Derby
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2008-07-12T16:00:06Z
Michig
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225221603 by [[Special:Contributions/Ldyaml|Ldyaml]] ([[User talk:Ldyaml|talk]])
{{This|the city in England|Derby (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
|official_name = Derby
|other_name =
|native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Unitary authority|U.A.]] & [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->
|motto = "Industria, Virtus, et Fortitudo"
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|map_caption = Derby shown within England
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<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
|subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]]
|subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Constituent country]]}}
|subdivision_name1 = [[England]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[East Midlands]]
|subdivision_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]}}|subdivision_name3 = [[Derbyshire]]
|subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ
|subdivision_name4 = Derby
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Unitary authority]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]
|leader_title = Governing body
|leader_name = Derby City Council
|leader_title1 = [[Local government in England#Councils and councillors|Leadership]]
|leader_name1 = Leader & Cabinet
|leader_title2 = <!-- Executive -->
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 = <!-- [[MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005|MPs]] -->
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = [[Anno Domini|AD]] 600
|established_title2 = City Status
|established_date2 = 1977|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
<!-- Area --------------------->
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 78.03<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
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<!-- Population ----------------------->
|population_as_of = 2006 est.
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 236,300
|population_density_km2 = 3028
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
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|population_urban = 236,300
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|population_blank2_title = Ethnicity </br><small>([[Office of National Statistics]] 2005 Estimate)<ref>http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276826&c=derby&d=13&e=13&g=393297&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1206486754096&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812</ref> </small>
|population_blank2 = 85.8% White<br>8.9% S. Asian<br>2.2% Black British<br>1.1% Chinese and other<br>2.0% Mixed Race
|population_density_blank2_km2 =
|population_density_blank2_sq_mi =
<!-- General information --------------->
|timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
|utc_offset = +0
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|latd=52 |latm=55.32 |lats= |latNS=N
|longd=1 |longm=28.55 |longs= |longEW=W
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}}
'''Derby''' (pronounced "dar-bee" {{IPA|/dˈɑːbɪ/}}) {{audio|En-derby.ogg|listen}} is a [[city status in the United Kingdom|city]] in the [[East Midlands]] of [[England]]. It lies on the banks of the [[River Derwent, Derbyshire|River Derwent]] and is surrounded by the [[non-metropolitan county|shire county]] of [[Derbyshire]]. In the 2001 census the population of the borough was [[List of English districts by population|233,700]], whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was [[List of English cities by population|229,407]]. Measured by Urban Area, Derby is the 18th largest settlement in England. A person from Derby is called a Derbian or a Derbrarian.
<!-- If you are from Derby you are refered to as a Derbidian (pronounced "dar-bid-ion") substantiation needed -->
==History==
===Origins===
The City has Roman, Saxon and Viking connections.
The Roman camp of 'Derventio' was probably at Little Chester/Chester Green ({{gbmapping|SK353375}});
The site of the old Roman fort is at Chester Green. Later the town was one of the '[[Five Burghs|Five Boroughs]]' (fortified towns) of the [[Danelaw]].
[[Image:Derby Cathedral.jpg|thumb|The Tower of [[Derby Cathedral]], Englands third tallest ([[Anglican]]) cathedral church tower<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youandyesterday.co.uk/articles/Derby_Cathedral|title=Derby Cathedral|work=You & Yesterday|accessdate=2008-02-04]]}}</ref>]]
The popular belief is that the name 'Derby' is a corruption of the Danish and Gaelic ''Djúra-bý'' (recorded in [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] as ''Deoraby'') (Village of the Deer); however some assert that it is a corruption of the original Roman name 'Derventio'. The town was also named 'Darby' or 'Darbye' on some of the oldest maps, eg. Speed's 1610 map. Derby recently celebrated its 2,000th year as a settlement.
New research (2004) into the history and archaeology of Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons probably co-existed, occupying two areas of land surrounded by water. The [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] (c. 900) says that "Derby is divided by water". These areas of land were known as ''Norþworþig'' ("Northworthy", = "north enclosure") and Deoraby, and were at the "Irongate" (North) side of Derby{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. (Ron McKeown of Derby Heritage Development Trust has produced a paper on this subject.)
===Middle Ages to the 18th century===
During the Civil War of 1642-1646 the town was garrisoned by Parliamentary troops commanded by [[Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet]], who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. These troops took part in the defence of [[Nottingham]], the siege of [[Lichfield]], the battle of [[Battle of Hopton Heath|Hopton Heath]] and many other engagements in Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire, as well as successfully defending Derbyshire against royalist armies.
[[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]] made camp at Derby on [[4 December]] [[1745]], whilst on his way south to seize the English crown. The Prince called at [[The George Inn (Derby)|The George Inn]] on Irongate, where the Duke of Devonshire had set up his headquarters, and demanded billets for his 9000 troops. [[Image:bonniequest.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of Bonnie Prince Charlie located on Cathedral Green]]He stayed at [[Exeter House]], Exeter Street where he held his "Council of War". A replica of the room is on display at the Central library located on the Wardwick in the City Centre. [http://www.derby.gov.uk/LeisureCulture/Libraries/Findyourlocallibrary/About_Central_Library.htm] He had received misleading information about an army coming to meet him south of Derby. Although he wished to continue with his quest, he was overruled by his fellow officers. He abandoned his invasion at [[Swarkestone Bridge]], on the [[River Trent]], just a few miles south of Derby. As a testement to his belief in his cause the Prince who on the march from Scotland had walked at the front of the column made the return journey on horseback at the rear of the bedraggled and tired army.
Each year at the beginning of December, the Charles Edward Stuart Society of Derby lead a weekend of activities culminating in a parade through the City Centre and a battle on Cathedral Green.
===Industrial Revolution===
Derby and Derbyshire were centres of Britain's industrial revolution. In 1717 Derby was the site of the first [[Derby Industrial Museum|water powered silk mill]] in Britain, built by [[John Lombe]] and [[George Sorocold]] after Lombe had reputedly stolen the secrets of silk-throwing from [[Piedmont]] in what is now [[Italy]] (he is alleged to have been poisoned by Piedmontese in revenge in 1722).
In 1759 [[Jedediah Strutt]] patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib attachment that revolutionised the manufacture of Hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lee's [[Stocking frame|Framework knitting]] machine; it was placed in front of and worked in unison with Lee's Frame, to produce ribbed hose (stockings). The partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt had been joined in 1758 by John Bloodworth and Thomas Stafford, leading hosiers in Derby. The patent was obtained in January 1759; after three years Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need, hosier of Nottingham, joined the partnership; the firm was known as Need, Strutt & Woollatt. The patent expired in 1773, though the partnership continued until 1781, when Need died.
{|class="toc" align=right border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 10pt"
!Year!!Population<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10033032&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=Derby District: Total Population |accessdate=2007-04-28 |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project }}</ref>
|-
||1801||align=right|14,695
|-
||1851||align=right|48,506
|-
||1901||align=right|118,469
|-
||1921||align=right|142,824
|-
||1941||align=right|167,321
|-
||1951||align=right|181,423
|-
||1961||align=right|199,578
|-
||1971||align=right|219,558
|-
||1981||align=right|214,424
|-
||1991||align=right|225,296
|-
||2001||align=right|221,716
|}
Messrs Wright, the bankers of Nottingham, recommended that Richard Arkwright apply to Strutt & Need for finance for his cotton spinning mill. The first mill opened in Nottingham in 1770; this was driven by horses.
In 1771 [[Richard Arkwright]], Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt built the world's first water-powered cotton spinning mill at [[Cromford]], [[Derbyshire]], developing a form of power that was the catalyst for the industrial revolution.
This was followed in Derbyshire by Jedediah Strutt's cotton spinning mills at Belper. They were: South Mill, the first, 1775; North Mill, 1784, which was destroyed by fire on [[12 January]] [[1803]], and then rebuilt——it started work again at the end of 1804; West Mill, 1792, commenced working 1796; Reeling Mill, 1897; Round Mill, which took 10 years to build, from 1803 to 1813, and commenced working in 1816; and Milford Mills, 1778. The [[Belper]] and [[Milford, Derbyshire|Milford]] mills were ''not'' built in partnership with Arkwright. These mills were all Strutt owned and financed.
The [[Belper North Mill]] of 1804 built by William Strutt, Jedediah's son, is an iron-framed fire-proof building and is the only original Strutt Mill still standing today. It now serves as a Visitor Centre.
[[Image:Arkwright Masson Mills.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Derwent Valley Mills]], [[World Heritage Site]]]]
Thomas Evans' mill at [[Darley Abbey]] (1783).
Other famous 18th century figures with connections to Derby include [[Samuel Johnson|Dr Johnson]], the creator of the English dictionary, who married Elizabeth Porter at [[St. Werburgh's Church]], Derby in 1735; the painter [[Joseph Wright of Derby|Joseph Wright]], known as Wright of Derby, who was famous for his revolutionary use of light in his paintings and was an associate of the [[Royal Academy]]; and [[John Whitehurst]], a famous clockmaker and philosopher. [[Erasmus Darwin]], doctor, scientist, philosopher and grandfather of [[Charles Darwin]] was also to be found in Derby and Derbyshire at much the same time, though his practice was based in [[Lichfield]], [[Staffordshire]].
The beginning of the next century saw Derby emerging as an engineering centre, with manufacturers such as [[James Fox]], who exported machine tools to [[Russia]].
In 1840, the [[North Midland Railway]] set up [[Derby Works|its works in Derby]] and, when it merged with the [[Midland Counties Railway]] and the [[Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway]], to form the [[Midland Railway]], Derby became its headquarters.
The connection with the railway encouraged others, notably [[Andrew Handyside]], [[Charles Fox (engineer)|Charles Fox]] and his son [[Francis Fox (engineer)|Francis Fox]]. A list of the structures these three built reads like a "Who's Who" of famous buildings.
Derby was one of the boroughs reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]], and it became a [[county borough]] with the [[Local Government Act 1888]]. The borough expanded in 1877 to include [[Little Chester]] and [[Litchurch]], and then in 1890 to include [[New Normanton]] and [[Rowditch]]. The borough did not increase substantially again until 1968, when under a recommendation of the [[Local Government Boundary Commission (1958 - 1967)|Local Government Boundary Commission]] it was expanded into large parts of the rural district of [[Belper Rural District|Belper]], [[Repton Rural District|Repton]] and [[South East Derbyshire Rural District|South East Derbyshire]]. This vastly increased Derby's population from 132,408 in the 1961 census to 219,578 in the 1971 census.[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10109700&c_id=10001043&add=N]
[[Image:Silkmill1.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Derby Industrial Museum]] / Silk Mill World Heritage Site]]
Despite being one of the areas of Britain furthest from the sea, Derby holds a special place in the history of marine safety - it was as MP for Derby that [[Samuel Plimsoll]] introduced his bills for a '[[Plimsoll line]]' (and other marine safety measures). This failed on first introduction, but was successful in 1876 and contributed to Plimsoll's re-election as a deservedly popular MP.
===Recent history (post 1900)===
Derby was awarded city status on [[7 June]] [[1977]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] to mark the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|25th anniversary of her ascension to the throne]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=47246|startpage=7656|date=14 June 1977|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref> The Queen presented the "charter scroll" in person on [[July 28]] [[1977]].<ref> The Times. [[July 29]] [[1977]]</ref> Until then, Derby had been one of the few towns in England with a [[cathedral]] but not city status.
Derby has a number of public parks, many Victorian in origin. Darley and Derwent Parks, lie immediately north of the city centre and are home to owls, kingfishers and a wide variety of other wildlife. There is an attractive riverside walk and cycle path from Darley Park South to two other parks. West of the city centre is Markeaton Park, while to the north is Allestree Park and its lake. Derby also has the first public recreational park in the country, the [[Derby Arboretum|Arboretum]], to the south of the city centre. The arboretum was set up by philanthropic land owner and industrialist [[Joseph Strutt]] in 1840. The arboretum's web site states that the arboretum's design was the inspiration for the vision of great urban parks in the [[United States of America|USA]], notably [[Central Park]] in [[New York City]].
Derby holds an important position in the history of the Labour movement, because it was one of two seats (the other being [[Keir Hardie]]'s in [[Merthyr Tydfil]]) gained by the recently formed [[Labour Representation Committee]] at the 1900 General Election. The MP was [[Richard Bell (politician)|Richard Bell]], general secretary of the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|Railway Servants Union]]. Bell was succeeded by [[James Henry Thomas|Jimmy Thomas]] and he in turn by the distinguished polymath and Nobel Laureate [[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker]].
Despite its strategic industries (rail and aero-engine), Derby suffered comparatively little wartime damage in WW1 or WW2 (contrast Bristol and Filton). This may in part have been due to the skilful jamming of the German radio-beam navigations systems ([[X-Verfahren]] and [[Knickelbein]], camouflage and decoy techniques ('[[Starfish site]]s') were built, mainly south of the town, e.g. out in fields near [[Foremark]] (ref. Kirk, Felix & Bartnik, 2002, see talk; see also [http://www.youandyesterday.co.uk/articles/WWII:_How_film_sets_saved_Derby_at_war]).
Derby has also become a significant cultural centre for the deaf community in the UK. Many deaf people relocate to Derby because of its strong [[sign language]]-using community. It is estimated that the deaf population in Derby is at least three times higher than the national average, and that only London has a larger deaf population. The [[Royal School for the Deaf]] on Ashbourne Road provides education in [[British Sign Language]] and English.
More recently Derby was granted the [[Fairtrade Town|Fairtrade City]] status.
==Governance==
By traditional definitions, Derby is the [[county town]] of [[Derbyshire]], although Derbyshire's administrative centre has in recent years been [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]]. On [[1 April]] [[1997]] Derby City Council became again a [[unitary authority]] (a status it had held, as a [[County Borough]], up until 1974), with the rest of Derbyshire administered from Matlock. Derby has two hospitals: the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary and the [[Derby City Hospital]].
==Geography==
Derby is split up into 17 Wards.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.boundarycommittee.org.uk/files/dms/derby-map-large_a=Continue_7177-4418__E__.pdf|title=
Periodic electoral review of Derby: Final recommendations for ward boundaries in Derby|author=The Local Government Commission for England|date=June 2001|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ward
! Areas within the Ward
|-
| Abbey
| [[St Lukes]] and [[California, Derby]]
|-
| Allestree
| [[Allestree]] and [[Markeaton]]
|-
| Alvaston
| [[Alvaston]], [[Litchurch]] and [[Wilmorton]]
|-
| Arboretum
| City Centre and [[Rose Hill, Derby|Rose Hill]]
|-
| Blagreaves
| Blagreaves and [[Sunny Hill, Derby|Sunny Hill]]
|-
| Boulton
| [[Boulton, Derbyshire|Boulton]]
|-
| Chaddesden
| [[Chaddesden]], [[Derwent Heights]]
|-
| Chellaston
| [[Chellaston]], [[Shelton Lock]] and [[Allenton (Derby)|Allenton]]
|-
| Darley
| [[Darley Abbey]] and [[Little Chester]] (''aka'' Chester Green)
|-
| Derwent
| [[Derwent]]
|-
| Littleover
| [[Littleover]] and [[Heatherton Village]]
|-
| Mackworth
| [[Mackworth Estate|Mackworth]]
|-
| Mickleover
| [[Mickleover]]
|-
| Normanton
| [[Normanton, Derby City|Normanton]] and [[Pear Tree, Derby|Pear Tree]]
|-
| Oakwood
| [[Oakwood, Derby|Oakwood]]
|-
| Sinfin
| [[Sinfin]] and [[Osmaston, Derby|Osmaston]]
|-
| Spondon
| [[Spondon]]
|-
|}
===Nearest settlements===
[[Duffield]],
[[Belper]],
[[Heanor]],
[[Ilkeston]],
[[Ripley]] (Derbyshire Constabulary HQ),
[[Langley Mill]],
[[Alfreton]],
[[Chesterfield]],
[[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]] (Derbyshire County Council is based here),
[[Bakewell]],
[[Long Eaton]],
[[Nottingham]],
[[Sandiacre]],
[[Beeston, Nottinghamshire|Beeston]],
[[Coalville]],
[[Loughborough]],
[[Castle Donington]],
[[Leicester]],
[[Burton-upon-Trent]].
==Economy==
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Derby at current basic prices [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf published] (pp.240-253) by ''Office for National Statistics'' with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Regional Gross Value Added{{ref|fn_4}} || Agriculture{{ref|fn_1}} || Industry{{ref|fn_2}} || Services{{ref|fn_3}}
|-
| 1995 || '''2,509''' || 2 || 1,130 || 1,377
|-
| 2000 || '''3,965''' || 1 || 1,819 || 2,145
|-
| 2003 || '''4,421''' || 1 || 1,806 || 2,614
|}
{{note|fn_1}} includes hunting and forestry
{{note|fn_2}} includes energy and construction
{{note|fn_3}} includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
{{note|fn_4}} Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
===Industry===
Derby's two biggest employers, [[Rolls-Royce plc]] (commonly known in the area as 'Royce's') and the [[Toyota Motor Corporation]], are both in the engineering manufacturing trade. [[Egg Banking plc|Egg]], the Internet and telephone bank, has its national base in Derby. Other companies of note include [[Bombardier]] who manufacture train systems and aircraft, and [[Alstom]] who manufacture large power plant boilers and [[heat exchangers]]. The [[Qibla Cola Company]] also has its home in Derby, based in the Normanton area.
As already noted, Derby was for many years a significant railway centre, being the former headquarters of the [[Midland Railway]], with both [[British Rail]] workshops and research facilities in the town. Although much less important than in years gone by, train manufacture continues in Derby and [[Derby Midland Station|Derby station]] retains an important strategic role in the rail network. Moreover many major rail manufacturers retain a presence and, as reported in the Derby Evening Telegraph, the city is favoured as a possible site for a new national railway centre.<ref> [http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=124615&command=displayContent&sourceNode=124519&contentPK=16407927&moduleName=InternalSearch&formname=sidebarsearch].
</ref>
Among a number of IT houses, Derby was the home of [[Core Design]], who developed the computer game [[Tomb Raider]] with its heroine [[Lara Croft]].
==Landmarks==
[[Derby Cathedral]] has the second-highest cathedral tower in the country. In recent years, this has been home to a pair of breeding peregrine falcons<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derby.gov.uk/LeisureCulture/MuseumsGalleries/EnvironmentalProjects/PeregrineProject.htm |title=Peregrine Project|work=Derby Council website|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>
[[Derby Heritage Centre]], formerly the Tudor Grammar School, told the story of Derby from Roman times till today. Unfortunately the owner, Richard Felix, has closed it so that he can focus on his television career. The Heritage Centre has now been converted into a hairdresser's salon. However the new owner has a great interest in local history and has preserved all of the building's original features.
[[Derby Gaol]] is a visitor attraction based in the dungeons of the Derbyshire County Gaol which dates back to 1756.
[[Derby Industrial Museum]] is situated in Derby [[Derby Industrial Museum|Silk Mill]] and shows the industrial heritage and technological achievement of Derby, including [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] aero engines, railways, mining, quarrying and foundries.
[[Image:Pickford expo.jpg|thumb|300px|Pickford's House Museum]]
[[Pickford's House Museum]] was built by architect [[Joseph Pickford]] in 1770. It was his home and business headquarters. [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery]] shows paintings by [[Joseph Wright of Derby|Joseph Wright]], as well as fine [[Royal Crown Derby]] porcelain, local regiments and archaeology. Pickford also designed [[St Helen's House, Derby|St Helen's House]] in King Street.
The Revive Healthy Living Centre was opened on [[September 22]] by actress Gwen Taylor. This centre was built to provide excellent new and exiciting health initiatives for the area known as Derwent, Chaddesden, and Breadsall. It is unique as it is run by local residents and will continue to do so. It has a unique sedum/grass roof. It is already proving to be invaluable to the local residents
Much of the skyline of the inner city changed radically in 1968 when the inner ring road with its two new crossings of the [[River Derwent, Derbyshire|River Derwent]] was built. The route of the ring road went through the magnificent [[St Alkmund's Church, Derby|St. Alkmund's church]] and its wonderful [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] church yard, the only Georgian square in Derby. Both were demolished to make way for the road, a move still criticised today. Thus the editor (Elizabeth Williamson) of the 2nd edition of [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner]] for Derbyshire wrote:- '...the character and cohesion of the centre has been completely altered by the replacement of a large number of C18 houses in the centre by a multi-lane road. As a traffic scheme this road is said to be a triumph; as townscape it is a disaster.'
===Places of interest===
*[[Darley Abbey]]
*[[Derby Arboretum]]
*[[Derby Canal]]
*[[Derby Cathedral]]
*[[Derby Industrial Museum]] (Silk Mill)
*[[Derby Friargate Station]] (of which all that remains is Handyside's bridge across Friargate)
*[[Elvaston Castle]]
*[[Markeaton Park Light Railway]], a [[heritage railway]]
*[[Pride Park Stadium]] and the former [[Baseball Ground]]
*[[River Derwent, Derbyshire|River Derwent]]
*[[St Helen's House, Derby]]
== Transport ==
=== Road ===
Derby's central location in England means it has extensive transport links with other areas of the country. The [[M1 motorway]] passes about ten miles to the east of the city, linking Derby southwards to the [[London]] area and northwards to [[Sheffield]] and [[Leeds]]. Other major roads passing through or near Derby include the [[A6 road|A6]] (historically the main route from London to [[Carlisle]], also linking to [[Leicester]] and [[Manchester]]), [[A38 road|A38]] ([[Bodmin]] to [[Mansfield]] via [[Bristol]] and [[Birmingham]]), [[A50 road|A50]] ([[Warrington]] to [[Leicester]] via [[Stoke-on-Trent]]), [[A52 road|A52]] ([[Newcastle-under-Lyme]] to [[Mablethorpe]], including ''[[Brian Clough]] Way'' linking Derby to [[Nottingham]]) and [[A61 road|A61]] (Derby to [[Thirsk]] via Sheffield and Leeds).
=== Rail ===
As already noted, the railway has served Derby since 1840 being the junction of what were then the two main lines from London to [[Yorkshire]] and the North East. The present day station is [[Derby Midland railway station|Derby Midland]] with frequent expresses to London, the North East and South West, provided by [[East Midlands Trains]] and [[CrossCountry]]. There also remain small local stations at [[Peartree railway station|Peartree]] and [[Spondon railway station|Spondon]], although services are fairly limited, especially at the former.
The [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]]'s "Derbyshire and North Staffordshire Extension" formerly ran through [[Derby Friargate Station]], from [[Colwick]] and [[Nottingham]] to [[Egginton]] Junction. After closure, part of the route west of Derby was used by British Rail as a test track. Although few traces of the route now remain, the ornate cast iron bridge by [[Andrew Handyside]] across Friargate is still in place, as is his bridge over the river.
=== Air ===
[[East Midlands Airport]] is situated about fifteen miles (24 km) from Derby city centre, making Derby the closest city to the airport. Its proximity to Derby, the fact that the airport is in [[Leicestershire]], and the traditional rivalry between the three cities (Derby, Leicester and Nottingham), meant that there was a great deal of controversy locally about the airport's decision to append Nottingham to its name in 2004. Later on, in 2006, Nottingham East Midlands Airport reverted to its previous name, seen by many to be a victory for both Derby and Leicester, and promoting a more unified East Midlands. The airport is served by several [[budget airline]]s, including [[bmibaby]] (for which East Midlands is a main base), [[Ryanair]] and [[easyJet]], with services to a variety of internal and European destinations.
=== Bus and coach ===
Derby's [[Derby Bus Station|former bus station]] was an innovative [[art deco]] design by borough architect C.H. Aslin. Originally built in 1933, it was closed in 2005, and subsequently demolished, despite the protests of environmentalists and conservationists. The unique cafe building is planned to be rebuilt at [[Crich Tramway Museum]]. A new bus station is set to be built on the site as part of the [[Riverlights]] development. As a result of this work, services are currently using a number of temporary stops on streets around the Morledge area.
Local bus services in and around Derby are run by a number of companies, but principally [[Trent Barton]] and [[Arriva Midlands]]. The city is not particularly well served by long distance coaches, although it is on [[National Express]]'s London to Manchester and Yorkshire to the South West routes. Additionally a regional route between Manchester and Nottingham is run by Trent Barton via its TransPeak and Red Arrow services.
==Culture, entertainment and sport==
===Music===
The annual open-air concert at [[Darley Park]] is one of the biggest free concerts of its kind. It is one of many performances given throughout the year by Sinfonia Viva, a professional chamber [[orchestra]] based in Derby. The [[Derby Jazz]] group caters for the jazz interest in the city and is regarded as one of the UK's leading live [[jazz]] organizations. There is also a summer rock music festival '[[Prom in the Park]]' which takes place in late July every year.
The city of Derby has a lively punk scene,{{Fact|date=January 2008}} and this is supported by many prominent punk, ska and hardcore bands playing the Vic Inn, a local biker pub. In recent years it has attracted many big names such as The Casualties, Agnostic Front, and U.K. Subs, as well as many local bands. Hardcore punk band, Anti-Pasti, were formed in Derby. In addition to this, the Derby Punx Picnic is held annually at the Bass Recreation Ground. Here underground punk and ska bands perform late into the night. The Punx Picnic has become an event in recent years, the attendance rising from around 300 in 2005 to just over 1000 in 2006. The festival attracts punks from all over the East Midlands and the UK.
===Theatre and arts===
[[Derby Playhouse]] regularly received acclaim in the national press for its productions, particularly, in recent years, for its staging of shows by [[Stephen Sondheim]]. After a lengthy period of financial uncertainty, the theatre finally closed in February 2008.
[http://www.derbyquad.co.uk QUAD] is a new centre for art and film currently under construction in Derby. It is due to be complete in 2008. The new building will house two cinema screens showing both independent and mainstream cinema, two gallery spaces housing contemporary visual arts, a digital studio, participation spaces, digital editing suites, artists studio and the bfi Mediatheque.
[http://www.robertludlamtheatre.com The Robert Ludlam Theatre] is a 270 seat Venue with a diverse programme of entertainment including Dance, Drama, Art, Music, Theatre in the Round, Comedy, Films, Family Entertainment, Rock and Pop Events, Workshops and provides a home for many Derbyshire's amateur production groups.
===Sport===
Famous Derby sporting institutions include [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County Football Club]], who were [[FA Cup]] winners in 1946, [[Football League]] champions in 1972 and again in 1975, and are currently members of the [[Football League Championship]], having been relegated from the [[Premier League]]. They have played at [[Pride Park Stadium]] since 1997, having previously based at the [[Baseball Ground]].
[[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] are based at the [[County Cricket Ground, Derby|County Ground]] in Derby and play almost all home matches there, although matches at [[Chesterfield]] were re-introduced in 2006. One of the designated [[First class cricket|first class]] county sides, they have won the [[County Championship]] once, in 1936.
Derby also has clubs in both codes of rugby. In [[rugby union]], Derby RFC play in Midlands Division Two East (the seventh level of English rugby) at their Haslams Lane ground. [[Rugby league]] team Derby City RLFC were formed in 1990 and compete in the Midlands Premier Division of the National Rugby League Conference. From 2008 they are ground sharing with Derby RFC at Haslams Lane.
The city is also represented in the [[English Basketball League]] Division One by [[Derby Trailblazers]], who play at the Moorways Sports Centre. They were formed in 2002 following the demise of [[British Basketball League]] side [[Derby Storm]].
Local industrialist [[Francis Ley]] introduced [[baseball]] to the town in the late 19th century, and built a stadium near the town centre. The attempt to establish baseball in Derby was unsuccessful, but the stadium survived for some 100 years afterwards as the home of Derby County Football Club. It was finally demolished in 2003, six years after Derby's relocation to Pride Park.
===Recreation===
[[Image:grovelodge1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The newly restored Grove Street Lodge and "Grand Entrance" at the northern end of the Arboretum]]
[[Derby Arboretum]] was the first public park in the country, and is thought to have been one of the inspirations for [[Central Park]] in [[New York City|New York]]. Although it suffered from neglect in the 1990s, it has recently undergone extensive improvement and renovation.
Markeaton Park is Derby's most used leisure facility.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/tours/parks/derby/markeaton_today.shtml Markeaton Today] BBC.co.uk Accessed {{Start date|2007|8|29}}</ref> It is the venue for the city council's annual [[Guy Fawkes Night]] firework display and contains its own [[Markeaton Park Light Railway|light railway]]. Other major parks in the city include Allestree Park, Darley Park, Chaddesden Park, Alvaston Park, Normanton Park and Osmaston Park.
==Shopping and Nightlife==
[[Image:DerbyStreecene.jpg|right|thumb|Marketplace in the centre]]
Shopping in Derby is divided into two main sections. The first is a recently opened [[Westfield Derby|Westfield]] shopping centre, controlled by the [[Westfield Group]]. The second is the older section known as the Cathedral Quarter. This area includes a range of boutiques and coffee shops and is focused around the Cathedral.
Westfield Derby (formerly The Eagle Centre) is the city's main indoor shopping centre. It opened on [[9 October]] [[2007]] after major extension work costing £340 million. It contains a brand new food court, dominated by chains, and a 12 screen cinema (Showcase - Cinema De Lux) which was opened on 16th May 2008. It is already the subject of local controversy, since it has drawn trade away from the older parts of the city centre where independent shops have traditionally been located. Many have now gone out of business and others are struggling to survive. Moreover, in Westfield itself, a combination of high rents and rising rates have made it very difficult for smaller traders. Though it is thought that when [[Primark]] is open (currently being built away and outside the Westfield) that many people will go outside Westfield into the rest of Derby City Centre. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westfieldderby.co.uk/about.htm|title=Westfield Derby - About|work=westfieldderby.co.uk|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>
The Friar Gate area of Derby is dominated by a number of clubs and bars, therefore making it the centre of Derby's nightlife.
==Education==
Like most of the UK, Derby operates a non-selective [[primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]] system with no [[middle school]]s. Students attend infant and junior school (often in a combined primary school) before moving onto a [[comprehensive school|comprehensive]] [[secondary school]]. Many secondaries also have [[sixth form]]s, allowing students to optionally continue their education by taking [[Advanced Level (UK)|A Levels]] after the end of compulsory education at age 16. For those who want to stay in education but leave school, the large [[Derby College]] provides a number of post-16 courses.
Outside the state sector, there are four fee-paying [[independent school]]s. [[Derby Grammar School]] was founded in 1994 and was for boys only, until 2007, when they accepted girls into the sixth form for the first time, who aim to continue the work and traditions of the former [[Derby School]], closed in 1989, one of the oldest schools in [[England]]; Derby High School is for girls only at secondary level and for boys at primary level; and [[Ockbrook|Ockbrook School]] is an [[independent school]] for girls aged 3-18 and boys aged 3-11. Lastly, Michael House Steiner school can be found in Shipley, Heanor and caters for students from kindergarten age through to 16.
Derby also has a [[Academy (England)|City Academy]], [[Landau Forte College]], partially state-funded, but also with business backing. It was one of fifteen [[City Technology College]]s set up by a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and it was converted into a City Academy in September 2006.
Derby also has a number of special needs establishments including Ivy House School (which takes pupils from nursery to sixth form) and The Light House which is a respite facility for children and parents.
The [[University of Derby]] is the city's university.
In 2003 the University of Nottingham opened a [[University of Nottingham Medical School at Derby|graduate entry medical school]] based in the Derby City hospital.
==Media==
The ''[[Derby Evening Telegraph]]'' is the city's daily newspaper. In addition, two free newspapers, the ''[[Derby Trader]]'' and ''[[Derby Express]]'', are delivered to households weekly. The daily freesheet 'Metro' is distributed in the city centre every morning, although this only has a very small amount of local content. Another local paper is the [[Derbyshire Times]] which is a weekly paper out every Thursday, however it mainly covers news from northern areas of the county. The Derby Echo is another, but this is only available to people who put their names down for it, and is out every week.
[[BBC Radio Derby]], the BBC's award-winning local station for [[Derbyshire]] and East [[Staffordshire]], is based on St. Helen's Street in the city and offers a mixture of local, national and international news, features, music and sports commentaries. It has around 150,000 weekly listeners and is available locally on 104.5 FM and 1116 AM, on 95.3 FM in North and Mid Derbyshire and on 96.0 FM in the Buxton area, as well as being streamed on the internet. The BBC in Derby also have their own local [http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby website] for the area which provides news, travel and weather information, as well as other features. Since 1983 Radio Derby has organised the Money Mountain Appeal, an annual on-air charity auction which has raised more than £1 million for local causes. Since July 2007, the BBC has managed Big Screen Derby in the Market Place in conjunction with Derby City Council and the [[University of Derby]], as part of the [[BBC Big Screen]] project.
[[RAM FM]], the independent local radio station for [[Derbyshire]] and East [[Staffordshire]], is also based in the city and offers a mixture of adult contemporary music and entertainment, with regular news and traffic bulletins. It broadcasts on 102.8 FM, and is also streamed on the internet, and is listened to by around 120,000 people each week. [[RAM FM]] is part of the Gcap One Network, and hosts many big local events, such as the Darley Park Concert, The City Bonfire and Fireworks, The Christmas Lights Switch On, and the Race For Life, raising money for Cancer Research UK.
==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=August 2007}}
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2008}}
*Derby has been named "Ghost capital of Britain" with over 1,000 paranormal sightings recorded in recent years. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/eastmidlands/series2/haunted_derby_ghosts.shtml]
*[[Bold Lane|Bold Lane car park]] in Derby is one of the top ten most secure places in the world according to a study published in a science magazine. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/2004/02/bold_lane/index.shtml]
*''[[Dracula]]'' first showed in Derby.
==Notable people==
* [[Alan Bates]] (1934-2003), [[actor]]
* [[Ronald Binge]] (1910-1979), [[composer]]
* [[Steve Bloomer]] (1874-1938), [[football (soccer)|footballer]]
* [[Henry Cavendish]] (1731-1810), scientist
* [[Brian Clough|Brian Clough, OBE]] (1934-2004), [[football (soccer)|football]] player and manager
* [[W. J. Coffee|William John Coffee]] (1774-1846), artist and sculptor
* [[Daniel Coke|Daniel Parker Coke]] (1745-1825), barrister and [[member of parliament]]
* [[William George Constable]] (1887-1976), [[art history|art historian]]
* [[John Cotton (puritan)|John Cotton]] (1585–1652), [[New England]] [[Puritan]]
* [[Erasmus Darwin]] (1731–1802), [[physician]]
* [[James Dobb]], former [[motocross]] World Champion
* [[John Flamsteed]] (1646-1719), first [[Astronomer Royal]]
* [[Lianna Fowler]], fashion model
* [[Charles Fox (engineer)|Sir Charles Fox]] (1810-1874), [[engineer]]
* [[Francis Fox (engineer)|Sir Francis Fox]] (1844-1927), [[engineer]]
* [[James Fox (engineer)|James Fox]] (1780-1830) [[engineer]]
* [[Francis Seymour Haden|Sir Francis Seymour Haden]] (1818-1910), surgeon and artist
* [[Andrew Handyside]] (1806-1887) iron founder
* [[Geoff Hoon]] (1953- ), [[politician]]
*[[Robert Howe (diplomat)|Sir Robert Howe]] (1893-1981), last [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Governor-General]] of the [[Sudan]]
* [[Arthur Keily]] (1921- ) [[Marathon]] [[Running|runner]]
* [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]] (1779-1848), former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
* [[John Lombe]] (1693-1722), [[industry|industrial]] pioneer
* [[Stephen Marley (writer)|Stephen Marley]], [[novelist]] and [[video game designer]]
* [[Godfrey Meynell|Captain Godfrey Meynell]], recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]
<!-- * Jyoti Mishra, musician with [[White Town]] not notable -->
* [[Howard Newby|Sir Howard Newby]] (1941- ) [[educationalist]] and [[sociologist]]
* [[Florence Nightingale]] (1820-1910), pioneer of modern [[nursing]]
* [[Ben Pridmore]], [[World Memory Champion]] 2004
* [[Samuel Richardson]] (1689–1761), [[novellist]]
* [[Henry Royce|Sir Henry Royce]] (1863-1933), co-founder of [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]
* [[Max Sciandri]], Olympic medalist
* [[George Sorocold]], [[engineer]]
* [[Herbert Spencer]] (1820–1903), [[philosopher]]
<!-- * Harry Stevens (1856-1934) [http://www.visitbritain.com/VB3-en-US/corporate/press/britain_calling/0604hot_dogs.aspx one of the claimants] to be inventor of the [[hotdog]] need a reliable source -->
* [[Jedediah Strutt]] (1726-1797), [[industry|industrial]] pioneer
* [[John Whitehurst]] (1713–1788), clockmaker and scientist
* [[Sir Frank Whittle]] (1907–1996), Engineer
* [[Henry Wilmot|Sir Henry Wilmot]], recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]
* [[Joseph Wright of Derby|Joseph Wright]] (1734-1797), [[painter]]
Colin Osborne P.D.C Darts professional 1974 -
<!-- * [[Alastair Yates]], [[BBC]] presenter
brought up in Burton? -->
==Twin cities==
* {{flagicon|Germany}} - [[Osnabrück]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|India}} - [[Kapurthala]], [[India]] (friendship link)
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} - [[Haarlem]], [[Netherlands]] (friendship link)
* {{flagicon|France}} - [[Foncqueviliers]], [[France]] (friendship link)
* {{flagicon|Japan}} - [[Toyota City]], [[Japan]]
* {{flagicon|China}} - [[Changzhi]], [[China]] (Memorandum of Understanding)
Along with Wigan, Derby is one of only two cities in the UK that exchanges envoys with one of its twin cities (Osnabrück).
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|Derby (England)|Derby}}
* [http://www.derby-guide.co.uk www.derby-guide.co.uk]- Guide to Derby
* [http://www.derbyphotos.co.uk www.derbyphotos.co.uk]- photographs of Derby and Derbyshire
* [http://www.derbyramblers.org.uk www.derbyramblers.org.uk]- Derby walking group that is part of the Ramblers' Association.
* [http://derby.amnesty.org.uk http://derby.amnesty.org.uk]- Derby & District Amnesty Group
{{Derby}}
{{Derbyshire}}
{{East_Midlands}}
{{UK cities}}
{{LargestUKCities}}
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[[Category:Local government in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Railway towns in England]]
[[Category:Unitary authorities in England]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
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