Demographics of Russia
25703
224954705
2008-07-11T04:30:00Z
Krawndawg
6617063
/* HIV/AIDS */
[[Image:Population of Russia from 1992 to January 2008.PNG|400px|thumb|Population (in millions) of Russia 1992-2007.<ref>Data from: Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat)</ref>]]
[[Russia]]'s area is about 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million sq. mi.). It remains the largest country in the world by more than 7 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq. mi.). Its population density is about 9 persons per square kilometer (22 per sq. mi.), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Its population is predominantly urban.
==Population data==
According to the [[2002 Russian Census]], Russia had a total population of 145,166,731, including 106,003,702 in the four European federal districts, and 39,129,729 in the three Asian federal districts. As of January 1, 2008, Russia's population declined to 142,008,838, according to the Russian State Statistics Service.<ref name=population>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080221/99803097.html Russia's population down 0.17% in 2007 to 142 mln] [[RIA Novosti]] Retrieved on March 15, 2008</ref><ref>[http://finance.rambler.ru/news/gks/14467053.html/ Оценка численности постоянного населения Российской Федерации] Retrieved on May 1, 2008</ref>
Most Russians derive from the [[Eastern Slavic]] family of peoples, the origins of which very little is known about. <ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rutoc.html A Country Study: Russia] [[Library of Congress]] Retrieved on March 16, 2008</ref>
'''Births:''' 1,602,387 (2007)<ref name=population/> <ref name=in>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/International_Business/Russian_policies_ignite_unprecedented_birth_rate_in_2007/articleshow/2750305.cms Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007] [[The Economic Times]] March 21, 2008</ref>
'''Deaths:''' 2,080,087 (2007)<ref name=population/>
'''Population Growth Rate:''' -0.17%<ref name=population/>
'''Birth rate:''' 11.28 births/1,000 population (2007)<ref name=population/><ref name=in/>
'''Death rate:''' 14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2007)<ref name=population/><ref name=in/>
'''Net migration rate:''' 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)<ref name=cia/>
'''Total fertility rate:''' 1.4 children born/woman (2008 est.)<ref name=cia/>
'''Sex ratio:'''<ref name=cia/>
<br>''at birth:'' 1.06 male(s)/female
<br>''under 15 years:'' 1.05 male(s)/female
<br>''15-64 years:'' 0.93 male(s)/female
<br>''65 years and over:'' 0.45 male(s)/female
<br>''total population:'' 0.86 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
'''Age structure:'''<ref name=cia/>
<br>''0-14 years:''
14.6% (male 10,577,858/female 10,033,254)
<br>''15-64 years:''
71.2% (male 48,187,807/female 52,045,102)
<br>''65 years and over:''
14.1% (male 6,162,400/female 13,695,673) (2008 est.)
'''Median Age:'''<ref name=cia/>
<br>''total:'' 38.3 years
<br>''male:'' 35.1 years
<br>''female:'' 41.4 years (2008 est.)
'''Life expectancy at birth:'''<ref name=gov>[http://www.duma-er.ru/news/29056 Продолжительность жизни россиян возросла с 2005 по 2007 г на 2,4 года, до 67,7 года] Retrieved on May 1, 2008</ref>
<br>''total population:'' 67.7 years
<br>''male:'' 61.5 years
<br>''female:'' 73.9 years (2007)
'''Infant mortality rate:''' <ref name=cia/>
<br>''total:'' 10.81 deaths/1,000 live births
<br>''male:'' 12.34 deaths/1,000 live births
<br>''female:'' 9.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
'''Suicide rate:'''
<br>Russia currently has a rate of 30 [[suicide]]s per 100,000 people<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/society/20080131/98094233.html One million people commit suicide every year globally] [[RIA Novosti]] Retrieved on March 21, 2008</ref>, which although among the highest [[List of countries by suicide rate|suicide rates]] in the world, has been steadily decreasing since it peaked in the late 90s<ref>[http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/russ.pdf WHO Russia suicide statistics] [[WHO]] retrieved on March 21, 2008</ref>, including a 30% drop from 2001 to 2006. About 22% of all suicides are committed by people aged 40-49, and almost six times as many Russian males commit suicide than females.
In 2006, the regions with the highest population growth rate were [[Chechnya]] (1.79%), [[Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug|Aginsky Buryatia]] (1.19%), [[Ingushetia]] (1.16%), [[Yamalo-Nenets]] (0.73%), [[Daghestan]] (0.65%), [[Yugra]] (0.62%), [[Tyumen]](0.48%), [[Altay Republic]] (0.45%), [[Tyva Republic]] (0.3%) and [[Moscow]] (0.22%). The regions with lowest growth rate were [[Koryakia]] (-2.68%), [[Magadan]] (-1.78%), [[Evenkia]] (-1.68%), [[Taymiria]] (-1.60%), [[Pskov]] (-1.56%), [[Smolensk]] (-1.25%), [[Tambov]] (-1.22%), [[Tula]] (-1.21%), [[Novgorod]] (-1.17%) and [[Kurgan]] (-1.16%). <ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0279/barom01.php На начало 2007 года постоянное население России насчитывало 142,2 миллиона человек] Retrieved on March 15, 2008</ref>
For detailed TFR by federal regions in 2005, see [[TFR by regions of Russia|TFR Russia]]
==Demographics==
===Declining population===
{{seealso|Aging of Europe}}
Lower birth rates and higher death rates reduced Russia's population at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year during the late 1990s and most of the 2000s. The UN warned that Russia's 2005 population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050.<ref name=t>{{cite web|author=Steven Eke|year=2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4125072.stm|title=Russia's population falling fast|format=HTML|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}Retrieved on March 15, 2008</ref> However, the number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy has had a positive impact on the country's low birth-rate, as it rose from its lowest point at 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to its current rate of 11.3 per 1000. 2007 marked the highest birth rate growth the country has seen in 25 years, according to the Minister for Health and Social Development, [[Tatyana Golikova]].<ref name=in/> For comparison, the US and UK birth rates in 2007 were 14.16 and 10.67 per 1000 respectively.
While the Russian birth-rate is comparable to that of other European countries, its population is declining at a much greater rate due to abnormally higher death rate (especially among working-age males due to poverty, abuse of alcohol and other substances, disease, stress, and other afflictions).{{Fact|date=March 2008}} For comparison, the current US death rate is 8.26 per 1000 and the UK death rate is 10.09 per 1000. However the Russian health ministry predicts that by 2011, the death rate will equal the birth rate due to increases in fertility and decline in mortality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080123/97616414.html|title=Russia's birth, mortality rates to equal by 2011 - ministry|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref>
In many developed countries [[rate of natural increase|rates of natural increase]] have also dropped below the long-term population replacement rate and immigration accounts for the continued rise in population.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of [[Putin|Vladimir Putin's]] 2006 state of the nation address.<ref name=mosnews>[http://www.mosnews.com/column/2006/05/11/PutinAddress.shtml Vladimir Putin’s State-of-the-Nation Address]</ref> As a result, a national programme was developed to reverse the trend by 2020, the results of which are already being seen. A new study published in 2007 shows that, as a whole, the rate of population decrease has slowed: if the net decrease in January-August 2006 was 408,200 people, this year in the same period it was 196,600. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006. At the same time in the 2007 period, there were just over 1 million births in Russia (981,600 in the 2006 period), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. Eighteen of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development hopes that by 2020 the population will stabilize at 138-139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143-145, raising the life expectancy to 75 years. <ref> Newsru, ''Население России за пять лет уменьшилось на 3,2 миллиона до 142 миллионов человек'', 19.Oct.2007 [http://www.newsru.com/russia/19oct2007/uzhe142.html Retrieved] same date </ref>
===Abortions===
It is estimated that there are more abortions than births in Russia. In 2004, at least 1.6 million women had an abortion (a fifth of them under the age of 18) and about 1.5 million gave birth. One of the reasons behind the high abortion rate is the fact that the birth of a first child pushes many families into poverty. <ref name=abortions>[http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/08/23/abortionproblems.shtml More Abortions Than Births in Russia — Health Official]</ref> However government steps to help curb the demographic crisis seem to have been taking effect. According to Andrei Seltsovsky, head of the Moscow health department, the number of recorded abortions in Moscow halved between 2000 and 2006, declining from 57,324 to 28,502.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070315/62060848.html 500 women in Moscow on waiting lists for in vitro fertilization] [[RIA Novosti]] Retrieved on March 21, 2008</ref>
Russia's fertility rate climbed from a low of 1.2 in 2000 to 1.39 in 2007. While still below the 2.1 replacement rate, it continues to show signs of improvement.<ref name=index>[http://www.indexmundi.com/russia/total_fertility_rate.html Indexmundi Fertility Rates] Retrieved on March 16, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.airninja.com/worldfacts/countries/Russia/fertilityrate.htm AirNinja.com - Fertility Rate In Russia 2000-2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Ethnic groups==
[[Image:COB data Russia.PNG|right|400px|thumb]]
{{main|Ethnic groups in Russia}}
{{see|List of indigenous peoples of Russia}}
The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different [[ethnic groups]] and [[indigenous people]]s. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically [[Russians|Russian]], followed by (groups larger than one million):
*3.83% [[Tatars]] (5,554,601)
*2.03% [[Ukrainians]] (2,942,961)
*1.15% [[Bashkirs]] (1,673,389)
*1.13% [[Chuvash people|Chuvashs]] (1,637,094)
*0.94% [[Chechen people|Chechens]] (1,360,253)
*0.78% [[Armenians]] (1,130,491)
Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group
The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language:
*[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] (total 84.07%; 83.27% Slavs)
**[[Russians]] 115,889,107 (79.83%)
**[[Ukrainians]] 2,942,961 (2.03%)
**[[Armenians]] 1,130,491 (0.78%)
**[[Belarusian Russians|Belarusians]] 807,970 (0.56%)
**[[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union|Germans]] 597,212 (0.41%)
**[[Ossetians]] 514,875 (0.35%)
**[[Roma people|Roma]] 182,766 (0.13%)
**[[Moldovans]] 172,330 (0.12%)
**[[Tajiks]] 120,136 (0.08%)
**[[Greeks]] 97,827 (0.07%)
**[[Poles]] 73,001 (0.05%)
**[[Lithuanians]] 45,569 (0.03%)
**[[Bulgarians]] 31,965 (0.02%)
**[[Latvians]] 28,520 (0.02%)
**[[Tats]] 2,303 (0.00%)
*[[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (total 8.36%)
**[[Tatars]] 5,554,601 (3.83%)
**[[Bashkirs]] 1,673,389 (1.15%)
**[[Chuvash people|Chuvashs]] 1,637,094 (1.13%)
**[[Kazakhs]] 653,962 (0.45%)
**[[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]] 621,840 (0.43%)
**[[Yakuts]] 443,852 (0.31%)
**[[Kumyks]] 422,409 (0.29%)
**[[Tuvans]] 243,442 (0.17%)
**[[Karachays]] 192,182 (0.13%)
**[[Uzbeks]] 122,916 (0.08%)
**[[Balkars]] 108426 (0.07%)
**[[Turkish people|Turks]] 95,672 (0.06%)
**[[Nogais]] 90,666 (0.06%)
**[[Khakas]] 75,622 (0.05%)
**[[Altay language|Altay peoples]] 67,239 (0.05%)
**[[Turkmen people|Turkmens]] 33,053 (0.02%)
**[[Kyrgyz]] 31,808 (0.02%)
**[[Shors]] 13,975 (0.01%)
**[[Gagauz]] 12,210 (0.01%)
**[[Dolgans]] 7,261 (0.01%)
**[[Crimean Tatars]] 4,131 (0.00%)
**[[Tofalar]] 837 (0.00%)
*[[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] (total 3.30%)
**[[Chechen people|Chechens]] 1,360,253 (0.94%)
**[[Caucasian Avars|Avars]] 814,473 (0.56%)
**[[Kabard]]ians 519,958 (0.36%)
**[[Dargin people|Dargins]] 510,156 (0.35%)
**[[Ingush people|Ingush]] 413,016 (0.28%)
**[[Lezgins]] 411,535 (0.28%)
**[[Georgian people|Georgians]] 197,934 (0.14%)
**[[Lak people (Dagestan)|Laks]] 156,545 (0.11%)
**[[Tabasarans]] 131,785 (0.09%)
**[[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] 128,528 (0.09%)
**[[Circassians]] 60.517 (0.04%)
**[[Persian people|Iranians]] 50,242 (0.036%)
**[[Abazins|Abazas]] 37,942 (0.03%)
**[[Rutuls]] 29,929 (0.02%)
**[[Aguls]] 28,297 (0.02%)
**[[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] 11,366 (0.01%)
**[[Tsakhurs]] 10,366 (0.01%)
*[[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] (1.86%)
**[[Mordvin people|Mordvins]] 843,350 (0.58%)
**[[Udmurt people|Udmurts]] 636,906 (0.44%)
**[[Mari people|Mari]] 604,298 (0.42%)
**[[Komi peoples|Komi]] 293,406 (0.20%)
**[[Komi peoples|Komi-Permyak]] 125,235 (0.09%)
**[[Karelians]] 93,344 (0.06%)
**[[Finnish people|Finns]] 34,050 (0.02%)
**[[Estonians]] 28,113 (0.02%)
**[[Mansi]] 11,432 (0.01%)
**[[Veps]] 8,240 (0.01%)
**[[Sami people|Sami]] 1,991 (0.00%)
**[[Izhorians]] 314 (0.00%)
*[[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] (0.05%)
**[[Nenets people|Nenets]] 41,302 (0.03%)
**[[Khanty people|Khanty]] 28,678 (0.02%)
**[[Selkups]] 4,249 (0.00%)
**[[Yukaghir]] 1,509 (0.00%)
**[[Nganasan people|Nganasans]] 834 (0.00%)
**[[Enets people|Enets]] 237 (0.00%)
*[[Mongols]] (0.43%)
**[[Buryats]] 445,175 (0.31%)
**[[Kalmyks]] 173,996 (0.12%)
*[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] 296,556 (0.20%)
*[[Semitic languages|Semitic peoples]] (0.17%)
**[[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Jews]] 229,938 (0.16%)
**[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] 13,649 (0.01%)
*[[Korean people|Koreans]] 148,556 (0.10%)
*[[Tungusic languages|Manchu-Tungus]] (0.02%)
**[[Evenks]] 35,527 (0.02%)
**[[Evens]] 19,071 (0.01%)
**[[Hezhen|Nanais]] 12,160 (0.01%)
**[[Ulchs]] 2,913 (0.00%)
**[[Udege]] 1,657 (0.00%)
**[[Oroch]]s 686 (0.00%)
**[[Negidals]] 567 (0.00%)
**[[Oroks]] 346 (0.00%)
*[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]] (0.02%)
**[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] 15,767 (0.01%)
**[[Koryaks|Koryak]] 8,743 (0.01%)
**[[Itelmens|Itelmeni]] 3,180 (0.00%)
**[[Chuvans]] 1,087 (0.00%)
*[[Nivkhs|Nivkh]] 5,162 (0.00%)
*[[Eskimo-Aleut languages|Eskimo-Aleut]]
**[[Eskimo]] 1,750 (0.00%)
**[[Aleut]] 540 (0.00%)
*[[Ket people|Ket]] 1,494 (0.00%)
Some 1.6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0.03%), including [[Hungarians]], [[Czech people|Czechs]], [[Albanians]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Spaniards]], [[Italian people|Italians]], [[Scandinavians]] and [[Romanians]].
An estimated 100,000 [[Africans]] either originating from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[North America|North]] or [[South America|South American]] nations are known to reside in Russia. Many of them came to Russia for college studies, while others were invited for political reasons or sought asylum, and in the 1970's the U.S. media reported an [[African-American]] colony in Russia, an estimated 20,000 of them, voluntarily migrants made up of intellectuals involved in the [[Civil rights movement]] and the Soviet Union [[Communist Party]]. {{Fact|date=June 2008}}
See also: [[Northern indigenous peoples of Russia]], [[Ethnic groups of Russia|Detailed Table of 2002 census]]
===Gradient===
The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. In 1970, Russia had the third largest population of [[Jews]] in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the [[United States]] and [[Israel]]. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Meskhetian Turks etc.), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Canada and Finland (Finns).
At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, There are an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|ex-Soviet]] states in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia cracking down on illegal migrants|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=March 15, 2008|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|accessdate =}}</ref> There is a significant inflow of ethnic [[Georgians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Tajiks]], and [[Ukrainians]] into big Russian cities, something that is viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and even gives rise to [[nationalist]] sentiments.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/10/75118827-7d89-462e-b4b5-6a433de19a49.html Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia] Retrieved on March 15, 2008</ref> Some [[Chinese people|Chinese]] flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the [[Russian Far East|Far East]] and in southern [[Siberia]]. Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance.
===Median age and fertility===
Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.
Median ages are strongly correlated with [[Total fertility rate|fertility rates]], ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age - [[Ingush people|Ingush]] - women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age - [[Jews]] - women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children. <ref>2002 Russian census, [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_12_05.htm Женщины наиболее многочисленных национальностей по возрастным группам и числу рожденных детей по субъектам Российской Федерации]</ref>
Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of [[Aliyah|Jewish emigration]].{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census. <ref>2002 Russian census, [http://perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_07.xls Население отдельных национальностей по возрастным группам и полу по субъектам Российской Федерации]</ref>
{| class = class="wikitable sortable"
!Ethnic Group
!Med Age
!Male
!Female
!Urban
!U.Male
!U.Female
!Rural
!R.Male
!R.Female
!Children/woman
(age 15+)
!Children/woman
(age 35+)
!Predominant religion of Ethnic Group
|----
| Russian
| 37.6
| 34.0
| 40.5
| 37.1
| 33.5
| 40.1
| 39.0
| 35.7
| 41.7
| 1.446
| 1.828
| Christianity
|----
| Tatar
| 37.7
| 35.3
| 39.6
| 37.2
| 34.7
| 39.1
| 38.8
| 36.5
| 41.1
| 1.711
| 2.204
| Islam
|----
| Ukrainian
| 45.9
| 44.7
| 47.3
| 45.6
| 44.5
| 46.8
| 47.0
| 45.2
| 49.0
| 1.726
| 1.946
| Christianity
|----
| Bashkir
| 34.2
| 32.1
| 36.2
| 32.9
| 30.6
| 34.7
| 35.4
| 33.3
| 37.6
| 1.969
| 2.658
| Islam
|----
| Chuvash
| 38.6
| 36.4
| 40.4
| 37.9
| 36.3
| 39.1
| 39.4
| 36.5
| 42.5
| 1.884
| 2.379
| Christianity
|----
| Chechen
| 22.8
| 22.1
| 23.5
| 22.9
| 22.5
| 23.4
| 22.7
| 21.9
| 23.5
| 2.163
| 3.456
| Islam
|----
| Armenian
| 32.8
| 33.4
| 32.0
| 33.0
| 33.7
| 32.2
| 32.1
| 32.6
| 31.5
| 1.68
| 2.225
| Christianity
|----
| Mordvin
| 44.4
| 42.1
| 46.9
| 44.2
| 42.3
| 45.9
| 44.7
| 41.7
| 48.5
| 1.986
| 2.303
| Christianity
|----
| Avar
| 24.6
| 23.8
| 25.4
| 23.8
| 23.4
| 24.1
| 25.1
| 24.0
| 26.2
| 2.09
| 3.319
| Islam
|----
| Belarusian
| 48.0
| 45.9
| 50.2
| 47.7
| 45.8
| 49.6
| 49.1
| 46.1
| 52.4
| 1.765
| 1.941
| Christianity
|----
|Kazakh/Kyrgyz
|30.2
|29.4
|31
|29.5
|29
|30.1
|30.6
|29.7
|31.4
|2.015
|2.964
| Islam
|----
| Udmurt
| 40.0
| 37.4
| 42.0
| 41.2
| 39.0
| 42.6
| 38.9
| 36.1
| 41.3
| 1.93
| 2.378
| Christianity
|----
| Azerbaijani
| 29.5
| 31.9
| 24.6
| 30.0
| 32.3
| 24.7
| 26.5
| 28.7
| 24.1
| 1.83
| 2.619
| Islam
|----
| Mari
| 36.7
| 34.5
| 38.5
| 36.4
| 34.6
| 37.7
| 36.9
| 34.5
| 39.3
| 1.917
| 2.493
| Christianity
|----
| German
| 39.7
| 38.2
| 41.2
| 39.6
| 38.0
| 41.0
| 40.0
| 38.4
| 41.4
| 1.864
| 2.443
| Christianity
|----
| Kabardin
| 28.2
| 27.1
| 29.3
| 28.8
| 27.4
| 30.2
| 27.7
| 26.9
| 28.4
| 1.799
| 2.654
| Islam
|----
| Ossetian
| 34.1
| 32.5
| 35.7
| 34.0
| 32.2
| 35.7
| 34.4
| 33.2
| 35.6
| 1.665
| 2.267
| Christianity
|----
| Dargwa
| 24.6
| 23.9
| 25.3
| 24.3
| 23.8
| 24.8
| 24.8
| 24.0
| 25.6
| 2.162
| 3.476
| Islam
|----
| Buryat
| 28.6
| 26.6
| 30.5
| 27.6
| 25.7
| 29.5
| 29.5
| 27.4
| 31.5
| 1.949
| 2.861
| Buddhism
|----
| Yakut
| 26.9
| 25.1
| 28.7
| 26.9
| 25.2
| 28.5
| 27.0
| 25.1
| 28.8
| 1.972
| 2.843
| Christianity
|----
| Kumyk
| 24.6
| 23.7
| 25.4
| 24.8
| 23.9
| 25.6
| 24.4
| 23.5
| 25.2
| 1.977
| 3.123
| Islam
|----
| Ingush
| 22.7
| 22.4
| 23.0
| 22.9
| 22.5
| 23.4
| 22.5
| 22.3
| 22.7
| 2.325
| 4.05
| Islam
|----
| Lezgian
| 25.4
| 25.2
| 25.7
| 25.0
| 25.2
| 24.8
| 25.9
| 25.2
| 26.6
| 2.045
| 3.275
| Islam
|----
| Komi
| 38.8
| 35.8
| 41.0
| 39.4
| 35.5
| 41.6
| 38.3
| 36.0
| 40.4
| 1.869
| 2.363
| Christianity
|----
| Tuvan
| 23.0
| 21.7
| 24.2
| 22.3
| 21.4
| 23.3
| 23.6
| 22.0
| 25.1
| 1.996
| 3.407
| Buddhism
|----
| Jewish
| 57.5
| 55.7
| 61.1
| 57.6
| 55.7
| 61.2
| 53.5
| 52.0
| 55.3
| 1.264
| 1.371
| Judaism
|----
| Karachay
| 29.5
| 28.3
| 30.5
| 27.6
| 26.4
| 28.9
| 30.5
| 29.5
| 31.5
| 1.86
| 2.836
| Islam
|----
| Kalmyk
| 31.3
| 29.2
| 33.3
| 28.6
| 26.3
| 31.3
| 33.9
| 32.6
| 35.1
| 1.853
| 2.625
| Buddhism
|----
| Adyghe
| 34.2
| 32.4
| 36.0
| 32.0
| 30.3
| 33.7
| 36.2
| 34.2
| 38.2
| 1.757
| 2.363
| Islam
|----
| Permyak
| 40.8
| 38.6
| 42.7
| 41.3
| 39.5
| 42.5
| 40.5
| 38.1
| 42.8
| 2.145
| 2.604
| Christianity
|----
| Balkar
| 30.1
| 29.5
| 30.7
| 29.3
| 28.8
| 29.8
| 30.9
| 30.1
| 31.9
| 1.689
| 2.624
| Islam
|----
| Karelian
| 45.7
| 42.4
| 48.6
| 44.7
| 41.3
| 47.2
| 47.0
| 43.5
| 51.2
| 1.823
| 2.108
| Christianity
|----
| Kazakh
| 30.7
| 28.4
| 32.9
| 30.1
| 27.9
| 32.4
| 31.2
| 28.8
| 33.5
| 1.872
| 2.609
| Islam
|----
| Altay
| 27.5
| 25.5
| 29.4
| 22.7
| 21.5
| 24.2
| 28.9
| 26.9
| 30.8
| 2.021
| 2.933
| Christianity
|----
| Cherkess
| 31.2
| 30.1
| 32.3
| 29.7
| 28.3
| 30.9
| 32.1
| 31.1
| 33.3
| 1.807
| 2.607
| Islam
|----
|}
==Languages==
[[Russian language|Russian]] is the common official language throughout [[Russia]] understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are [[endangered language|in danger of extinction]].
==Religion==
{{main|Religion in Russia}}
[[Image:St Basils Cathedral-500px.jpg|thumb|250px|[[St. Basil's Cathedral]], Moscow.]]
The most widespread religion in Russia is [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] dominated by [[Russian Orthodox Church]].
Since the end of Soviet rule, up to 60% of citizens of Russia, including up to 80% of ethnic Russians, have identified themselves as Orthodox,
Even non-religious ethnic Russians mostly associate themselves with Orthodox faith for cultural reasons <ref name=ecsocman>[http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2006/05/04/0000276258/35-Filatovx2c_Lunkin.pdf ''in Russian'':Социология религии]</ref>. The Second largest religion is [[Islam]], whose followers are estimated to comprise 10-15% of the population. The majority of [[Muslims]] live in the Volga-Urals region and the [[North Caucasus]], although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.<ref name=re>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90196.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007] Retrieved on March 29, 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html CIA - The World Factbook - Russia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include various [[Protestant]] faiths (a tiny minority, mainly peoples of western European origins), [[Roman Catholicism]], and [[Old Believers]]. There is some presence of [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Krishnaism]], as well. These religions typically occur among minority groups and are quite rare among ethnic Russians and other [[East Slavs|Slavic]] peoples. [[Shamanism]] and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes [[Syncretism|syncretized]] with one of the mainstream religions.
==Education==
{{main|Education in Russia}}
'''[[Literacy]]:'''
<br>''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write
<br>''total population:'' 99.4% (2002)
<br>''male:'' 99.7%
<br>''female:'' 99.2%<ref name=cia>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html#People Russia CIA World Factbook] [[CIA World Factbook]] updated 6 March, 2008</ref>
Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance [[Tatar language|Tatar]] (1%), [[Yakut language|Yakut]] (0.4%) etc.
About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on [[science and technology]] in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.<ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/Russia/russia-country-guide/ Russia country guide — EUbusiness.com - business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The number of physicians in relation to the population is high by world standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is generally below Western standards.
==Labour force==
The Russian [[labour force]] is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the [[Russian economy]]. The [[unemployment]] rate in Russia was 5.9% as of 2007. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the [[Russian financial crisis|1998 economic crisis]], the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2007 about 15% of the population was living below the [[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|national poverty line]], compared to 40% in 1999.<ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=rs&v=69 Indexmundi Poverty Rates] Retrieved on March 16, 2008</ref><ref>Российская газета. Неравномерности роста - Между регионами остаются серьёзные различия. (''[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]], Unevenness of the growth - Significant discrepancies remain between the regions''), 19.09.2007</ref> The average salary in Russia was $540 (about $920 [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) per month in August 2007, up from $65 per month in August 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Putin’s Economy—Eight Years On|publisher=russiaprofile.org|url=http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Business&articleid=a1187177738|accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref>
==Health==
In 2007 the leading cause of death in Russia was [[cardiovascular disease]], causing about 50% (1.1 million) of all deaths. Alcohol abuse, road accidents and cancer claimed about 500,000 lives, or a quarter of all deaths.<ref name=population/>
As of 2007, the average life expectancy in Russia is 61.5 years for males and 73.9 years for females.<ref name=gov>[http://www.duma-er.ru/news/29056 Продолжительность жизни россиян возросла с 2005 по 2007 г на 2,4 года, до 67,7 года] Retrieved on May 1, 2008</ref> The average Russian life expectancy of 67.7 years at birth is 10.8 years shorter than the overall figure in the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|title=European Union|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> The biggest factor that contributes to the relatively low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes such as accidents, alcohol poisoning, violent crimes, heart disease etc.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as [[AIDS]]/[[HIV]] and [[tuberculosis]]. Both diseases became widespread in Russia in the 1990s. However, the underlying problems with health care in Russia predate the post-Soviet period.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} The Soviet Union had been increasingly lagging behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. By 1985, life expectancy for males was 62.7 years in Russia, compared to 71.6 in Great Britain and 74.8 in Japan.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} The turmoil in the early 1990s and the economic crisis in 1998 caused{{Fact|date=May 2008}} life expectancy in Russia to go down while it was steadily growing in the rest of the world. Recently however it has begun to rise again; Between 2005 - 2007 the male life expectancy in Russia rose from 58.9 years to 61.5, increasing the overall life expectancy by 2.4 years to 67.7.<ref name=gov/>
===HIV/AIDS===
{{main|HIV/AIDS}}
As of 2008, the HIV epidemic in Russia continues to grow, but at a slower pace than in the late 1990s, according to a report by [[UNAIDS]]. At the end of December 2007, the number of registered HIV cases in Russia was 416,113, with 42,770 new registered cases that year. The actual number of people living with HIV in Russia is estimated to be about 940,000.<ref name=aids2>[http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/jc1529_epibriefs_eeurope_casia_en.pdf Eastern Europe and Central Asia AIDS epidemic update] [[UNAIDS]] Retrieved on May 3, 2008</ref> In 2007, 83% of HIV infections in Russia were registered among injecting drug users, 6% among sex workers, and 5% among and prisoners.<ref>[http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/russia_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf UNAIDS Russia] [[UNAIDS]] Retrieved on July 11, 2008</ref> However, there is clear evidence of a significant rise in [[heterosexual]] [[STDs|transmission]]. In 2007, 93.19% of adults and children with advanced HIV infection were receiving antiretroviral therapy. <ref name=aids2/><ref name=aids>[http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/russian_federation.asp UNAIDS: Russian Federation] [[UNAIDS]] Retrieved on March 15, 2008</ref>
The Russian Federation has demonstrated a high-level commitment in response to the AIDS epidemic. In April 2006, the [[State Council of the Russian Federation|State Council]] met with the [[Russian President]] to set goals for developing a strategy for responding to AIDS; improving coordination, through the creation of a high-level multisectoral governmental commission on AIDS; and establishing a unified monitoring and evaluation system. A new Federal AIDS Program for 2007 - 2011 was also developed and adopted. [[Federal funding]] for the national AIDS response in 2006 had increased more than twentyfold compared to 2005, and the 2007 budget doubled that of 2006, adding to the already substantial funds provided by the main donor organizations.<ref name=aids/>
Coordination of activities in responding to AIDS remains a challenge for Russia, despite increased efforts. In 2006, [[HIV#Treatment|treatment]] for some patients was interrupted due to delays in tender procedures and unexpected difficulties with customs. Additionally, lack of full commitment to an in-depth program for [[sex education|education on sex]] and [[drug education|drugs]] in schools hinders effective prevention programs for children.<ref name=aids/>
==Main cities==
[[Moscow]] is the largest city (population 10.4 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the centre of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and business centre. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for [[foreign investment]] and business presence.
[[Saint Petersburg]] (population 4.7 million), established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the [[Russian Empire]], was called Petrograd during [[World War I]] and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed Saint Petersburg. Under the Tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, financial, and industrial centre. After the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial centre.
[[Novosibirsk]] is the largest city in Siberia, a major industrial city and a transportation hub. The most prominent Russian university outside Moscow and Saint Petersburg—[[Novosibirsk State University]]—is located in a suburb of Novosibirsk.
[[Vladivostok]], located in the [[Russian Far East]], is becoming an important centre for trade with the [[Pacific Rim]] countries.
{{Russian cities}}
==Rural life==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}}
[[Rural]] life in the [[Russian Federation]] is distinct from many other nations. Villages close to larger cities are usually similar to [[United States|American]] [[suburbs]]. However, villages far from towns are classified by poor living conditions: low salaries, well water, lack of heating equipment, and sometimes lack of electricity (mostly in [[Siberia]]). Sanitation and hygiene is also very poor in some areas that completely lack any plumbing whatsoever. Relatively few Russian people live in villages, called ''derevnyas'' in Russian (rural population accounted for 27% according to the latest census<ref>{{cite web|title=Resident population|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-01.htm|accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref>). Some people rent village houses and use them as [[dacha]]s, summer houses. Most people in Russia live in the major urban areas.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Demographics of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Demographics of Siberia]]
*[[Russian Empire Census]]
==References==
*Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth [http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF124/index.html Russia's Demographic "Crisis"] 1996 [[RAND]] ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
*Jessica Griffith [http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/russianheartland/WP03_Demographics_July04.pdf The Regional Consequences of Russia’s Demographic Crisis] [[University of Leicester]]
* Iranians Diaspora in Russia :[[http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html]]
==External links==
*[http://eng.expert.ru/printissues/expert/2008/06/dalshe_sami/ Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)]
*[http://hitxp.wordpress.com/2007/09/13/solution-to-the-russian-population-problem/ Solution to the Russian Population Problem]
*[http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbprint.html Interactive statistics for all countries], site of [[United States Census Bureau|US Census bureau]].
*[http://www.prb.org/pdf06/06WorldDataSheet.pdf 2006 World Population Data Sheet] of the [[Population Reference Bureau]]
*[http://www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra13a.htm Population density and distribution maps] (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
*[http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk.exe?total Ethnic groups of Russia]
*[http://longevity-science.org/Russia-Gavrilova-PAA-2005.pdf Problems with mortality data in Russia]
*[[Russian Empire]]:
**[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/index1.shtml The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire]
* Iranians Diaspora in Russia: [[http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html]]
**{{ru icon}} [http://www.kommersant.ru/k-money-old/story.asp?m_id=32801 В погоне за малыми], an article about treatment of minorities in the [[Russian Empire]], [[Kommersant]]-Money, October 25, 2005
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9106762987895287402&hl=nl Death of a nation, a documentary about the dwindling Russian population: causes and consequences]
*[http://www.expert.ru/printissues/expert/2007/09/demograficheskaya_situaciya_v_rossii/ Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)]
{{Demographics of Europe}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Europe topic|Ethnic groups in}}
[[Category:Demographics of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Russian population groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[bg:Население на Русия]]
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[[el:Δημογραφία της Ρωσίας]]
[[es:Demografía de Rusia]]
[[fr:Démographie de la Russie]]
[[ko:러시아의 주민]]
[[lt:Rusijos demografija]]
[[pt:Demografia da Rússia]]
[[ru:Демографическая ситуация в Российской Федерации]]
[[sv:Rysslands demografi]]
[[zh:俄罗斯人口]]