Dieting
8460
225074005
2008-07-11T19:27:25Z
Jmh649
3810835
Added from page on obesity
{{globalise}}
{{improvereferences|date=June 2008}}
[[Image:feetonscale.jpg|thumb|Measuring body weight on a [[weighing scale|scale]]]]
'''Dieting''' is the practice of [[Eating|ingesting]] food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight. In most cases the goal is [[weight loss]], but some athletes aspire to gain weight (usually in the form of [[skeletal muscle|muscle]]) and diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight.
==Types of dieting==
There are several kinds of diets:
*Weight-loss diets restricts the intake of specific foods, or food in general, to reduce body weight. What works to reduce body weight for one person will not necessarily work for another, due to metabolic differences and lifestyle factors. Also, for a variety of reasons, most people find it difficult to maintain significant weight loss over time — among individuals that have lost 10% or more of body weight, only 20% are able to maintain that weight loss for a full year.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rena R Wing and Suzanne Phelan| title=Long-term weight loss maintenance| journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition| year=2005| url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/222S| pmid=16002825}}</ref>
*Many professional athletes impose weight-gain diets on themselves. American football players may try to "bulk up" through weight-gain diets in order to gain an advantage on the field with a higher mass.
*Individuals who are underweight, such as those recovering from [[anorexia nervosa]] or [[starvation]], may adopt weight-gain diets which, unlike those of athletes, have the goal of restoring normal levels of body fat, muscle, and stores of essential nutrients.
==In children and young adults==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Receiving adequate nutrition through a well-balanced diet is critical during childhood and adolescence. Unless a doctor says otherwise, low-carb, low-fat, or other specialty diets for children who are not heavily obese are unhealthy because they deprive the body of the building blocks of cells (namely energy and [[lipid]]s in the above examples). Research shows that putting children on diet foods can be harmful. The brain is unable to learn how to correlate taste with nutritional value, which is why such children may consistently overeat later in life despite adequate nutritional intake. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6933686.stm Diet food 'may fuel obesity risk in young]</ref>
Children who diet could actually be doing worse things for themselves and their bodies. Alison Field from Harvard Medical School stated that "Our study found that dieting was counterproductive- children who dieted gained more, not less, weight than non-dieters." Scott,R.,Jennifer "Dieting Kids May Gain Weight" 12,July,2006<ref>http://weightloss.about.com/cs/childhoodobesity/a/aa031804a.htm</ref> Children who diet tend to develop habits of overeating, or binge eating as a result of attempting to casually diet. It is suggested that children should just attempt to eat healthy instead of trying to casually diet.
==Thermoregulation==
According to the principles of [[thermoregulation]], humans are [[endotherms]]. We expend energy to maintain our blood temperature at [[body temperature]], which is about 37 °C (98.6 °F). This is accomplished by metabolism and blood circulation, by shivering to stay warm, and by sweating to stay cool.<ref>[http://cluster3.biosci.utexas.edu/courses/herpetology/ryan/thermoreg.html Thermoregulation]</ref>
In addition to thermoregulation, humans expend energy keeping the vital organs (especially the lungs, heart and brain) functioning. Except when sleeping, [[skeletal muscles]] are working, typically to maintain upright [[posture]]. The average work done just to stay alive is the [[basal metabolic rate]], which (for humans) is about 1 watt per kilogram of body mass (0.45 W/lb). Thus, an average man of 75 kilograms (165 lb) who just rests (or only walks a few steps) burns about 75 watts (continuously), or about 6,500 [[joule|kilojoules]] (1,440 [[calorie|kilocalorie]]s) per day or 1 kilocalorie each minute.
==Physical exercise==
[[exercise|Physical exercise]] is an important complement to dieting in securing weight loss. [[Aerobic exercise]] is also an important part of maintaining normal [[health|good health]], especially the [[Physical strength|muscular strength]] of the heart. To be useful, aerobic exercise requires maintaining a [[heart rate|target heart rate]] of 50 percent above one's [[heart rate|resting heart rate]] for 30 minutes, at least 3 times a week.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Brisk walking can accomplish this. For example, if the resting heart rate is 70 bpm (beats per minute), the target heart rate would be 105 bpm.
The minimum safe dietary energy intake (without medical supervision) is 75 percent of that needed to maintain basal metabolism.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} For a hypothetical 100-kilogram man, that minimum is about 5,700 kilojoules (1,300 kilocalories) per day. By combining daily aerobic exercise with a weight-loss diet, he would be able to lose 10 kilograms in half the time (70 days).
There are also some easy ways for people to exercise, such as walking rather than driving, climbing stairs instead of taking elevators, doing more housework with fewer power tools, or parking their cars farther and walking to school or the office.
==Fat loss versus muscle loss==
Weight loss typically involves the loss of fat, water and muscle. A dieter can lose weight without losing much fat. Ideally, overweight people should seek to lose fat and preserve muscle, since muscle burns more calories than fat. Generally, the more muscle mass one has, the higher one's metabolism is, resulting in more calories being burned. Approximately 14 kilocalories of fat are burned per pound of muscle at rest. Since muscles are more dense than fat, muscle loss results in little loss of physical bulk compared with fat loss. To determine whether weight loss is due to fat, various methods of measuring [[body fat percentage]] have been developed.
Muscle loss during weight loss can be restricted by regularly lifting weights (or doing [[push-ups]] and other strength-oriented [[calisthenics]]) and by maintaining sufficient [[protein]] intake. According to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], the [[Dietary Reference Intake]] for protein is "0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight for adults."
Those on low-carbohydrate diets, and those doing particularly strenuous exercise, may wish to increase their protein intake which is necessary. However, there may be risks involved. According to the [[American Heart Association]], excessive protein intake may cause liver and kidney problems and may be a [[risk factor]] for [[heart disease]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=11234|title=High-Protein Diets|publisher=[[American Heart Association]]|accessdate=2007-05-24}}</ref> There is no conclusive evidence that moderately high protein diets in healthy individuals are dangerous, however; it has only been shown that these diets are dangerous in individuals who already have kidney and liver problems.{{fact|date=June 2008}}
==Energy obtained from food==
The energy humans get from food is limited by the efficiency of digestion and the efficiency of utilization. The efficiency of digestion is largely dependent on the type of food being eaten. Poorly chewed seeds are poorly digested. Refined sugars and fats are absorbed almost completely. Chewing does not compensate for the calorie content of a food that is eaten; even [[celery]], which is primarily indigestible [[cellulose]], contains enough [[sugar]]s to easily compensate for the cost of chewing it.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
==Proper nutrition==
Food provides nutrients from six broad classes: [[protein]]s, [[fat]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[vitamin]]s, [[dietary mineral]]s, and [[water]]. Carbohydrates are metabolized to provide energy. Proteins provide [[amino acid]]s, which are required for cell, especially muscle, construction. Essential [[fatty acid]]s are required for brain and cell membrane construction. Vitamins and trace minerals help maintain proper electrolyte balance and are required for many metabolic processes. [[Dietary fiber]] is another food component which influences health even though it is not actually absorbed into the body.
Any diet that fails to meet minimum nutritional requirements can threaten general health (and physical fitness in particular). If a person is not well enough to be active, weight loss and good quality of life will be unlikely.
The [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] and the [[World Health Organization]] publish guidelines for dietary intakes of all known essential nutrients.
Sometimes dieters will ingest excessive amounts of vitamin and mineral supplements. While this is usually harmless, some nutrients are dangerous. Men (and women who don't [[menstruation|menstruate]]) need to be wary of [[iron poisoning]]. Retinol (oil-soluble vitamin A) is toxic in large doses. As a general rule, most people can get the nutrition they need from foods (there are specific exceptions; vegans often need to supplement vitamin B12).
Extreme calorie restriction (fewer calories than 75% of that required for basal metabolic rate), medication or unusual patterns of eating (i.e. restricting food consumption to a single fruit or meal) can be dangerous. This can indicate [[Anorexia Nervosa]] and/or [[Bulimia]] which are common [[eating disorders]] and can even be [[wiktionary:fatal|fatal]].
==How the body gets rid of fat==
All body processes require energy to run properly. When the body is expending more energy than it is taking in (e.g. when exercising), the body's cells rely on internally stored energy sources, like complex carbohydrates and fats, for energy. The first source the body turns to is [[glycogen]] (by [[glycogenolysis]]). Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate (in total about 2000 kcal). 65% is stored in skeletal muscles and the rest in the liver. It is created from the excess of ingested [[nutrients|macronutrients]], mainly carbohydrates. When those sources are nearly depleted, the body begins [[lipolysis]], the mobilization and catabolism of fat stores for energy. In this process, fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or [[fat cells]], are broken down into [[glycerol]] and [[fatty acids]], which can be used to make energy. The primary by-products of metabolism are carbon dioxide and water; carbon dioxide is expelled through the respiratory system.
Fats are also secreted by the [[sebaceous gland]]s (in the skin).
==Psychological aspects of weight-loss dieting==
Diets affect the "energy in" component of the energy balance by limiting or altering the distribution of foods. Techniques that affect the [[appetite]] can limit energy intake by affecting the desire to overeat.
[[Cognitive Behavior Therapy]] has been effective in producing long term weight loss <ref> L. Stahre et al., "A short-term cognitive group treatment program gives substantial weight reduction up to 18 months from the end of treatment. A randomized controlled trial." Eating and Weight Disorders. Vol. 10. p 51-58 (2005) </ref>. [[Judith S. Beck]] has been one of the most prominent practitioners and writers to bring this method to a popular audience.
Consumption of low-energy, fiber-rich foods, such as non-starchy vegetables, is effective in obtaining satiation (the feeling of "fullness"). Exercise is also useful in controlling appetite as is drinking water and sleeping. (Extreme physical fatigue, such as that experienced by soldiers and mountain climbers, can make eating a difficult chore.)
The use of drugs to control appetite is also common. Stimulants are often taken as a means to suppress (normal, healthy) hunger by people who are dieting. Ephedrine (through facilitating the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline) stimulates the alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtype, which is known to act as an [[anorectic]]. [[L-Phenylalanine]], an amino acid found in whey protein powders also has the ability to suppress appetite by increasing the hormone [[cholecystokinin]] (CCK) which sends a satiety signal to the brain.
==Weight loss groups==
There exist both profit-oriented and non-profit weight loss organizations who assist people in their weight loss efforts. An example of the former is [[Weight Watchers]]; examples of the latter include [[Overeaters Anonymous]], as well as a multitude of non-branded support groups run by local churches, hospitals, and like-minded individuals.
These organizations' customs and practices differ widely. Some groups are modelled on [[twelve-step program]]s, while others are quite informal. Some groups advocate certain prepared foods or special menus, while others train dieters to make healthy choices from restaurant menus and while grocery-shopping and cooking.
Most groups leverage the power of group meetings to provide counseling, emotional support, problem-solving, and useful information.
===Medications===
Certain medications can be prescribed to assist in weight loss. Some, like [[amphetamine]]s, are dangerous and are now banned for casual weight loss. Some supplements, including those containing [[vitamins]] and [[minerals]], may not be effective for losing weight.
====Diuretics====
[[Diuretics]] induce weight loss through the excretion of water. These medication or [[herb]]s will reduce the amount that a body weighs, but will have no effect on an individual's [[body fat]]. Diuretics can thicken the blood, cause cramping, kidney and liver damage.
====Stimulants====
[[Stimulants]] such as [[ephedrine]] or [[synephrine]] work to increase the [[basal metabolic rate]] and reduce appetite.
===Dangers of fasting===
{{main|Fasting}}
Lengthy [[fasting]] can be dangerous due to the risk of [[malnutrition]] and should be carried out under medical supervision. During fasting, low-carbohydrate or [[very low calorie diet]]s lack blood glucose, the preferred energy source of the [[brain]], causing the body to metabolize sugars from protein, which over a prolonged fast can lead to muscle wasting.
===Side effects===
Dieting, especially extreme food-intake reduction and rapid weight loss, can have the following side effects:
*[[hunger|Prolonged hunger]]
*[[Depression (mood)|Depression]]
*[[Libido|Reduced sex drive]]
*[[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]]
*[[Irritability]]
*[[Fainting]]
*[[Paranasal sinus|Sinus]] problems (especially [[post-nasal drip]])
*[[Muscle atrophy]]
*[[Rash]]es
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[Bloodshot eyes]]
*[[Gallbladder]] disease
* [[Seizures]]
* [[Malnutrition]], possibly leading to [[death]]
* Subsequent weight gain
==Low carbohydrate versus low fat==
{{main|Medical research related to low-carbohydrate diets}}
Many studies have focused on diets that reduce calories via a low-carbohydrate ([[Atkins diet]], [[Zone diet]]) diet versus a low-fat diet ([[LEARN diet]], [[Ornish diet]]). The [[Nurses' Health Study]], an observational [[cohort study]], found that low carbohydrate diets based on vegetable sources of fat and protein are associated with less [[coronary heart disease]].<ref name="pmid17093250">{{cite journal |author=Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, ''et al'' |title=Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=19 |pages=1991–2002 |year=2006 |pmid=17093250 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055317}}</ref>
A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] by the international [[Cochrane Collaboration]] in 2002 concluded<ref name="pmid12076496">{{cite journal |author=Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P |title=Advice on low-fat diets for obesity |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD003640 |year=2002 |pmid=12076496| doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003640 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> that fat-restricted diets are no better than calorie restricted diets in achieving long term weight loss in overweight or obese people. A more recent [[meta-analysis]] that included [[randomized controlled trials]] published after the Cochrane review<ref name="pmid12761364">{{cite journal |author=Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, ''et al'' |title=A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=21 |pages=2074–81 |year=2003 |pmid=12761364 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa022637}}</ref><ref name="pmid12761365">{{cite journal |author=Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, ''et al'' |title=A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=21 |pages=2082–90 |year=2003 |pmid=12761365 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa022207}}</ref><ref name="pmid15632335"/> found that "low-carbohydrate, non-energy-restricted diets appear to be at least as effective as low-fat, energy-restricted diets in inducing weight loss for up to 1 year. However, potential favorable changes in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values should be weighed against potential unfavorable changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values when low-carbohydrate diets to induce weight loss are considered."<ref name="pmid16476868">{{cite journal |author=Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, ''et al'' |title=Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=285–93 |year=2006 |pmid=16476868 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.3.285}}</ref>
The [[Women's Health Initiative]] Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial<ref name="pmid16391215">{{cite journal |author=Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, ''et al'' |title=Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |year=2006 |pmid=16391215 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.1.39}}</ref> found that a diet of total fat to 20% of energy and increasing consumption of vegetables and fruit to at least 5 servings daily and grains to at least 6 servings daily resulted in:
* no reduction in cardiovascular disease<ref name="pmid16467234">{{cite journal |author=Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, ''et al'' |title=Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=6 |pages=655–66 |year=2006 |pmid=16467234 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.6.655}}</ref>
* an insignificant reduction in invasive breast cancer<ref name="pmid16467232">{{cite journal |author=Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, ''et al'' |title=Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=6 |pages=629–42 |year=2006 |pmid=16467232 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.6.629}}</ref>
* no reductions in colorectal cancer<ref name="pmid16467233">{{cite journal |author=Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, ''et al'' |title=Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=6 |pages=643–54 |year=2006 |pmid=16467233 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.6.643}}</ref>
Additional recent [[randomized controlled trials]] have found that:
* A comparison of Atkins, [[Zone diet]], [[Ornish diet]], and [[LEARN diet]] in ''premenopausal women'' found the greatest benefit from the [[Atkins diet]].<ref name="pmid17341711">{{cite journal |author=Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, ''et al'' |title=Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297 |issue=9 |pages=969–77 |year=2007 |pmid=17341711 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.9.969}}</ref>
* The choice of diet for a specific person may be influenced by measuring the invididual's insulin secretion:
:In [[young adults]] "Reducing glycemic [carbohydrate] load may be especially important to achieve weight loss among individuals with high insulin secretion."<ref name="pmid17507345">{{cite journal |author=Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS |title=Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial |journal=JAMA |volume=297 |issue=19 |pages=2092–102 |year=2007 |pmid=17507345 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.19.2092}}</ref> This is consistent with prior studies of diabetic patients in which low carbohydrate diets were more beneficial.<ref name="pmid15148064">{{cite journal |author=Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, ''et al'' |title=The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=140 |issue=10 |pages=778–85 |year=2004 |pmid=15148064 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7848401">{{cite journal |author=Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, ''et al'' |title=Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |journal=JAMA |volume=271 |issue=18 |pages=1421–8 |year=1994 |pmid=7848401| doi = 10.1001/jama.271.18.1421 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref>
The [[American Diabetes Association]] released for the first time a recommendation (in its January 2008 Clinical Practice Recommendations) for a low carbohydrate diet to reduce weight for those with or at risk of Type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal|author=American Diabetes Association|title=Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=31 suppl|pages=S61–78|year=2008| doi=10.2337/dc08-S061| url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/31/Supplement_1/S61}}</ref>
==Low glycemic index==
"The [[glycemic index]] factor is a ranking of foods based on their overall effect on blood sugar levels. Low glycaemic index foods, such as lentils, provide a slower more consistent source of glucose to the bloodstream, thereby stimulating less insulin release than high glycaemic index foods, such as white bread."<ref name="pmid17636786">{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L |title=Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity |journal= |volume=3 |issue= |pages=CD005105 |year=2007 |pmid=17636786 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2}}</ref><ref name="pmid6259925">{{cite journal |author=Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, ''et al'' |title=Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=362–6 |year=1981 |pmid=6259925 |doi=}}</ref>
The glycemic load is "the mathematical product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate amount".<ref name="pmid12949357">{{cite journal |author=Brand-Miller JC, Thomas M, Swan V, Ahmad ZI, Petocz P, Colagiuri S |title=Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=133 |issue=9 |pages=2728–32 |year=2003 |pmid=12949357 |doi=}}</ref>
In a [[randomized controlled trial]] that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index found complicated results<ref name="pmid16864756">{{cite journal |author=McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, ''et al'' |title=Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=14 |pages=1466–75 |year=2006 |pmid=16864756 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466}}</ref>:
* Diet 1 and 2 were high carbohydrate (55% of total energy intake)
** Diet 1 was high-glycemic index
** Diet 2 was low-glycemic index
* Diet 3 and 4 were high protein (25% of total energy intake)
** Diet 3 was high-glycemic index
** Diet 4 was low-glycemic index
Diets 2 and 3 lost the most weight and fat mass; however, low density lipoprotein fell in Diet 2 and rose in Diet 3. Thus the authors concluded that the high-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index diet was the most favorable.
A [[meta-analysis]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded that low glycemic index or low glycemic load diets led to more weight loss and better lipid profiles. ''However'', the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] grouped low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets together and did not try to separate the effects of the load versus the index.<ref name="pmid17636786">{{cite journal |author=Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L |title=Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD005105 |year=2007 |pmid=17636786 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2}}</ref>
==See also==
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Body image]]
*[[Eating disorder]]
*[[Crash diet]]
*[[Dietitian]]
*[[Food faddism]]
*[[Healthy diet]]
{{col-break}}
*[[List of diets]]
*[[National Weight Control Registry]]
*[[Nutritional rating systems]]
*[[Nutrition scale]]
*[[Underweight]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Sonoma diet]]
*[[Cookie diet]]
{{col-end}}
==References==
{{reflist|1}}
{{refbegin}}
<!-- add references here -->
*American Dietetic Association. 2003. Position paper on vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 103:748-765.
*Dansinger, M.L., Gleason, J. L., Griffith, J.L., et al., "One Year Effectiveness of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets in Decreasing Body Weight and Heart Disease Risk", Presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions [[November 12]], [[2003]] in Orlando, Florida.)
*Davis, B. and Melina, V. 2000. ''Becoming Vegan.'' pg. 22.
*[[Wansink]], B. ''[[Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think]]'', New York: Bantam Dell (2006).
{{refend}}
==External links==
<!-- Do not post links to commercial sites. -->
<!-- They will be removed immediately -->
* {{Dmoz|Health/Weight_Loss/}}
* [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutrition/foodpyramid/ The food pyramid: Video lectures at the Harvard School of public health]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eREuZEdMAVo Comparing popular dieting plans: Video lecture at the Stanford University Medical Center]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/diet/interviews/willett.html A PBS Frontline interview with Prof. Walter Willett, Chair of Harvard's nutrition department]
[[Category:Diets]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[cs:Dieta]]
[[da:Slankekur]]
[[ko:식이요법]]
[[he:דיאטה]]
[[hu:Dietetika]]
[[ja:ダイエット]]
[[pt:Dieta]]
[[sv:Bantning]]
[[yi:דיעטע]]