | last = Rago | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The College has an additional classification of social/residential organizations known as [[Dartmouth College student groups#Undergraduate societies|undergraduate societies]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~orl/greek-soc/societies/ | title = Senior and Undergraduate Society Administration | publisher = Office of Residential Life | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> === Athletics === {{main|Dartmouth Big Green}} [[Image:Darthmouth vs Princeton 1.jpg|thumb|left|A Dartmouth varsity hockey game against Princeton at [[Thompson Arena]]]] As of 2007, Dartmouth College fields 34 intercollegiate varsity teams: 16 for men, 16 for women, and coeducational sailing and equestrian programs. Dartmouth's athletic teams compete in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) [[Division I]] eight-member [[Ivy League]] conference; some teams also participate in the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]] (ECAC).<ref name="about-dartmouth-athletics">{{cite web | url =http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&KEY=&ATCLID=584935 | title = About Dartmouth Athletics | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> As is mandatory for the members of the Ivy League, Dartmouth College does not offer athletic scholarships.<ref name="about-dartmouth-athletics"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/whatisivy/index.asp | title = What is the Ivy League? | publisher = Ivy League Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> In addition to the traditional American team sports (football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey), Dartmouth competes in many other sports including track and field, sailing, tennis, rowing, soccer, skiing, and lacrosse.<ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/> The College also offers 26 club and intramural sports such as rugby, water polo, figure skating, volleyball, ultimate frisbee, and cricket, leading to a 75% participation rate in athletics among the undergraduate student body.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&KEY=&ATCLID=718210 | title = Club Sports | publisher = Dartmouth Sports | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref><ref name="about-dartmouth-facts"/> The figure skating team has performed particularly well in recent years, winning the national championship in each of the past four consecutive seasons.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Eskating/?DB_OEM_ID=11600 | title = Dartmouth Wins Fourth Consecutive National Title | date = [[2007-03-27]] | publisher = Dartmouth Figure Skating Team | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> In addition to the academic requirements for graduation, Dartmouth requires every undergraduate to complete a {{convert|50|yd|m|sing=on}} swim and three terms of physical education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~frstyear/work/policies/gradreq.html | title = Graduation Requirements | publisher = First Year Office | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> === Technology === [[Image:Dartmouth College campus 2007-09-24 Baker-Berry Library 02.JPG|thumb|right|Students at a bank of Blitz terminals in Baker-Berry Library.]] Technology plays an important role in student life, as Dartmouth has been ranked as one of the most technologically-advanced colleges in the world (as in ''[[Newsweek]]'''s 2004 ranking of "Hottest for the Tech-Savvy"<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5626574/site/newsweek/ | date = August 2004 | first = Barbara | last = Kantrowitz | work = [[Newsweek]] | title = America's 25 Hot Schools | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> and [[Yahoo!]]'s 1998 "Wired Colleges" list<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/comp/support/library/software/email/blitzmail/blitz-project/about.html | title = About BlitzMail | publisher = Computing at Dartmouth | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref>). [[BlitzMail]], the campus [[e-mail]] network, plays a tremendous role in social life, as students tend to use it for communication in lieu of [[cellular phones]] or [[instant messaging]] programs.<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2005100501040 | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | title = Cell phones make inroads on Blitz-centric College campus | date = [[2005-10-05]] | first = Jennifer | last = Garfinkel | accessdate = 2007-01-24 | quote = While BlitzMail remains the preferred method of communication, cell phones have become more common. }}</ref><ref name="nyt-blitz">{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DC1630F937A2575BC0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print | title = All Quiet on Campus Save the Click of Keys | first = Katie | last = Hafner | date = [[2003-08-14]] | work = [[The New York Times]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Student reliance on BlitzMail (known colloquially as "Blitz," which functions as both noun and verb<ref name="nyt-blitz"/>) is reflected by the presence of about 100 public computer terminals intended specifically for BlitzMail use.<ref name="nyt-blitz"/> Since 1991, Dartmouth students have been required to own a personal computer.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.colleges.com/Umagazine/articles.taf?category=campusclips&article=getwired | title = Students required to get wired | first = Kelly | last = Kaufhold | work = Colleges.com | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/comp/about/history/timeline/1990s/91/require.html | title = All Students Required to Own a Computer | publisher = Computing at Dartmouth | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> In 2001, Dartmouth became the first Ivy League institution to offer entirely ubiquitous wireless internet access.<ref name="newsweek"/> With over 1,400 access points, the network is available throughout all College buildings as well as in most public outdoor spaces.<ref name="Computing at Dartmouth">{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/comp/resources/network/wireless/focus/facts.html | date = May 2005 | first = Susan | last = Knapp | work = Dartmouth College Computer Services | title = Wireless Network Facts | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> Other technologies being pioneered include College-wide Video-on-Demand and VoIP rollouts.<ref name="Computing at Dartmouth"/><ref name="Dartmouth Public Affairs">{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/05/04.html | date = May 2005 | first = Susan | last = Knapp | work = Dartmouth College Office of Public Affairs | title = Phones, television and computers converge at Dartmouth | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> === Native Americans at Dartmouth === The charter of Dartmouth College, granted to [[Eleazar Wheelock]] in 1769, proclaims that the institution was created "for the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing and all parts of Learning ... as well as in all liberal Arts and Sciences; and also of English Youth and any others."<ref name="charter">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/charter/charter.html | title = The Charter of Dartmouth College | publisher = Dartmo.com | accessdate = 2007-08-20 }}</ref> The funds for Dartmouth College were raised primarily by the efforts of a Native American named [[Samson Occom]].<ref name="about-nap">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nap/about/ | title = About the Native American Program | publisher = Native American Program | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> Despite this initial mission, the College graduated only nineteen Native Americans during its first two hundred years.<ref name="about-nap"/> In 1970, the College established Native American academic and social programs as part of a "new dedication to increasing Native American enrollment."<ref name="about-nap"/> Since then, Dartmouth has graduated over 500 Native American students from over 120 different tribes, more than the other seven Ivy League universities combined.<ref name="about-nap"/> === Traditions === [[Image:2004 Winter Carnival Sculpture.JPG|thumb|right|Snow sculpture at the 2004 Dartmouth Winter Carnival]] {{main|Dartmouth College traditions}} Dartmouth is well-known for its fierce school spirit and many traditions.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4DC1231F933A15754C0A961948260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fD%2fDartmouth%20College | title = 15th President Installed at Dartmouth | first = Matthew L | last = Wald | date = [[1987-07-20]] | work = [[The New York Times]] | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> The College functions on a [[Academic term|quarter system]], and one weekend each term is set aside as a traditional celebratory event, known on campus as "big weekends"<ref name="steph">{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2006051902010 | title = Steph's So Dartmouth | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2006-05-19]] | first = Stephanie | last = Herbert | accessdate = 2006-10-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~tour/walking/18green.html | publisher = Dartmouth College | title = The Dartmouth Green: A Walking Tour of Dartmouth | accessdate = 2006-10-15 }}</ref> or "party weekends".<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2006021004020 | title = Hopkins Center offers many alternatives over weekend | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2006-02-10]] | first = Chetan | last = Mehta | accessdate = 2006-10-15 }}</ref> In the fall term, Homecoming (officially called Dartmouth Night) is marked by a bonfire on the Green constructed by the freshman class.<ref name="homecoming-history"/> Winter term is celebrated by Winter Carnival, a tradition started in 1911 by the Dartmouth Outing Club to promote winter sports.<ref name="tdr-wc">{{cite news | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2007/02/11/winter_carnival_stories_of_the_mardi_gras_of_the_north.php | title = Winter Carnival: Stories of the Mardi Gras of the North | date = [[2007-02-11]] | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> In the spring, Green Key is a weekend mostly devoted to campus parties and celebration.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2004/05/11/green_key_history_those_were_the_days.php | title = Green Key History: Those Were the Days | date = [[2004-05-11]] | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The summer term was formerly marked by Tubestock, an unofficial tradition in which the students used wooden rafts and inner tubes to float on the [[Connecticut River]]. Begun in 1986, Tubestock met its demise in 2006 when Hanover town ordinances and a lack of coherent student protest conspired to defeat the popular tradition.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2007/08/05/town_college_weigh_tubestock_changes.php | title = Town, College Weigh Tubestock Changes | first = Samuel | last = Fisher | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The class of 2008, during their summer term on campus in 2006, replaced the defunct Tubestock with Fieldstock. This new celebration includes a barbecue, live music, and the revival of the 1970s and 1980s tradition of racing homemade chariots around the Green. Unlike Tubestock, Fieldstock is funded and supported by the College.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2006/07/27/news/fieldstock/ | title = Fieldstock, chariots await town approval | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | first = Jennifer | last = Garfinkel | date = [[2006-07-26]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Another longstanding tradition is four-day, student-run [[Dartmouth Outing Club]] trips for incoming freshmen, begun in 1935. Each trip concludes at the [[Moosilauke Ravine Lodge]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~doc/firstyeartrips/about/ | title = About the Program | publisher = Dartmouth Outing Club | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> In 2006, 85% of freshman elected to participate. == Insignia and other representations == === Motto and song === Dartmouth's motto, chosen by Eleazar Wheelock, is "Vox Clamantis in Deserto". The Latin motto is literally translated as "The voice of one crying in the wilderness",<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829487,00.html | title = Out of the Woods | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date = [[1962-11-23]] | accessdate = 2007-09-24 }}</ref><ref name="good"/> but is more often rendered as "A voice crying in the wilderness",<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/08/10/news/briefs/ | title = Daily Debriefing | first = Christine | last = Paquin | [[2007-08-10]] | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | accessdate = 2007-09-24 | quote = Usually translated as 'a voice crying in the wilderness,'... }}</ref> which attempts to translate the [[synecdoche]] of the phrase. The phrase appears five times in the Bible and is a reference to the College's location on what was once the frontier of European settlement.<ref name="good">{{cite web | first = Jonathan | last = Good | title = Notes from the Special Collections: The Dartmouth College Seal | work = Dartmouth College Library Bulletin | issue = NS 37 | date = April, 1997 | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1997/Good.html | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmo.com/index.php?cat=12 | title = Bartlett Hall's Wheelock Memorial Window | work = Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College| accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> Richard Hovey's "[[Alma Mater (Dartmouth College)|Men of Dartmouth]]" was elected as the best of Dartmouth's songs in 1896,<ref name="homecoming-history">{{cite news | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2005/10/21/a_history_of_homecoming.php | title = A History of Homecoming | first = Joseph | last = Rago | date = [[2005-10-21]] | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> and became the school's official song in 1926.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DC153EF932A35750C0A961948260 | title = Follow-up on the news; Song out of tune with the times | date = [[1987-03-01]] | work = [[The New York Times]] | accessdate = 2008-01-07 }}</ref> The song was retitled to "Alma Mater" in the 1980s when its lyrics were changed to refer to women as well as men.<ref name="rscl">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~speccoll/Resources/DartmouthHistory/AlmaMater.shtml | title = The Alma Mater | first = Barbara L. | last = Krieger | publisher = Dartmouth College Library Rauner Special Collections Library | accessdate = 2008-01-07 }}</ref> === Seal === [[Image:Seal of Dartmouth College.png|thumb|left|Seal of Dartmouth College]] {{main|Seal of Dartmouth College}} Dartmouth's 1769 royal charter required the creation of a [[Seal (device)|seal]] for use on official documents and diplomas.<ref name="charter"/> The College's founder [[Eleazar Wheelock]] designed a seal for his college bearing a striking resemblance to the seal of the [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]], a missionary society founded in London in 1701, in order to maintain the illusion that his college was more for mission work than for higher education.<ref name="good"/> Engraved by a Boston silversmith, the seal was ready by Commencement of 1773. The trustees officially accepted the seal on [[August 25]], [[1773]], describing it as: {{cquote|An Oval, circumscribed by a Line containing SIGILL: COL: DARTMUTH: NOV: HANT: IN AMERICA 1770. within projecting a Pine Grove on the Right, whence proceed Natives towards an Edifice two Storey on the left; which bears in a Label over the Grove these Words "vox clamantis in deserto" the whole supported by Religion on the Right and Justice on the Left, and bearing in a Triangle irradiate, with the Hebrew Words [El Shaddai], agreeable to the above Impression, be the common Seal under which to pass all Diplomas or Certificates of Degrees, and all other Affairs of Business of and concerning Dartmouth College.<ref>Dartmouth College, Trustees' Records, 1:26. Dartmouth College Library, Special Collections, DA-1.</ref>}} On [[October 28]], [[1926]], the trustees affirmed the charter's reservation of the seal for official corporate documents alone.<ref name="good"/> The College Publications Committee commissioned typographer W. A. Dwiggins to create a line drawing version of the seal in 1940 that saw widespread use. Dwiggins' design was modified during 1957 to change the date from "1770" to "1769," to accord with the date of the College Charter. The trustees commissioned a new set of dies with a date of "1769" to replace the old dies, now badly worn after almost two hundred years of use.<ref name="good"/> The 1957 design continues to be used under trademark number 2305032.<ref name="uspatent">{{cite web | url = http://www.uspto.gov/main/trademarks.htm | title = United States Patent and Trademark Office | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> === Shield === On [[October 28]], [[1926]], the Trustees approved a "Dartmouth College Shield" for general use. Artist and engraver W. Parke Johnson designed this emblem on the basis of the shield that is depicted at the center of the original seal. This design does not survive. On [[June 9]], [[1944]] the trustees approved another [[coat of arms]] based on the shield part of the seal, this one by [[Canadian]] artist and designer [[Thoreau MacDonald]]. That design was used widely and, like Dwiggins' seal, had its date changed from "1770" to "1769" around 1958.<ref name="good"/> That version continues to be used under trademark registration number 3112676 and others.<ref name="uspatent"/> College designer John Scotford made a stylized version of the shield during the 1960s, but it did not see the success of MacDonald's design.<ref>{{cite web | first = Jonathan | last = Good | title = A Proposal for a Heraldic Coat of Arms for Dartmouth College | url = http://faculty.reinhardt.edu/good/dartmouthcoatarms.htm | publisher = Jonathan Good's homepage | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> The shield appears to have been used as the basis of the shield of [[Dartmouth Medical School]], and it has been reproduced in sizes as small as a few nanometers across.<ref>{{cite web | first = Joe | last = Nabity | url = http://www.jcnabity.com/dartseal.htm | publisher = Dartmouth College | title = Nanometer Pattern Generation System: Dartmouth Seal | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> The design has appeared on [[Rudolph Ruzicka]]'s Bicentennial Medal ([[Philadelphia Mint]], 1969) and elsewhere. === Nickname, symbol, and mascot === [[Image:Keggy the Keg.JPG|thumb|right|Keggy posing on the Dartmouth College Green with [[Baker Memorial Library]] in the background.]] Dartmouth has never had an official mascot.<ref name="ad-green">{{cite web | url = http://ask.dartmouth.edu/categories/stulife/19.html | title = Is "The Big Green" really Dartmouth's mascot? If so, where does it come from and what does it mean? | work = AskDartmouth | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> The nickname "The Big Green," originating in the 1860s, is based on students' adoption of a shade of forest green ("Dartmouth Green") as the school's official color in 1866.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ask.dartmouth.edu/categories/misc/22.html | title = Why is green Dartmouth's color? | work = AskDartmouth | publisher = AskDartmouth | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> Beginning in the 1920s, the Dartmouth College athletic teams were known by their unofficial nickname "the Indians," a moniker that probably originated among sports journalists.<ref name="ad-green"/> This unofficial mascot and team name was used until the early 1970s, when its use came under criticism. In 1974, the Trustees declared the "use of the [Indian] symbol in any form to be inconsistent with present institutional and academic objectives of the College in advancing Native American education."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://dartmouthsports.xosn.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=590538 | title = The 'Big Green' Nickname | publisher = DartmouthSports.com | date = [[2007-01-10]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> Some alumni and students, as well as the conservative student newspaper, ''[[The Dartmouth Review]]'', have sought to return the Indian symbol to prominence,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/2003/06/08/dartmouth_indians_the_new_tradition.php | title = Dartmouth Indians: The New Tradition | first = Stefan M | last = Beck | date = [[2003-06-08]] | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> but no team has worn the symbol on its uniform in decades.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://dartreview.com/archives/1998/12/15/the_banning_of_the_indian.php | title = The Banning of the Indian | date = [[1998-12-15]] | first = Jeffrey | last = Hart | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> Various student initiatives have been undertaken to adopt a new mascot, but none has become "official." One proposal devised by the College humor magazine the ''[[Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern]]'' was [[Keggy the Keg]], an [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] beer keg who makes occasional appearances at College sporting events. Despite student enthusiasm for Keggy,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/01/05/arts/straight/ | title = Straight from the Tap: the men behind the mascot | first = Kelsey | Blodget | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2007-01-05]] | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}</ref> the mascot has only received approval from the student government.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~jacko/keggy/index.htm| title = Keggy the Keg | publisher = [[Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern]] | date = [[2007-01-10]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> In November 2006, student government attempted to revive the "Dartmoose" as a potential replacement amid renewed controversy surrounding the former Indian mascot.<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2007011001020 | title = First SA meeting draws crowd | first = Allie | last = Lowe | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2007-01-10]] | accessdate = 2007-01-24 }}</ref> == Alumni == {{main|List of Dartmouth College alumni}} Dartmouth's alumni are known for their devotion to the College.<ref name="ihe-alum"/> In 2007, Dartmouth was ranked second only to [[Princeton University]] in the U.S. for alumni donation rates by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title = America's Best Colleges | work = [[U.S. News & World Report]] | year = 2007 }}</ref> As of 2007, Dartmouth has graduated 237 classes of students and has over 60,000 living alumni in a variety of fields.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartreview.com/archives/2006/10/01/the_alumni_constitution_in_brief.php | title = The Alumni Constitution, in Brief | first = Emily | last = Ghods-Esfahani | work = [[The Dartmouth Review]] | date = [[2006-10-11]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Image:Salmon Chase, Brady-Handy photo portrait ca1855-1865.jpg|thumb|left|[[Salmon P. Chase]], class of 1826, was an American politician: Senator from Ohio, Governor of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury under Abraham Lincoln, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.]] Over 164 Dartmouth graduates have served in the [[United States Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives]],<ref name="dartmouthclub">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.org/clubs/washdc/congress.html | title = Members of Congress | publisher = Dartmouth Club of Washington, D.C. | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> such as Massachusetts statesman [[Daniel Webster]].<ref name="dartmouthclub"/> Cabinet members of American presidents include Attorney General [[Amos T. Akerman]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-660 | title = Amos T. Akerman | work = The New Georgia Encyclopedia | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Secretary of Defense [[James V. Forrestal]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nndb.com/people/051/000057877/ | title = James V. Forrestal | work = [[NNDB]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Secretary of Labor [[Robert Reich]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.robertreich.org/reich/biography.asp | title = Robert Reich | publisher = RobertReich.org | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and current Secretary of the Treasury [[Henry Paulson]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/paulson-bio.html | title = Henry M. Paulson, Jr. | publisher = The White House | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> [[C. Everett Koop]] was the [[Surgeon General of the United States]] under president Ronald Reagan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/history/biokoop.htm | title = C. Everett Koop | publisher = United States Department of Health & Human Services | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Two Dartmouth alumni have served as justices on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]: [[Salmon P. Chase]] and [[Levi Woodbury]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Chase.html | title = Salmon P. Chase | publisher = [[Tulane University]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oyez.org/justices/justice/?justice=seat-three/levi_woodbury | title = Levi Woodbury | publisher = Oyez Supreme Court Media | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> In literature and journalism, Dartmouth has produced six [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners: [[Thomas Burton]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dujs/2004F/Burton.pdf | format = PDF | title = Wall Street, Aneurysms and Explanatory Writing: An Interview With Thomas Burton '71 | first = Meredith | last = Curtis | work = Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science | date = Fall 2004 | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Richard Eberhart]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031855/Richard-Eberhart | title = Richard Eberhart | work = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Robert Frost]],<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2006100204020 | title = Virginia graduate student discovers new Frost poem | first = Joseph | last = DeBonis | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2006-10-02]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Paul Gigot]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nndb.com/people/009/000102700/ | title = Paul Gigot | work = [[NNDB]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref>, [[Nigel Jaquiss]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2005/investigative-reporting/bio/ | title = The Pulitzer Prize Winners 2005 | publisher = The Pulitzer Prizes | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and [[David K. Shipler]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~vox/0405/0110/awards.html | title = Six to receive Social Justice Awards | first = Laurel | last = Stavis | work = Vox of Dartmouth | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-08-19 }}</ref> Other authors and media personalities include novelist/screenwriter [[Budd Schulberg]],<ref>[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2006/11/21a.html Dartmouth News], "Dartmouth acquires Budd Schulberg '36 papers"</ref> political analyst [[Dinesh D'Souza]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dineshdsouza.com/more/about.html | title = About Dinesh D'Souza | publisher = DineshDSouza.com | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> radio talk show host [[Laura Ingraham]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2000/oct00/ingraham.html | title = Ingraham '85 to speak on election | work = Dartmouth News | date = [[2006-10-06]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> commentator [[Mort Kondracke]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,1255,00.html | title = Mort Kondracke | work = [[Fox News]] | date = [[2006-09-19]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and journalist [[James Panero]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.newcriterion.com/archives/author/jpanero | title = About James Panero | work = The New Criterion | date = [[2007-03-05]] | accessdate = 2007-03-05 }}</ref> Theodor Geisel, better known as children's author [[Dr. Seuss]], was a member of the class of 1925.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~drseuss/ | title = Who's Who & What's What in the Books of Dr. Seuss | first = Edward Connery | last= Lathem | date = November 2000 | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Dartmouth alumni in academia include [[Stuart Kauffman]] and [[Jeffrey Weeks]], both recipients of [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowships]] (commonly called "genius grants").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esalenctr.org/display/bio.cfm?ID=37 | title = Stuart Kauffman | publisher = Esalen Center for Theory & Research | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.usna.navy.mil/~wdj/colloq/michelson_2005-2006.html | publisher = Division of Mathematics & Science, United States Naval Academy | title = Vita for Dr. Jeffrey Weeks | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref> Dartmouth has also graduated three [[Nobel Prize]] winners: [[Owen Chamberlain]] ([[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], 1959),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/chamberlain-bio.html | title = Owen Chamberlain | publisher = Nobel Foundation | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[K. Barry Sharpless]] ([[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], 2001),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.scripps.edu/chem/sharpless/cv.html | title = K. Berry Sharpless curriculum vitae | publisher = [[Scripps College]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and [[George Davis Snell]] ([[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]], 1980).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/553_39.html | title = George Davis Snell | work = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Educators include the founding president of Vassar College [[Milo Parker Jewett]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1993/LB-A93-Close2.html | title = Double Play: Women's Education and Anti-Slavery | first = Virginia L | last = Close | work = Dartmouth College Library Bulletin | date = April 1993 | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> founder and first president of Bates College [[Oren B. Cheney]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bates.edu/oren-cheney.xml | title = Oren B. Cheney | publisher = [[Bates College]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> founder and first president of Kenyon College [[Philander Chase]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=93 | title = Philander Chase | work = Ohio History Central | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> first professor of Wabash College [[Caleb Mills]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Osborne | first = James Insley | coauthors = Theodore Gregory Gronert | title = Wabash College: The First Hundred Years, 1832-1932 | publisher = R. E. Banta | location = [[Crawfordsville, Indiana]] | date = 1932 | pages = 31}}</ref> and former president of Union College [[Charles Augustus Aiken]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.union.edu/Presidents/aiken.php | title = Charles Augustus Aiken | publisher = [[Union College]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Nine of Dartmouth's sixteen presidents were alumni of the College.<ref name="dart-pres">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~speccoll/Resources/DartmouthHistory/DartmouthPresidents.shtml | title = Presidents of Dartmouth College | publisher = Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Image:Henry Paulson official Treasury photo, 2006.jpg|right|thumb|[[Henry Paulson]], class of 1968, was the CEO of [[Goldman Sachs]] and is currently the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the U.S. Treasury]].]] Dartmouth alumni serving as CEOs or company presidents include [[Sandy Alderson]] ([[San Diego Padres]]),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.strategyplus.org/calendar_details.php?ID=57 | title = Richard "Sandy" Alderson, Chief Executive Officer, San Diego Padres | publisher = Association for Strategic Planning | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[John Donahoe]] ([[eBay]]), [[Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.]] ([[IBM]]),<ref>{{cite news| url = http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/58/ | title = The Networked World: Are We Ready For It? | work = MIT World | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Charles E. Haldeman]] ([[Putnam Investments]]),<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~trustees/biographies/haldeman.html | title = Dartmouth Board of Trustees Biographies | accessdate = 2007-04-30 }}</ref> [[Donald J. Hall, Sr.]] ([[Hallmark Cards]]),<ref>{{cite news | url = http://campus.jewell.edu/contacts/headlines/headline_371.html | title = William Jewell Honors Kansas City Business Leaders with Yates Medal | first = Rob | last = Eisele | publisher = [[William Jewell College]] | date = [[1998-08-26]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Jeffrey R. Immelt]] ([[General Electric]]),<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2004/04/06.html | title = GE's Jeffrey Immelt to speak at Dartmouth Entrepreneurship Conference | first = Sue | last = Knapp | work = Dartmouth News | date = [[2004-04-09]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Henry Paulson]] ([[Goldman Sachs]]),<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.buzzflood.org/index.php?itemid=2534 | title = Hank Paulson '68, Business Big Shot | first = Christian | last = Weeks | work = BuzzFlood | date = [[2005-10-05]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Grant Tinker]] ([[NBC]]),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/T/htmlT/tinkergrant/tinkergrant.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-28 | title = Tinker, Grant | publisher = Museum of Broadcast Communications | first = Susan | last = McLeland }}</ref> and [[Brian Goldner]] ([[Hasbro]]).<ref>{{cite news | first = Paul | last = Grimaldi | title = In charge at Hasbro | work = [[The Providence Journal]] | date = [[2008-05-20]] | url = http://www.projo.com/news/content/NEW_HASBRO_GUY_GOLDNER_05-18-08_34A4F14_v157.2f745cb.html | accessdate = 2008-05-20 }}</ref> In entertainment and television, Dartmouth is represented by [[Rachel Dratch]], a cast member of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'',<ref name="daem">{{cite web | url = http://alum.dartmouthentertainment.org/ | title = Dartmouth Alumni in Entertainment and Media Association | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> creator of ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' [[Shonda Rhimes]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/fall05/html/vs_greys.php | title = This ''Grey's Anatomy'' isn't gross—but it's a textbook case of a hit show | work = Dartmouth Medical Magazine | date = Fall 2005 | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and the titular character of ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'', [[Fred Rogers]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2002/may/050202.html | title = 'Mister Rogers' to give Dartmouth Commencement Address | work = Dartmouth News | date = [[2002-05-02]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Other notable actors include [[Sarah Wayne Callies]] (''[[Prison Break]]''),<ref name="daem"/> [[Mindy Kaling]] (''[[The Office (US TV series)|The Office]]''),<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2005010604010 | title = Alums bring Fringe fave to Hop | first = Jennifer | last = Garfinkel | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2005-01-06]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Emmy Award winner [[Michael Moriarty]],<ref name="daem"/>, [[Andrew Shue]] of ''[[Melrose Place]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ivy50.com/story.aspx?sid=11/14/2006 | title = Andrew Shue | first = E.J. | last = Crawford | work = Ivy@50 | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Aisha Tyler]] of ''[[Friends]]'' and ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'',<ref name="daem">{{cite web | url = http://alum.dartmouthentertainment.org/ | title = Dartmouth Alumni in Entertainment and Media Association | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and [[Connie Britton]] of ''[[Spin City]]'', ''[[The West Wing]]'', and ''[[Friday Night Lights (TV series)|Friday Night Lights]]''.<ref name="daem"/> A number of Dartmouth alumni have found success in professional sports. In baseball, Dartmouth alumni include All-Star and [[Gold Glove]] winner [[Brad Ausmus]]<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2003051903030 | title = Ausmus '91 produces Gold Gloves and success for Astros | first = Elliot | last = Olshansky | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2003-05-19]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and All-Star [[Mike Remlinger]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/players/profile?statsId=4673 | title = Mike Remlinger | work = [[ESPN]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Professional football players include former Miami Dolphins quarterback [[Jay Fiedler]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.buzzflood.org/index.php?itemid=523 | title = Dolphins still winning, Jay Fiedler '94 still standing | work = BuzzFlood | date = [[2003-12-05]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> linebacker [[Reggie Williams (linebacker)|Reggie Wiliams]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.flint.lib.mi.us/hallfame/04/rwilliams.shtml | accessdate = 2007-01-12 | title = 2004 Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of Fame: Reggie Williams | work = Flint Public Library | date = [[2005-10-25]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Ivy Football Association To Honor Reggie Williams ’76 | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=698693 | work = Big Green Sports | date = [[2006-01-12]] }}</ref> three-time Pro Bowler [[Nick Lowery]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/1998/oct98/lowery.html | title = Football star Nick Lowery to discuss community service Oct. 29 at Dartmouth | work = Dartmouth News | date = [[1998-10-23]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> quarterback [[Jeff Kemp]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://premierespeakers.com/2981/index.cfm | title = Jeff Kemp | publisher = Premiere Speakers Bureau | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and Tennessee Titans tight end [[Casey Cramer]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dartlife/archives/14-3/sports.html | title = Sports Roundup | publisher = Dartmouth Life | first = Matt | last = Dougherty | date = June 2004 | accessdate = 2007-08-09 }}</ref> Dartmouth has also produced a number of Olympic competitors. [[Kristin King]] and [[Sarah Parsons]] were members of the United States' 2006 bronze medal-winning ice hockey team.<ref name="thed-olymp-ath">{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2006010903030 | title = Dartmouth athletes gear up for Olympic competition | first = Jordan | last = Rose | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2006-01-09]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><ref name="thed-olymp-ath"/><ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2006111303060 | title = Sports: One on One | first = John | last = Mitchell | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2006-11-13]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Cherie Piper]], [[Gillian Apps]], and [[Katie Weatherston]] were among Canada's ice hockey gold medalists in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=648518 | title = Cherie Piper | publisher = Big Green Sports | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=648509 | title = Gillian Apps | publisher = Big Green Sports | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=648492 | title = Katie Weatherston | publisher = Big Green Sports | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Dick Durrance]] and [[Tim Caldwell]] competed for the United States in skiing in the 1936 and 1976 Winter Olympics, respectively.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.skiinghistory.org/durrance.html | title = Dick Durrance, America's Champion | first = Morten | last = Lund | work = ISHA Newsline | date = [[2004-06-14]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><ref name="dartmouth-pdf">{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/apply/pdfs/gib-completebook.pdf | title = Pamphlet | publisher = Dartmouth College | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-08-22 }}</ref> [[Arthur Shaw]],<ref name="bgtf"/> [[Earl Thomson]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/rb-0304-dartmouth.pdf | format = PDF | title = NCAA Champions from Dartmouth College | publisher = Ivy League Sports | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Edwin Myers]],<ref name="bgtf"/> [[Marc Wright]],<ref name="bgtf"/> [[Adam Nelson]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usatf.org/athletes/bios/Nelson_Adam.asp | title = Adam Nelson | publisher = USA Track & Field, Inc. | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Gerald Ashworth]],<ref name="bgtf">{{cite web | url = http://dartmouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=48808&SPID=4706&DB_OEM_ID=11600&ATCLID=588599 | title = Men's Track & Field Olympians | publisher = Big Green Sports | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and [[Vilhjálmur Einarsson]]<ref name="bgtf"/> have all won medals in track and field events. == In popular culture == Dartmouth College has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media. The 1978 comedy film ''[[National Lampoon's Animal House]]'' was cowritten by [[Chris Miller (writer)|Chris Miller]] '63, and is based loosely on a series of fictional stories he wrote about his fraternity days at Dartmouth. In a CNN interview, [[John Landis]] said the movie was "based on Chris Miller's real fraternity at Dartmouth," [[Dartmouth College Greek organizations#Alpha Delta (ΑΔ)|Alpha Delta Phi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0308/29/se.09.html | title = Interview with John Landis | work = [[CNN]] | date = [[2003-08-29]] | accessdate = 2007-02-12 }}</ref> Dartmouth's [[#Traditions|Winter Carnival]] tradition was the subject of the 1939 film ''Winter Carnival'' starring Ann Sheridan.<ref name="tdr-wc"/> In addition, Dartmouth has served as the alma mater for a number of fictional characters, including [[Stephen Colbert]]'s [[Stephen Colbert (character)|fictional persona]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.colbertnation.com/cn/stephens-bio.php | title = Stephen's Bio | first = Avery | last = Gordon | publisher = Colbert Nation | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Michael Corleone]] of ''[[The Godfather]]'',<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2005111101030 | title = Better than Cornell: Dartmouth in pop culture | first = Jessica | last = Peet | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2005-11-11]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> [[Meredith Grey]] of ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'',<ref>{{cite news | oldurl = http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2005110701050 | title = 'Grey's Anatomy' hit for Rhimes '91 | first = Katie | last = Silberman | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2005-11-07]] | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> Thomas Crown of ''[[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/thomascrownaffair1968.php | title = Review of ''The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)'' | publisher = DVD Verdict | accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and Howie Archibald of ''[[Gossip Girl (TV series)|Gossip Girl]]''.<ref>{{cite news | first = Troy | last = Patterson | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2174295/ | title = Gossip Girl: Imagine ''Beverly Hills 90120'' without any of the guilt | work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date [[2007-09-17]] | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}</ref> The characters Evan and Fogell of the 2007 film ''[[Superbad (film)|Superbad]]'' were also slated to attend Dartmouth.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://thedartmouth.com/2007/08/21/arts/superbad/ | title = 'Superbad' gives laughs with heart | first = Allison | last = Rudderman | work = [[The Dartmouth]] | date = [[2007-08-21]] | accessdate = 2007-08-24 }}</ref> == Footnotes == {{refbegin}} *{{note|a|a}}''The Dartmouth'' describes itself as "America's Oldest College Newspaper, Founded 1799."<ref name = "nlestk"/> However, according to the 1928 ''Aegis'' yearbook, the daily newspaper is unrelated to a literary publication established under a different name in 1799. ''The Dartmouth'' as it currently exists was founded in 1839, and it calculates its present volume number from that year. {{refend}} == Citations == {{reflist|3}} == References == *{{cite book | title = Dartmouth Outing Guide | publisher = [[Dartmouth Outing Club]] | year = 2004 | edition = Fifth edition | first = Chuck | last = Drake }} *{{cite book | first = Scott L. | last = Glabe | title = Dartmouth College: Off the Record | publisher = College Prowler | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 1-59658-038-0}} *{{cite book | first = Molly K. | last = Hughes | coauthors = Susan Berry | title = Forever Green: The Dartmouth College Campus — An arboretum of Northern Trees | publisher = Enfield Books | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 1-893598-01-2}} *{{cite book | first = Leon B. | last = Richardson | title = History of Dartmouth College | publisher = Dartmouth College Publications | year = 1932 | id = {{OCLC|12157587}} }} == External links == {{wikiquote}} {{commons|Category:Dartmouth College|Dartmouth College}} *[http://www.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth College] *[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/ Dartmouth College News] *[http://www.dartmo.com/ Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College] {{Geolinks-US-streetscale|43.703401|-72.288285}} {{Dartmouth College}} {{Ivy League}} {{ECAC Hockey League}} {{Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges}} {{Colleges and universities in New Hampshire}} {{featured article}} [[Category:1769 establishments]] [[Category:Colonial colleges]] [[Category:Dartmouth College| ]] [[Category:ECAC Hockey]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1760s]] [[Category:Ivy League]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in New Hampshire]] [[ar:دارتموث (كلية)]] [[ca:Dartmouth]] [[cs:Dartmouth College]] [[de:Dartmouth College]] [[es:Dartmouth College]] [[fa:کالج دارتموث]] [[fi:Dartmouth College]] [[fr:Dartmouth College]] [[he:קולג' דרטמות]] [[is:Dartmouth-háskóli]] [[ja:ダートマス大学]] [[ka:დართმუზის კოლეჯი]] [[ko:다트머스 대학교]] [[nl:Dartmouth College]] [[no:Dartmouth College]] [[pl:Dartmouth College]] [[pt:Faculdade de Dartmouth]] [[ru:Дартмутский колледж]] [[sv:Dartmouth College]] [[th:วิทยาลัยดาร์ตมัธ]] [[tt:Dartmouth college]] [[zh:达特茅斯学院]]