Dash
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Tokek
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/* Other dash-like characters */ chōon is a type of vowel, chōonpu is the symbol
{{otheruses}}
{{Distinguish|Hyphen}}
{{SpecialChars}}
{{Punctuation marks}}
A '''dash''' is a [[punctuation]] mark. It is longer than a [[hyphen]] and is used differently.
==Common dashes==
There are several forms of dash, of which the most common are:
{| class="wikitable"
! –
! [[glyph]]
! [[Unicode]]<ref>[[Character (computing)|Character]]s in Unicode are referenced in prose via the "U+" notation. The [[hexadecimal]] number after the "U+" is the character's Unicode code point. The decimal equivalent is shown in parentheses.</ref>
! [[HTML]]<ref>Specifically, the predefined [[character entity]] reference that can be used in an HTML document in place of a literal dash.</ref>
! HTML/[[XML]]<ref>Specifically, the [[numeric character reference]] that can be used in an HTML or XML document in place of a literal dash.</ref>
![[TeX]]
|-
! [[Dash#Hyphen|hyphen]]
| align="center"| ‐
| {{U+|2010}} (8208)
| ''none''
| <code>&#x2010;</code> or <code>&#8208;</code>
| <code>-</code>
|-
! [[Dash#Figure dash|figure dash]]
| align="center"| {{unicode|‒}}
| U+2012 (8210)
| ''none''
| <code>&#x2012;</code> or <code>&#8210;</code>
| ''none''
|-
! [[Dash#En dash|en dash]]
| align="center"| –
| U+2013 (8211)
| <code>&ndash;</code>
| <code>&#x2013;</code> or <code>&#8211;</code>
| <code>--</code>
|-
! [[Dash#Em dash|em dash]]
| align="center"| —
| U+2014 (8212)
| <code>&mdash;</code>
| <code>&#x2014;</code> or <code>&#8212;</code>
| <code>---</code>
|-
! [[Dash#Horizontal bar|horizontal bar]]
| align="center"| ―
| U+2015 (8213)
| ''none''
| <code>&#x2015;</code> or <code>&#8213;</code>
|-
! [[Dash#Swung dash|swung dash]]
| align="center"| <math>\sim</math>
| U+2053 (8275)
| ''none''
| <code>&#x2053;</code> or <code>&#8275;</code>
|}
===Hyphen===
{{main|Hyphen}}
The '''hyphen''' {{unicode|(‐)}} is used both to join words and to separate syllables. Strictly speaking, the hyphen is not a dash; thus, careful [[typesetting]] (including with modern computer applications, such as [[word processor]]s and HTML) relies on the following proper dashes instead.
===Figure dash===
The '''figure dash''' {{unicode|(‒)}} is so named because it is the same width as a digit, at least in [[typeface]]s with digits of equal width.
The figure dash is used when a dash must be used within numbers, for example with [[telephone number]]s: ''867{{unicode|‒}}5309''<!-- See talk before changing this example, please. -->. <!-- **yes, that was funny** -->This does not indicate a range (en dash is used for that), or function as the [[minus sign]] (which has its own glyph).
The figure dash is often unavailable; in this case, one may use a hyphen-minus instead. In [[Unicode]], the figure dash is {{U+|2012}} (decimal 8210). HTML authors must use the numeric forms <code>&#8210;</code> or <code>&#x2012;</code> to type it unless the file is in Unicode; there is no equivalent character entity. In [[TeX]], the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be substituted in TeX.
===En dash===
The '''en dash''', or '''n dash''', '''n-rule''', etc., (–) is roughly the width of the letter ''n''. It is half the size of an em dash.
The en dash is used in ranges, such as ''6–10 years'', read as "six to ten years".
====Ranges of values====
The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range (a range with clearly defined and non-infinite upper and lower boundaries) of values, such as those between dates, times, or numbers.<ref name="barronsgrammar">Griffith, Benjamin W., ''et al.'' ''Barron's Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar''. New York: Barron's Educational Series, 2004.</ref><ref name="copyeditguide">Judd, Karen. ''Copyediting: A Practical Guide''. Menlo Park, California: Crisp Learning, 2001.</ref><ref name="webstersgrammar">Loberger, Gordon and Kate Shoup Welsh. ''Webster's New World English Grammar Handbook''. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2002.</ref><ref name="texttypestyle">Ives, George B. ''Text, Type and Style: A Compendium of Atlantic Usage''. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1921.</ref>
Some examples of this usage:
* June – July 1967
* 1:00 – 2:00 p.m.
* For ages 3–5
* pp. 38–55
* President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
The ''Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ([[SI]])'' recommends that the word ''to'' be used instead of an en dash when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, such as a range of units. For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" rather than "a voltage of 50 – 100 V".
It is also considered inappropriate to use the en dash in place of the words ''to'' and ''and'' in phrases that follow the forms ''from ... to ...'' and ''between ... and ...''.<ref name="copyeditguide" /><ref name="webstersgrammar" />
====Relationships and connections====
The en dash can also be used to contrast values, or illustrate a relationship between two things.<ref name="barronsgrammar" /><ref name="texttypestyle" />
Some examples of this usage:
* Notre Dame beat Miami 31–30.
* New York–London flight (though some sources say that ''New York to London flight'' is more appropriate because New York is a single name composed of two valid words; with a dash the phrase is ambiguous and could mean either ''Flight from New York to London'' or ''New flight from [[York]] to London''<ref name="texttypestyle" />)
* Mother–daughter relationship
* The Supreme Court voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
* The [[McCain–Feingold bill]]
* A [[Carbon|C]]–C [[single bond]]
A "simple" compound used as an adjective is written with a hyphen; at least one authority considers name pairs, as in the [[Taft-Hartley Act]] to be "simple",<ref name="copyeditguide" /> while most consider an en dash appropriate there{{Fact|date=April 2008}} to represent the parallel relationship, as in the [[McCain–Feingold bill]] or [[Bose–Einstein statistics]].
Note that [[The Chicago Manual of Style]] limits the use of the en dash to two main purposes: to indicate ranges of time, money, or other amounts (or in certain other cases where it replaces the word ''to''); and in place of a hyphen in a compound adjective when one of the elements of the adjective is an open compound or when one of the elements is already hyphenated.<ref name="Chicago">''The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 261–265</ref> That is, the ''Chicago Manual of Style'' rules specify en dash in these:
* Notre Dame beat Miami 31–30.
* New York–London flight.
* The Supreme Court voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
but hyphens in these:
* Mother-daughter relationship
* The [[McCain-Feingold bill]]
* A [[Carbon|C]]-C [[single bond]]
* [[Taft-Hartley Act]]
* [[Bose-Einstein statistics]]
====Compound adjectives====
The en dash can be used instead of a [[hyphen]] in compound adjectives in which one part consists of two words or a hyphenated word:<ref name="copyeditguide" /><ref name="webstersgrammar" />
* The non–[[San Francisco]] part of the world
* The post–[[MS-DOS]] era
* High-priority–high-pressure tasks (tasks which are both high-priority and high-pressure).
====Usage guidelines====
The en dash is used instead of a hyphen in compound adjectives for which neither part of the adjective modifies the other. That is, when each is modifying the noun. This is common in science, when names compose an adjective as in [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]. Compare this with "award-winning novel" in which "award" modifies "winning" and together they modify "novel". Contrast "Franco-Prussian War", "Anglo-Saxon", etc., in which the first element does not strictly modify the second, but a hyphen is still normally used. [[The Chicago Manual of Style]] recognizes but does not mandate this usage and uses a hyphen in Bose-Einstein condensate.<ref name="Chicago" />
En dashes that are used instead of hyphens to connect words normally do not have spaces around them. An exception is when excluding them may cause confusion or look odd (e.g., 12 June – 3 July; contrast 12 June–3 July). However, when an actual en dash is unavailable, one may use a hyphen-minus with a single space on each side (" - ").
====Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level====
Like em dashes, en dashes can be used instead of colons, or pairs of commas that mark off a nested clause or phrase. They can also be used around parenthetical expressions – such as this one – in place of the em dashes preferred by some publishers, particularly where short columns are used, since em dashes can look awkward at the end of a line. See [[#En dash versus em dash|En dash versus em dash]], below. In these situations, en dashes must have a single space on each side.
====Electronic usage====
In Unicode, the en dash is U+2013 (decimal 8211). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms <code>&#8211;</code> or <code>&#x2013;</code>; there is also an HTML entity <code>&ndash;</code>. In [[TeX]], the en dash may normally (depending on the font) be input as a double hyphen-minus (<code><nowiki>--</nowiki></code>). On a computer running the [[Mac OS X]] operating system, most keyboard layouts map an en dash to Option-hyphen. On Microsoft Windows, an en dash may be entered as Alt+0150, where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding the Alt key down.
The en dash is sometimes used as a substitute for the [[minus sign]], when the minus sign character is not available, since the en dash is usually the same width as a plus sign. For example, the original 8-bit Macintosh character set had an en dash, useful for minus sign, years before Unicode with a dedicated minus sign was available. The hyphen-minus is usually too narrow to make a typographically acceptable minus sign. The en dash cannot be used in [[programming languages]] for a minus, however, since the syntax usually requires a hyphen-minus; since programming languages are usually set in a fixed-pitch (monospaced) font face, the hyphen-minus looks acceptable there.
=== Em dash ===
The '''em dash''' (—), or '''m dash''', '''m-rule''', etc., often demarcates a parenthetical thought—like this one—or some similar interpolation.
It is also used to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been interrupted. Similarly, it can be used instead of an [[ellipsis]] to indicate [[aposiopesis]], the [[rhetorical device]] by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption but because the speaker is too emotional to continue, such as [[Darth Vader]]'s line "I sense something; a presence I have not felt since—" in ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]''.
The term ''em dash'' derives from its defined width of one [[em (typography)|em]] (originally the width of the letter ''m''), which is the length, expressed in points, by which font sizes are typically specified. Thus in 9-point type, an em is 9 points wide, while the em of 24-point type is 24 points wide, and so on. (By comparison, the [[#En dash|en dash]], with its 1-[[en (typography)|en]] width, is 1/2 em wide in any [[typeface|font]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}})
The em dash is used in much the way a [[colon (punctuation)|colon]] or set of [[Bracket#Parentheses ( )|parentheses]] is used: it can show an abrupt change in thought or be used where a [[full stop]] (or "period") is too strong and a [[comma (punctuation)|comma]] too weak. Em dashes are sometimes used in lists or definitions, but that is a style guide issue; a colon is often recommended for use instead.
According to most American sources (e.g., ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'') and to some British sources (e.g., ''[[Hart's Rules|The Oxford Guide to Style]]''), an em dash should always be set closed (not surrounded by spaces). But the practice in many parts of the English-speaking world, also the style recommended by ''[[The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage]]'', sets it open (separates it from its surrounding words by using spaces{{Unicode| }} or [[hair space]]s (U+200A)) when it is being used parenthetically. Some writers, finding the em dash unappealingly long, prefer to use an open-set en dash. This "space, en dash, space" sequence is also the predominant style in [[Germany|German]] and [[France|French]] [[typography]]. See [[#En dash versus em dash|En dash versus em dash]] below.
Monospaced fonts (such as Courier) that mimic the look of a typewriter have the same width for all characters. Some of these fonts have em and en dashes which more or less fill the monospaced width they have available. For example, "<code>- – — −</code>" will show as a hyphen, en dash, em dash, and minus in a monospace font. Typewriters often only have a single hyphen glyph, so it is common to use two monospace hyphens strung together<tt>--</tt>like this<tt>--</tt>to serve as an em dash.
When an actual em dash is unavailable—as in the ASCII character set—a double ("<nowiki>--</nowiki>") or triple hyphen-minus ("<nowiki>---</nowiki>") is used. In Unicode, the em dash is U+2014 (decimal 8212). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms <code>&#8212;</code> or <code>&#x2014;</code>; there is also the HTML entity <code>&mdash;</code>. In TeX, the em dash may normally be input as a triple hyphen-minus (<code><nowiki>---</nowiki></code>). On a computer running the OS X operating system, most keyboard layouts map an em dash to Shift-Option-hyphen. On Microsoft Windows, an em dash may be entered as Alt+0151, where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding the Alt key down. It can also be entered into Microsoft Office applications by using the ctrl-alt-hyphen combination.
===En dash versus em dash===
The en dash is half the width of the em dash. The width of the en dash was originally the width of the typeset lowercase letter '[[n]]', while the width of the em dash was the width of an uppercase '[[M]]'—hence the names. A more correct definition of the [[Em (typography)#Incorrect and alternate definitions|em width]] is the point size of the currently used font, since the M character does not occupy an exact square in many fonts.<ref>{{cite web | title = A glossary of typographic terms | publisher = Adobe | accessdate=2007-10-18 | url = http://www.adobe.com/uk/type/topics/glossary.html#ememspaceemquad}}</ref>
Traditionally an em dash—like so—or a spaced em dash — like so — has been used for a dash in running text. ''[[The Elements of Typographic Style]]'' recommends the more concise spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography." The spaced en dash is also the house style for certain major publishers ([[Penguin Group|Penguin]], [[Cambridge University Press]], and [[Routledge]] among them). However, some longstanding typographical guides such as ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' still recommend unspaced em dashes for this purpose. The ''[[Hart's Rules|Oxford Guide to Style]]'' (2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that this style is used by "other British publishers", but observes that Oxford University Press (OUP) does not use it. In practice, there is little consensus, and it is a matter of personal or house taste.
The en dash (always with spaces, in running text) and the ''spaced'' em dash both have a certain technical advantage over the ''unspaced'' em dash. In most typesetting and most word processing, the spacing between words is expected to be variable, so there can be [[Justification (typesetting)|full justification]]. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the ''unspaced'' em dash disables this for the words between which it falls. The effect can be uneven spacing in the text.
En dashes are often preferred to em dashes when text is set in narrow columns (as in newspapers and similar publications).{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
The ''spaced'' em dash risks introducing excessive separation of words: it is already long, and the spaces increase the separation. In full justification, the adjacent spaces may be stretched, and the separation of words is further exaggerated.
===Horizontal bar===<!-- This section is linked from [[Horizontal bar]] -->
The '''horizontal bar''' or ''quotation dash'' {{unicode|(―)}} is used to introduce quoted text. This is the standard method of printing [[dialogue]] in some languages (see the [[Quotation mark, non-English usage#Quotation dash|quotation dash section]] of the [[Quotation mark]] article for further details of how it is used).
If the quotation dash is unavailable, then the em dash can be used instead. In Unicode, the quotation dash is U+2015 (decimal 8213). In HTML, it can be input only with the numeric form, <code>&#x2015;</code> or <code>&#8213;</code>; there is no equivalent character entity. But <!-- since [[web browser|browser]] support for it is nearly non-existent and Unicode itself equates use,--> for web pages one generally uses the em dash. There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use <code>\hbox{<nowiki>---</nowiki>}\kern-.5em<nowiki>---</nowiki></code> instead (or just use an em dash).
===Swung dash===<!-- This section is linked from [[Dash]] -->
{{main|Tilde#Lexicography}}
The '''swung dash''' (<math>\sim</math> or ~;) resembles a lengthened [[tilde]], and is used to separate alternatives or approximates. In [[dictionary|dictionaries]], it is frequently used to stand in for the defined term in example text. This character was added since Unicode 4.0.0. Note that there are several similar characters:⁓ (U+2053: SWUNG DASH, used in Western typography), ∼ (U+223C: TILDE OPERATOR, used in mathematics), and 〜 (U+301C: WAVE DASH, used in East Asian typography).
Example:
* henceforth (adverb), from this time forth; from now on; '''"<math>\sim</math> she will be known as Mrs. Smith"'''.
The swung dash in Unicode is U+2053 (decimal 8275). In HTML, it can be input only with the numeric form, <code>&#x2053;</code> or <code>&#8275;</code>; there is no equivalent HTML entity.
In [[LaTeX|LaTeX2ε]], one can use the math mode command <code>$\sim$</code>, which yields the tilde operator, a similar character.
In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] a similar character, the [[Japanese punctuation#Wave dash|wave dash]] is used instead, for a variety of purposes:
* to indicate an extension of a vowel in slang;
* it is often used in Japanese and [[Korean language|Korean]] in place of an en dash;
* in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the wave dash and the em dash can be used interchangeably to express a range.
==Other dash-like characters==
The are several characters which resemble dashes but have different meanings and uses. These include:
* The '''[[hyphen-minus]]''' (-), [[Unicode]] U+002D, is the standard [[ASCII]] hyphen. It looks like a dash, but should only be used as such when proper dashes are unavailable. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash.
* The '''[[tilde]]''' (~), U+007E, is a [[diacritic]] mark.
* The '''[[underscore]]''' (_), U+005F, is either a diacritic mark, or a character replacing a standard space.
* The '''[[macron]]''' {{unicode|(¯)}}, U+00AF, is another diacritic mark.
* The '''[[hyphen#Hyphens in computing|soft hyphen]]''' (U+00AD) is used to indicate where a line ''may'' break, as in a compound word or between syllables.
* The '''[[hyphen]]''' {{unicode|(‐)}}, U+2010, is a character which, unlike the ASCII hyphen, ''always'' represents a hyphen.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
* The '''hyphen bullet''' {{unicode|(⁃)}}, U+2043, is a short horizontal line used as a list [[bullet (typography)|bullet]].
* The '''[[minus sign]]''' (−), U+2212, <code>&minus;</code>, is an [[arithmetic]] [[operator]] used in [[mathematics]] to represent [[subtraction]] or [[negative number]]s.
* The '''wave dash''' {{unicode|(〜)}}, U+301C, and the '''wavy dash''' {{unicode|(〰)}}, U+3030, are wavy lines found in some East Asian [[character set]]s. Typographically, they have the width of one [[CJK]] character cell ([[fullwidth form]]), and follow the direction of the text (horizontal for horizontal text, vertical for columnar). They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the [[katakana]] vowel extender mark.
* The '''Armenian hyphen''' {{unicode|(֊)}}, U+058A, is a hyphen from the [[Armenian alphabet]].
* The '''Hebrew Maqaf''' {{unicode|(־)}}, U+05BE, is a hyphen-like character from the [[Hebrew alphabet]].
* The '''Mongolian todo hyphen''' {{unicode|(᠆)}}, U+1806, is a hyphen from the [[Mongolian alphabet]].
* The '''[[Hangul]] Jungseong Eu''' ({{unicode|ㅡ}} U+3161 or {{unicode|ᅳ}} U+1173) is used in [[Korean language|Korean]] to indicate the sound {{IPA|[ɨ]}}.
* The '''Japanese [[chōonpu]]''' {{unicode|(ー)}}, U+30FC, is used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] to indicate a long vowel.
* The '''yī/ichi''' {{unicode|(一)}}, U+4E00, is a Chinese Character which means "one" in both [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]].
==Rendering dashes on computers==
Typewriters and computers have traditionally had only a limited [[character (computing)|character]] set, often having no key with which to produce a dash. In consequence, it became common to substitute the nearest incorrect punctuation mark or symbol. Em dashes are often represented by a pair of spaces surrounding a single hyphen-minus (typical British usage) or by a pair of spaces surrounding ''two'' hyphen-minuses (mostly in the United States).
Modern computer software typically has support for many more characters, and is usually capable of rendering both the en and em dashes correctly—albeit sometimes with a little inconvenience for the user who has to input them. Some software, though, may operate in a more limited mode. Some text editors, for example, are restricted to working with a single 8-bit [[character encoding]], and when unencodable characters are entered (e.g., by pasting from the clipboard), they are often blindly converted to question marks. Sometimes this happens to em and en dashes, even when the 8-bit encoding supports them, or when an alternative representation using hyphen-minuses would seem to be an option.
Any kind of dash can manifest directly in an [[HTML]] document, but HTML also allows them to be entered as [[character entity reference]]s. The entity names for the em dash and the en dash are mdash and ndash; therefore, they can be referenced in HTML as <code>&mdash;</code> and <code>&ndash;</code>. The equivalent [[numeric character reference]]s are <code>&#8212;</code> and <code>&#8211;</code>. Nearly all [[web browser]]s and [[operating system]]s used today are capable of rendering the numeric form, and almost as many correctly display the named form.
* In '''[[Unicode]]''', the figure dash, en dash, em dash, quotation dash, and swung dash correspond to characters U+2012, U+2013, U+2014, U+2015, and U+2053, respectively.
* In '''[[Mac OS]]''' using the Australian, British, Canadian, German, Irish, Irish Extended, Russian, U.S., or U.S. Extended keyboard layout, an en dash can be obtained by typing option-hyphen, while an em dash can be typed with option-shift-hyphen.
* In '''[[TeX]]''', an em dash is typed as three hyphens ("---"), an en dash as two hyphens ("--"), and a hyphen-minus as one hyphen ("-"). Mathematical minus is signified as "$-$".
* Under recent versions of '''[[X11]]''', you can obtain the ''em dash'' (—) by pressing the [[Compose key]] followed by - - - (triple hyphen-minus), and the ''en dash'' (–) can be obtained by pressing the Compose key followed by - - . (hyphen-minus, hyphen-minus, dot). In the absence of a [[compose key]], it can be emulated by remapping some other seldom used key.[http://process-of-elimination.net/wiki/Means_of_Composing_Accented_Characters_in_X_Window_System]
* On '''[[Plan 9 from Bell Labs|Plan 9]]''' systems, an en or em dash may be entered by pressing the [[Compose key]] (usually left Alt), followed by typing <tt>en</tt> or <tt>em</tt> respectively.
* In '''[[Microsoft Windows]]''', an em dash can be typed with ctrl + alt + numeric hyphen (on the numeric keypad, usually in the top-right corner), and an en dash can be typed with ctrl + numeric hyphen. This will not work with the hyphen key on the main keyboard (usually between "0" and "="), which has completely different functions. Alternatively, an en or em dash may be typed into most text areas by holding down the [[Alt key]] and pressing 0150 or 0151 respectively. The numbers must be typed on the numeric keypad with [[num lock]] turned on.
* With '''[[Microsoft Word]]''''s default settings (both Windows and Macintosh versions), an em dash symbol (not always a true em dash from the font) is automatically produced by Autocorrect when two unspaced hyphens are entered between words ("word--word"). An en dash (again, not always a true en dash from the font) is automatically produced when one or two hyphens surrounded by spaces are entered: ("word - word") or ("word -- word"). This feature can be disabled by customising Autocorrect. Other dashes, spaces, and special characters are possible, found through Tools → Customize… → Keyboard… → Common Symbols. Unassigned symbols (such as the true minus sign) can be assigned keyboard shortcuts through Insert → Symbol… → (select desired symbol) → Shortcut key… . To determine if the true en or em dash from the font are being used rather than a crossreferenced character from the Symbol font, copy and paste samples of the dashes into a text editor such as Windows Notepad. Using the true dash is important if one ever needs to share documents with other users in other applications or operating systems.
In professionally printed documents, a typographer sometimes adds [[hair space]], or, rarely, a full inter-word space, on either side of an em dash. In HTML it is possible to generate a hair space using the numeric character reference <code>&#8201;</code>, but current-generation web browsers are not uniformly supportive of this character, and may render it incorrectly.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/HyphensEnDashesEmDashes/HyphensEnDashesEmDashes_questions01.html Chicago Style Q&A — Hyphens, En Dashes, Em Dashes]
* Peter K. Sheerin, [http://www.alistapart.com/articles/emen/ The trouble with EM 'n EN]
* [http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/dashes.html Dashes and Hyphens]
* [http://blogs.officezealot.com/spiller/archive/2004/05/26/486.aspx Colons, Semicolons, and Em-dashes]
* [http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/ Commonly confused characters]
* [[meta:Help:Special characters|MediaWiki User's Guide to creating special characters]]
{{SpecialChars}}
{{Typography terms}}
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Typography]]
[[cv:Тире]]
[[da:Tankestreg]]
[[de:Halbgeviertstrich#Gedankenstrich]]
[[es:Raya (puntuación)]]
[[fr:Tiret]]
[[hr:Crtica (pravopis)]]
[[he:מקף]]
[[hu:Nagykötőjel]]
[[ja:ダッシュ (記号)]]
[[pl:Pauza (znak typograficzny)]]
[[pt:Travessão]]
[[ru:Тире]]
[[fi:Viivamerkit]]
[[sv:Streck (typografi)]]
[[th:ยัติภาค]]
[[wa:Tiret]]
[[zh:连接号]]