Deportation
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fixed vandalism
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'''Deportation''', not to be confused with [[extradition]], generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or [[country]]. The expulsion of natives is also called [[banishment]], [[exile]], or [[Penal_transportation|transportation]]). Historically, it also referred to [[penal transportation]].
==Internal deportation==
[[Image:Vertreibung 1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Germans being deported from the [[Sudetenland]] in the aftermath of World War II]]
Deportation can also happen within a state, when (for example) an individual or a group of people is forcibly resettled to a different part of the country. If ethnic groups are affected by this, it is also referred to as [[population transfer]]. The rationale is often that these groups might assist the enemy in war or insurrection. For example, the American state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] deported 400 female mill workers during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] on the suspicion they were Northern sympathizers.<ref>Dillman, ''The Roswell Mills and A Civil War Tragedy: Excerpts from Days Gone by in Alpharetta and Roswell, Georgia,'' 1996; Hitt, ''Charged with Treason: The Ordeal of 400 Mill Workers During Military Operations in Roswell, Georgia, 1864-1865,'' 1992.</ref>
During [[World War II]], [[Volga German]]s, [[Chechens]], and others in the [[Soviet Union]] were deported by [[Joseph Stalin]] (see [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]) and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Japanese Americans]] were deported in the [[United States of America]] by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (see [[Japanese American internment]]).
In the 19th century, the [[federal government of the United States]] (particularly during the administration of President [[Andrew Jackson]]) deported numerous [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes. The most infamous of these deportations became known as the [[Trail of Tears]]. American state and local authorities also practiced deportation of undesirables, criminals, [[union organizer]]s, and others. In the late 19th and early 20th century, deportation of union members and [[trade union|labor]] leaders was not uncommon during [[strike action|strikes]] or labor disputes.<ref>Deportation is the term commonly used to depict ejecting an individual from a political or legal jurisdiction. It has been used by the press, legal community, historians and sociologists. See, variously, "Lewis Attacks Deportation of Leaders by West Virginia Authorities," ''New York Times,'' July 17, 1921; "The Law of Necessity As Applied in the Bisbee Deportation Case," ''Arizona Law Review,'' 1961; Martin, ''The Corpse On Boomerang Road: Telluride's War on Labor, 1899-1908,'' 2004; Silverberg, "Citizens' Committees: Their Role in Industrial Conflict," ''Public Opinion Quarterly,'' March 1941; Suggs, ''Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners,'' 1991; Lindquist and Fraser, "A Sociological Interpretation of the Bisbee Deportation," ''Pacific Historical Review,'' November 1968. Deportation has been used to describe these events by Presidential commissions; see President's Mediation Commission, ''Report on the Bisbee Deportations,'' 1918. Even the U.S. Supreme Court has referred to forced internal removal as deportation; see ''[[United States v. Guest]],'' [[case citation|383 U.S. 745]], (1966), Harlan, concurring in part and dissenting in part, at 766.</ref> For an example, see the [[Bisbee Deportation]].
==External deportation==
Almost all countries reserve the right of deportation of foreigners, even those who are longtime [[Residency (domicile)|residents]]. In general, deportation is reserved for foreigners who commit serious crimes, enter the country illegally, overstay their [[Visa (document)|visa]], or face [[trial]] by another country (see [[extradition]]). It can also be used on non-criminal visitors and foreign residents who are considered to be a threat to the country. Deportation is generally done directly by the [[government]]'s [[executive (government)|executive]] apparatus rather than by order or authority of a [[court]], and as such is often subject to a simpler legal process (or none), with reduced or no right to trial, legal representation or [[appeal]].
Deportation often requires a specific process that must be validated by a court or senior Minister. It should therefore not be confused with [[Administrative Removal]], which is the process of a country refusing to allow an individual to enter that country.
===Deportation from the United States===
Any alien that is in the United States may be subject to deportation or removal if he or she:
*Is an inadmissible alien according to immigration laws in effect at the time of entry to the U.S. or adjustment of nonimmigrant status;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Is present in the U.S. in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act or any other U.S. law;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Violated nonimmigrant status or a condition of entry into the U.S.;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Terminated a conditional permanent residence;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Encouraged or aided any other alien to enter the U.S. illegally;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Engaged in marriage fraud to gain admission to the U.S.;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Was convicted of certain criminal offenses;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Failed to register or falsified documents relating to entry in to the U.S.;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Engaged in any activity that endangers public safety or creates a risk to national security;{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Engaged in unlawful voting; or{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*Failed to resubmit address info to immigration officals every three months, whether or not they have actually moved.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
The last item in the above list is seldomly enforced unless the state sees fit. For instance, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, this policy allowed for roughly 2,000 Pakistanis to be deported.{{POV-statement|date=June 2008}}{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
There are numerous protections and sources of relief from deportation proceedings in the United States. As such, there are Immigration attorneys that specialize in removals and deportation proceedings. Many times, the immigrant is able to benefit from available sources of relief such as: asylum,<ref>[http://www.immigrationtest.org/asylum.html http://www.immigrationtest.org/asylum.html]</ref> withholding of removal, adjustment of status<ref>[http://www.immigrationtest.org/getgreencard.html http://www.immigrationtest.org/getgreencard.html]</ref> if married to a US Citizen spouse, and cancellation of removal<ref>[http://www.immigrationtest.org/relieffromdeportation.html http://www.immigrationtest.org/relieffromdeportation.html]</ref>. It is important to note that there are also waivers<ref>[http://www.immigrationtest.org/waiversfordeportation.html http://www.immigrationtest.org/waiversfordeportation.html]</ref> available against inadmissibility and removability of an individual during deportation proceedings.
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*Dillman, Caroline Matheny. ''The Roswell Mills and A Civil War Tragedy: Excerpts From Days Gone by in Alpharetta and Roswell, Georgia.'' Vol. 1. Roswell, Ga.: Chattahoochee Press, 1996. ISBN 0963425307
*Hitt, Michael D. ''Charged with Treason: The Ordeal of 400 Mill Workers During Military Operations in Roswell, Georgia, 1864-1865.'' Monroe, N.Y.: Library Research Associates, 1992. ISBN 0912526556
*"The Law of Necessity As Applied in the Bisbee Deportation Case." ''Arizona Law Review.'' 3:2 (1961).
*"Lewis Attacks Deportation of Leaders by West Virginia Authorities." ''New York Times.'' July 17, 1921.
*Lindquist, John H. and Fraser, James. "A Sociological Interpretation of the Bisbee Deportation." ''Pacific Historical Review.'' 37:4 (November 1968).
*Martin, MaryJoy. ''The Corpse On Boomerang Road: Telluride's War on Labor, 1899-1908.'' Lake City, Colo.: Western Reflections Publishing Co., 2004. ISBN 1932738029
*Silverberg, Louis G. "Citizens' Committees: Their Role in Industrial Conflict." ''Public Opinion Quarterly.'' 5:1 (March 1941).
*Suggs, Jr., George G. ''Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners.'' 2nd ed. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. ISBN 0806123966
*President's Mediation Commission. ''Report on the Bisbee Deportations Made by the President's Mediation Commission to the President of the United States.'' Washington, D.C.: President's Mediation Commission, November 6, 1917.
*Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen, "Deportation and the liberal state: the involuntary return of asylum seekers and unlawful migrants in Canada, the UK, and Germany", New Issues in Refugee Research: Working Paper Series, No. 77, Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2003
==See also==
*[[Ten Lost Tribes|Israelite deportation]] (historical)
*[[Trail of tears]] (historical)
*[[Acadian deportation]] (historical)
*[[Bisbee Deportation]] (historical)
*[[Prussian deportations]] of 1885-1890 (historical)
*[[Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II|German Expulsion]]
*[[ethnic cleansing]]
*[[exile]]
*[[illegal immigrant]]
*[[immigration detention centres]]
*[[Maher Arar]]
*[[penal transportation]]
*[[Persona non grata]]
*[[population transfer]]
*[[forced migration]]
[[Category:Deportation| ]]
[[Category:Immigration to the United Kingdom]]
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[[fr:Déportation]]
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[[sr:Депортација]]
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