Deodorant
318895
224311262
2008-07-08T08:03:32Z
Matt Beard
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 224282355 by [[Special:Contributions/69.231.87.41|69.231.87.41]] ([[User talk:69.231.87.41|talk]]) remove pointless text
{{POV|date=April 2008}}
{{Cleanup|date=May 2008}}
[[Image:Deoroller DB.jpg|thumb|100px|Roll-on deodorant Rexona "Degree" brand]]
'''Deodorants''' are substances applied to the body, most frequently the [[armpit]]s, to reduce the [[body odor]] caused by the bacterial breakdown of [[perspiration]]. A subgroup of deodorants are "antiperspirants", which prevent odor and reduce sweat produced by parts of the body. Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants can also be used on [[Foot|feet]] and other areas in the form of body sprays.
==Overview==
[[Image:Stick deodorant.jpg|thumb|Stick deodorant]]
Human sweat itself is largely odorless until it is fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments such as the human underarm. The armpits are among the consistently warmest areas on the surface of the human body, and [[sweat gland]]s provide moisture. [[Underarm hair]] adds to the odor by providing increased surface area on which these bacteria thrive. Body odor is controlled by reducing moisture, killing bacteria or masking the bacteria's smell with perfume.
Deodorants — classified and regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) cosmetics by the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) {{Fact|date=June 2007}} — work to inhibit the growth of [[bacterium|bacteria]] which cause odors. The first commercial deodorant, [[Mum (deodorant)|Mum]], was introduced in the late [[nineteenth century]]. Deodorants are usually alcohol-based, which kills bacteria effectively.<ref>[http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/antiperspirant-deodorant-stick How Products Are Made: Antiperspirant/Deodorant Stick]</ref> Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such as [[triclosan]], or with metal [[chelant]] compounds that slow bacterial growth. Deodorants also often contain [[perfume]] fragrances intended to mask the odor of perspiration.
Deodorants may be combined with '''antiperspirants''' — classified as drugs by the FDA — which attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. [[Aluminium chloride]], [[aluminium chlorohydrate]], and [[aluminium]]-[[zirconium]] compounds, most notably [[Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly]] and [[Aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrex gly]], are the most widely used antiperspirants. Aluminium-based complexes react with the electrolytes in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural [[Desquamation|sloughing]] of the skin. The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person.
The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by [[Jules Montenier]] on January 28, 1941. <ref>United States Patent No. 2,230,084 </ref> This patent solved the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminium chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. <ref> Id. </ref> This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s". <ref>Time, Friday July 12, 1963. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940327,00.html </ref>. "Stopette" gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show ''[[What's My Line?]]'', and was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.
A popular alternative to modern commercial deodorants is [[ammonium alum]], which is a common type of [[alum]] sold in crystal form. It has been used as a deodorant throughout history in Thailand, the Far East, Mexico and other countries.
Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, [[aerosol spray]]s are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In the United States, solid or gel forms are dominant.
==Health effects==
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}
Email rumors<ref>[http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/blbrcanc.htm About: Urban Legends and Folklore – Antiperspirants Cause Breast Cancer]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/405_sweat.html |title=Antiperspirant Awareness: It's Mostly No Sweat |last=Rados |first=Carol |date=July-August 2005 |publisher=FDA.gov |accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref> surfaced on the Internet in the early 1990s that antiperspirants have a link in causing breast cancer; these are now widely considered to be an urban myth. According to the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI) and the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS), these rumors are largely unsubstantiated by scientific research.<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/AP-Deo Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers]</ref><ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/MED/content/MED_6_1x_Antiperspirants.asp> </ref> The rumors suggested that antiperspirants keep a person from sweating out toxins and that this would help the spread of cancer-causing toxins via the lymph nodes.
NCI discusses two studies that address the breast cancer rumor: A 2002 study of over 800 patients at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute that found no link between breast cancer and the use of antiperspirant/deodorant;<ref>http://jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/jnci;94/20/1578.pdf</ref> and a study of 437 cancer patients, published in 2003 by the European Journal of Cancer Prevention, which found a correlation between earlier diagnosis of breast cancer and antiperspirant/deodorant use.<ref name="An earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis related to more frequent use of antiperspirants/deodorants and underarm shaving.">[http://www.eurjcancerprev.com/pt/re/ejcp/abstract.00008469-200312000-00006.htm European Journal of Cancer Prevention - Abstract: Volume 12(6) December 2003 p 479-485 An earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis related to more frequent use of antiperspirants/deodorants and underarm shaving<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The NCI's analysis of the second study said that it "does not demonstrate a conclusive link between these underarm hygiene habits and breast cancer. Additional research is needed to investigate this relationship and other factors that may be involved."<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/AP-Deo Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer - National Cancer Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
One school of thought, advanced by the studies of researcher Phillipa Darbre, PhD, hypothesizes that particular substances in deodorants, such as preservatives called parabens, or aluminum salts such as aluminum chloride used in antiperspirants, get into the bloodstream or accumulate in breast tissue, where they enhance or emulate the effects of estrogen, which stimulates the growth of cancerous breast cells.<ref name="Aluminum, antiperspirants and breast cancer.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16045991&query_hl=26&itool=pubmed_docsum Aluminium, antiperspirants and breast cancer. [J Inorg Biochem. 2005] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2004/Parabens-Breast-Tumours1jan04.htm Concentrations of Parabens in Human Breast Tumours - Journal of Applied Toxicology v.24, i.1, 1jan04<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The ACS and other scientists consider these studies to be early and inconclusive, but merit further research; Darbre also stated that her findings did not show causality. The main reservations have to do with the source and significance of the parabens or other toxic substances.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/MED/content/MED_6_1x_Antiperspirants.asp ACS :: Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer Risk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Michael Thun, MD, of the ACS argued that even if some of the substances in antiperspirants do promote tumor growth, the risk from cosmetic use appears minuscule compared with other known tumor promoters — from 500 to 10,000 times less potent than taking oral estrogen or being obese.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/content/article/79/96226.htm Antiperspirant Chemical Found in Breast Tumors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Kris G. McGrath, MD, continues to point out the relationship between antiperspirants / deodorants and breast cancer. One of his studies published in 2003 revealed a significant earlier age of diagnoses in those women who more frequently used antiperspirants and shaved their underarms, than those women who less frequently did these habits and especially than those who did not use these products or shave.<ref>[http://www.controlyourimpact.com/2008/02/up-in-arms-over-underarms-antiperspirants-deodorants-and-breast-cancer/ Up in Arms over Underarms<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Renal Dysfunction===
The [[FDA]] warns "that people with renal dysfunction may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing
aluminum may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminum in the product." <ref name="FDA Register Vol 68 No 110.">[http://www.fda.gov/cder/otcmonographs/Antiperspirant/antiperspirant_FR_20030609.pdf</ref> The agency warns people with renal dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum.
===Aluminum neurotoxicity===
{{POV|date=May 2008}}
[[Aluminum]] has been established as a [[neurotoxin]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2671833&dopt=Citation Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in mem...[Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1989] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Aluminum chloride, an aluminum salt that is commonly used in antiperspirants, is also commonly used in studies on aluminum-induced neurotoxicity.<ref name="Aluminum-Induced Imbalance in Oxidant and Antioxidant Determinants in Brain Regions of Female Rats: Protection by Centrophenoxine">[http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=v5732m8447x62217 Aluminium-Induced Imbalance in Oxidant and Antioxidant Determinants in Brain Regions of Female Rats: Protection by Centrophenoxine - Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Effects of aluminum on the neurotoxicity of primary cultured neurons and on the aggregation of beta-amyloid protein.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11470317&dopt=Citation Effects of aluminum on the neurotoxicity of primar...[Brain Res Bull. 2001] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="A morphological analysis of the motor neuron degeneration and microglial reaction in acute and chronic in vivo aluminum chloride neurotoxicity.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10697247&dopt=Citation A morphological analysis of the motor neuron degen...[J Chem Neuroanat. 2000] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Cholinergic and noradrenergic toxicity of intraventricular [[aluminum chloride]] in the rat hippocampus.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2790490&dopt=Citation Cholinergic and noradrenergic toxicity of intraven...[Brain Res. 1989] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Aluminum-induced acute cholinergic neurotoxicity in rat.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1388451&dopt=Citation Aluminum-induced acute cholinergic neurotoxicity i...[Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1992] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Aluminum itself adversely affects the [[blood-brain barrier]], it is capable of causing [[DNA]] damage, and has adverse [[epigenetic]] effects.<ref name="Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2671833&dopt=Citation Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in mem...[Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1989] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="A comet assay study reveals that aluminum induces DNA damage and inhibits the repair of radiation-induced lesions in human peripheral blood lymphocytes">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16139969&dopt=Citation A comet assay study reveals that aluminium induces...[Toxicol Lett. 2006] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Research has shown that the aluminum salts used in antiperspirants have detrimental effects to a number of species such as non-human [[primates]],<ref name="Alterations in lipid composition and neuronal injury in primates following chronic aluminum exposure.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9522055&dopt=Citation Alterations in lipid composition and neuronal inju...[Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[mice]],<ref name="Transplacental passage of aluminum from pregnant mice to fetus organs after maternal transcutaneous exposure">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9306136&dopt=Abstract Transplacental passage of aluminum from pregnant m...[Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[dogs]]<ref name="Rapid Communications: Antiperspirant Induced DNA Damage in Canine Cells by Comet Assay">[http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=njfef0wqr5axey9u Rapid Communications: Antiperspirant Induced DNA Damage in Canine Cells by Comet Assay - Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and others. An increased amount of aluminum is also present in the brains of many [[Alzheimer's]] patients, although this link does not seem to be causal.<ref name="Aluminum, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzheimer's disease.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=963531&dopt=Citation Aluminium, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzhei...[Brain. 1976] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease.">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=737258&dopt=Abstract Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease. [Biol Psychiatry. 1978] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Alzheimer's Society aluminum information">[http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/Facts_about_dementia/Risk_factors/info_aluminium.htm Aluminium and Alzheimer’s disease - Alzheimer's Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
An experiment with mice found that applying an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride to the skin resulted in "a significant increase in urine, serum, and whole brain aluminum."<ref name="Bioaccumulation of water soluble aluminum chloride in the hippocampus after transdermal uptake in mice">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8534202&dopt=Abstract Bioaccumulation of water soluble aluminium chlorid...[Arch Toxicol. 1995] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Other experiments on pregnant mice showed transplacental passage of aluminum chloride.<ref name="Transplacental passage of aluminum from pregnant mice to fetus organs after maternal transcutaneous exposure">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9306136&dopt=Abstract Transplacental passage of aluminum from pregnant m...[Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Culture==
[[Culture]]s and individuals differ in their beliefs about the need for deodorant, and on whether bodily odors are offensive. Various [[food]]s such as [[garlic]] may also affect body odor.
Commercially-manufactured deodorants may also target areas of the body other than the armpits, such as the [[genitals]], and particularly the [[female]] genitals. Such products are sometimes the target of sexually graphic [[humor]].
[[Tom Robbins]]' novel ''[[Even Cowgirls Get the Blues]]'' involves a humorous [[Plot (narrative)|plot]] line that takes a position in favor of natural body odors, and presents the positions of those on both sides of the issue.
An episode of ''[[Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends]]'' features the lead character, [[List of main characters in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends#Blooreguard .22Bloo.22 Q. Kazoo|Bloo]], as the mascot for an ineffective deodorant called "Deo".
"[[Ode To Deodorant]]" was the first song recorded by [[United Kingdom|British]] band [[Coldplay]] as an ensemble.
==Clothing==
[[Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly]], a common antiperspirant, is a cause of "armpit stains" on clothing, reacting with sweat to create yellow stains. [http://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_250/278b_fashion_advice.html]
==See also==
{{Wiktionarypar|deodorant|antiperspirant}}
* [[Air freshener]]
* [[Perfume]]
==References==
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