Digital Equipment Corporation
7952
225829157
2008-07-15T16:19:37Z
Epbr123
1395162
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/OrgasGirl|OrgasGirl]] to last version by Gwern (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{Infobox Defunct Company
| company_name = Digital Equipment Corporation
| company_logo = [[Image:Digital Equipment Corporation 1987 logo.png]]
| slogan = Honesty and respect for customers and employees.
| fate = Assets were sold to various companies. What remained was sold to [[Compaq]].
| successor = [[Compaq]] in 1998 - [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] in 2002
| foundation = 1957
| defunct = 1998
| location = [[Maynard, Massachusetts]] <br/>{{USA}}
| industry = Computer manufacturing
| key_people = [[Ken Olsen]] (founder, president, and chairman) <br/> [[Harlan Anderson]] (co-founder)
| products = [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP]] <br/> [[VAX]] <br/> [[DEC Alpha]]
| num_employees = over 140,000 (1987)
| parent =
| subsid = Most countries
}}
'''Digital Equipment Corporation''' was a pioneering [[United States|American]] company in the [[computer]] industry. It is often referred to within the computing industry as '''DEC''' (this acronym was frequently officially used by Digital itself,<ref>"DEC used by Digital itself:" ''PDP11 Processor Handbook'' (1973): page 8, "DEC, PDP, UNIBUS are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation;" page 1-4, "Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) designs and manufactures many of the peripheral devices offered with [[PDP-11]]'s. As a designer and manufacturer of peripherals, DEC can offer extremely reliable equipment... The LA30 DECwriter, a totally DEC-designed and built teleprinter, can serve as an alternative to the Teletype."</ref> but the official name was always DIGITAL). Its [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP]] and [[VAX]] products were arguably the most popular [[minicomputer]]s for the scientific and engineering communities during the 1970s and 1980s. DEC was acquired by [[Compaq]] in June 1998, which subsequently merged with [[Hewlett-Packard]] in May 2002. As of 2007 its product lines were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992 its headquarters was located in an old wool mill in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]].
Digital Equipment Corporation should not be confused with [[Digital Research]]; the two were unrelated, separate entities; or with [[Western Digital]] (despite the fact that they made the [[LSI-11]] chipsets used in Digital Equipment Corporation's low end [[PDP-11]]/03 computers). Note, however, that there were [[Digital Equipment Corporation#Research|Digital Research Laboratories]] where DEC did its corporate research.
== History ==
The company was founded in 1957 by [[Ken Olsen]] and [[Harlan Anderson]], two engineers who had been working at [[MIT]] [[Lincoln Laboratory]] on the [[TX-2]] project. The TX-2 was a [[transistor]]-based computer using the then-huge amount of '''64K''' [[36-bit word length|36-bit words]] of [[core memory]]. When that project ran into difficulties, Olsen and Anderson left MIT to form DEC. [[Venture capital]] of about $70,000 was provided by [[Georges Doriot]] and his [[American Research and Development Corporation]]. AR&D later sold its investment in Digital for approximately $450 million, certainly the best VC return ever to that point. At the time, the VC market was hostile to computer companies, and investors shied from their plans. The original business plan named the company "Digital Computer Corporation," but AR&D required that the name be changed to DEC. Instead, DEC started building small digital "modules" such as flip flops, gates, and transformer drivers that could be combined to run scientific and engineering experiments. In 1959, Ben Gurley started design of the company's first computer, the [[PDP-1]] (PDP being an [[initialism]] for [[Programmable Data Processor]] as a means of attracting VC funding. As he put it, "We aren't building computers, we're building 'Programmable Data Processors'." DEC began operations in a Civil War era textile mill in Maynard, Mass., where plenty of inexpensive manufacturing space was available.
[[Image:Dec SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS 1103.jpg|thumb|System Building Blocks 1103 hex-inverter card (both sides)]]
The first modules were the free-standing "laboratory modules," placing one or two gates inside an extruded aluminum housing. These modules could be stacked in a preconfigured 19-in rack shelf that supplied power to the modules; the logic circuits were then established using [[4 mm plug|banana plug]] [[patch cord]]s installed at the front of the modules. The same circuits were then packaged as "[[System Building Blocks]]," which were used to build the PDP-1. [[Image:KA10 mod end.jpg|thumb|left|A "B" (blue) series Flip Chip module containing nine transistors, 1971]]The same circuits were then packaged as the first "R" (red) series "[[Flip Chip (trademark)|Flip-Chip®]]" modules. Later, other module series provided additional speed, much higher logic density, and industrial I/O capabilities. Digital published extensive data about the modules in free catalogs that became very popular.
By 1997 Digital had subsidiary companies in more than two dozen countries including Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China (People's Republic), Columbia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Israel, Japan, Jersey States, New Zealand, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. <ref> http://www.secinfo.com/dsvRx.83Pe.7.htm SEC Web site retrieved January 22,2008 </ref>
In the UK, the company's headquarters were located in Reading, Berkshire.
<br clear="all">
=== 8-bit systems ===
In the 1980s, DEC built the [[VT180]] (codenamed "Robin"), which was a [[VT100]] terminal with a [[Zilog Z80|Z80]]-based microcomputer running [[CP/M]].
This evolved into the [[Rainbow 100]], which had both Z80 and [[Intel 8088|8088]] CPUs and was capable of running [[CP/M]], [[CP/M-86]], and [[MS-DOS]].
DEC also used Intel 8-bit microprocessors as embedded processors within larger systems; for example, as the console processor in [[PDP-11]]/04, 11/34, and 11/44 systems and as the main processor within the [[VT100]] family of video terminals.
=== 12-bit systems ===
[[Image:PDP-8.jpg|thumb|right|A PDP-8 on display at the [[Smithsonian]]'s [[National Museum of American History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. This example is from the first generation of PDP-8s, built with discrete transistors and later known as the ''Straight 8''.]]
To serve laboratories at a lower cost, DEC provided the [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP-5]], an early minicomputer, in 1963.
True success followed with the introduction of the famous [[PDP-8]] in 1964. It was a smaller, 12-bit word machine that sold for about $16,000 and was small enough to fit on a cart. The device was simple enough to be used for many roles, and was soon being sold in large quantities to new market niches such as labs, railways, and various industrial applications.
The PDP-8 was important historically because it was the first computer that was regularly purchased by a handful of end users as an alternative to using a larger system in a data center. Because of their low cost and portability, these machines could be purchased to fill a specific need, unlike the mainframe systems of the day that were nearly always shared among diverse users. Today, the PDP-8 is generally regarded as the first [[minicomputer]].
The PDP-8 spawned a cousin, the [[PDP-12]], which merged data acquisition and display capabilities developed with the NIH-sponsored [[LINC]] computers into the PDP-8 architecture.
The PDP-8 was used as the "brains" for many specific scientific and research projects. Once such adaptation was the "[[Durrum D-500|Durrum Instruments D-500 Amino Acid Analyzer]]" wherein a PDP-8 was used for [[process control]].
Many 8- and 16-bit machine architectures are said to be inspired by the PDP-8, including the [[HP 2100]] and [[Data General Nova]], and to a lesser extent the [[National Semiconductor]] IMP, PACE, and [[INS8900]] microprocessors and the [[Signetics 2650]] microprocessor. Machines based on the PDP-8 can be characterized by a small number of accumulators (such as AC and MQ, or A and B), or a small number of general registers (R0-R3) rather than a relatively large number of regular registers (such as R0-R7 or R15), and by memory addressing in terms of a base page and a current page (related to PC value).
The design of the 4-bit [[Intel 4004]] was also inspired by the PDP-8, although it has a series of regular registers (R0-R15). While evaluating the [[Busicom]] designed calculator chipset for production by Intel, [[Ted Hoff]] realized that the PDP-8 sitting in the corner of the room was far more powerful than newer chips, yet the circuitry was much simpler. Therefore, he proposed that Intel not make the chips designed by Busicom, but instead design a "computer chipset" that buyers could program as a calculator.
=== 16-bit systems ===
[[Data General]] was formed by a group of DEC engineers in May, 1968, and rapidly brought the 16-bit NOVA minicomputer to market, based on a proposed architecture that DEC management had rejected. DEC immediately found itself behind in the industry transition to 8-bit bytes. The [[PDP-11]] 16-bit computer was designed in a crash program by Harold McFarland, [[Gordon Bell]], Roger Cady, and others. Its numerous architectural innovations, including the [[UNIBUS]], proved superior to all competitors and the "11" architecture was soon the industry leader. The first model was the PDP-11/20, which was followed by higher performance models such as the 11/45 and 11/70. When improvements to [[integrated circuit]]s enabled the single-chip microprocessor, 11s eventually were packaged into systems no larger than a modern [[Personal Computer|PC]].
The PDP-11 supported several operating systems, including [[Bell Labs|Bell Labs']] new [[Unix]] operating system as well as DEC's [[DOS-11]], [[RSX-11]], IAS, [[RT-11]], and [[RSTS/E]]. Many early PDP-11 applications were developed using standalone paper-tape utilities. DOS-11 was the PDP-11's first disk operating system, but was soon supplanted by more capable systems. RT-11 provided a practical real-time operating system, allowing the PDP-11 to continue Digital's critical role as a computer supplier for [[embedded system]]s. RSX provided a general-purpose [[computer multitasking|multitasking]] environment and supported a wide variety of programming languages. IAS was a [[time-sharing]] version of RSX-11D. Both RSTS and Unix were time-sharing systems available to educational institutions at little or no cost, and these PDP-11 systems were destined to be the sandbox for a generation of engineers and computer scientists. Large numbers of 11/70s were deployed in telecommunications and industrial control applications. AT&T became DEC's largest customer.
The PDP-11's 16-bit [[byte-oriented]] architecture provided a 64KB virtual address space. Most models had a paged physical memory architecture and memory protection features, useful for multitasking and time-sharing, and some supported separate Instruction & Data spaces for an effective virtual address size of 128KB within a physical address size of up to 4 MB.
Another significant innovation of the PDP's architecture (PDP-11 in particular, but also to some degree the other PDPs) was that all peripheral device interfaces were memory mapped: rather than using special I/O instructions to work with peripherals, programmers accessed device registers by reading and modifying the contents of specific physical memory addresses.
PDP operating systems were the model for many other operating systems. [[CP/M]] used a command syntax similar to RT-11's, and even retained the awkward [[Peripheral Interchange Program|PIP]] program used to copy other programs. DEC's use of '/' for "switches" (command-line options) would lead to the adoption of '\' for pathnames in [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] as opposed to '/' in [[Unix]].
The use of paged physical memory (with a [[Memory Management Unit|MMU]]), and the use of memory-mapped device I/O were both important influences on the Intel architecture; both of these are essential features of modern CPUs.
=== 18-bit systems ===
<!-- image must have been deleted by Copyright Nazis, commenting it out [[Image:Vs-dec-pdp-1.jpg|thumb|PDP-1|220px|right|One of the Computer History Museum's [[PDP-1]] systems.]] -->
Through the 1960s, DEC produced a series of machines aimed at a price/performance point below [[International Business Machines|IBM]]'s [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]] machines, typically based on an 18-bit word using core memory:
the PDP-1, the PDP-4 (1963), the PDP-7 (the first to use their [[Flip_Chip_(trademark)|Flip-Chip®]] technology) and [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP-9]] (1965), and finally the [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP-15]] series (starting in 1970 and later sold as the "XVM" series). The PDP-15 was an early user of [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] [[integrated circuits]]. These computers were moderately powerful computers for their time, mainly used in industrial, scientific, and medical laboratories.
=== 24-bit systems ===
According to [[Gordon Bell]], the second PDP (PDP-2) was reserved for a 24-bit computer that was never developed.
=== 32-bit systems ===
In addition to the VAX below, DEC collaborated with [[ARM Limited]] to produce the [[StrongARM]] processor. This processor, based in part on ARM7 and in part on DEC technologies like Alpha, was highly compatible with the [[ARMv4]] architecture and set the standard for microprocessors intended for mobile applications, virtually destroying the market for technologies such as [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] and [[SuperH]] in these markets. [[Microsoft]] subsequently dropped [[PocketPC]] support for these architectures, largely as a result of the extremely broad appeal of [[StrongARM]]. When DEC ceased to trade, the [[StrongARM]] intellectual property was sold to [[Intel]], who continued to manufacture [[StrongARM]], as well as developing it into [[XScale]] (Intel subsequently sold this business to [[Marvell Technology Group]]).
=== 36-bit systems ===
A paper design for the third PDP (PDP-3) was developed and a single computer was produced from the specification by a DEC customer using DEC System Building Blocks.
For larger scientific applications DEC produced the PDP-6 in 1964, using a 36-bit architecture. Using the same word length as the [[IBM 700/7000 series|IBM 701-7094 series]] scientific computers, which were being replaced by the 32-bit IBM [[System/360]] series, and the [[UNIVAC 1100/2200 series|UNIVAC 1107]], which was replaced by the successor [[UNIVAC 1108]] the next year, provided an alternative growth path for scientific customers. The successor was the [[PDP-10]] series, eventually sold as the [[DECsystem-10]] and [[DECSYSTEM-20]].
One of the most unusual peripherals produced for the PDP-10 was the [[DECtape]]. The DECtape was a length of standard magnetic tape wound on 5-in reels. However, the recording format was a 10-track approach using fixed-length numbered 'blocks' organized into a standard file structure, including a directory. Files could be written, read, changed and deleted on a DECtape as though it were a hard drive. In fact, some PDP-10 systems had no hard drives at all, using DECtapes alone for their primary data storage. For greater efficiency, the DECtape drive could read and write to a DECtape in both directions.
=== VAX and Ethernet systems ===
[[Image:Vax780 small.jpeg|thumb|right|A representative VAX-11/780 system configuration]]
In 1976, DEC decided to extend the [[PDP-11]] architecture to 32 bits, creating its first 32-bit minicomputer, referred to as a ''[[Superminicomputer|super-mini]]''. This was launched as the Virtual Address eXtension ([[VAX]]) 11/780 in 1978, and immediately took over the vast majority of the minicomputer market.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Desperate attempts by competitors such as [[Data General]] (which had been formed in 1968 by Ed DeCastro and eight other DEC engineers who had worked on a 16-bit design that DEC had rejected) to win back market share failed, due not only to DEC's successes, but the emergence of the [[microcomputer]] and [[workstation]] into the lower-end of the minicomputer market.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In 1983, DEC canceled its [[Jupiter project|"Jupiter" project]], which had been intended to build a successor to the PDP-10, and instead focused on promoting the VAX as their the single computer architecture for the company.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} It was believed that microprocessor technology at the low end and networking of larger systems could produce a 1:1000 range of computing power from one architecture.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
The VAX series had an instruction set that is rich even by today's standards (as well as an abundance of [[addressing mode]]s). In addition to the paging and memory protection features of the PDP series, the VAX supported [[virtual memory]]. The VAX could use both Unix and DEC's own [[OpenVMS|VMS]] operating system.
In 1984, DEC launched its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet. Ethernet allowed scalable networking, and VAXcluster allowed scalable computing. Combined with DecNet and Ethernet-based terminal servers (LAT), DEC had produced a networked storage architecture which allowed them to compete directly with IBM. The Ethernet replaced the IBM token-ring, and went on to become the dominant networking model in use today.
At its peak in the late 1980s, Digital was the second-largest computer company in the world, with over 100,000 employees. It was during this time that the company appeared to take on a feeling of invincibility, and it branched out into software, producing products for almost every "hot" niche at the time. This included Digital's own networking system, [[DECnet]], file and print sharing, relational database, and even [[transaction processing]]. Although many of these products were well designed, most of them were DEC-only or DEC-centric, and customers frequently ignored them and used third-party products instead. This problem was further magnified by Olsen's aversion to traditional advertising and his belief that well-engineered products would sell themselves. Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on these projects, at the same time that workstations based on [[RISC]] architecture were starting to approach the VAX in performance. Constrained by the huge success of their VAX/VMS products, which followed the proprietary model, the company was very late to respond to commodity hardware in the form of [[Intel]]-based personal computers and standards-based software such as [[Unix]] as well as [[Internet]] protocols such as [[TCP/IP]]. In the early 1990s, DEC found its sales faltering and its first layoffs followed. The company that created the minicomputer, a dominant networking technology, and arguably the first computers for personal use, did not effectively respond to the significant restructuring of the computer industry.
=== 32-bit MIPS and 64-bit Alpha systems ===
[[Image:AlphaServer-2100-guts.jpg|thumb|Inside view of AlphaServer 2100.]]
During the 1980s, DEC made several attempts at designing a [[RISC]] (reduced instruction set) processor to replace the VAX architecture. One of these, [[DEC PRISM|PRISM]], reached an advanced stage before being canceled in 1988. Instead, DEC launched the [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]]-based [[DECstation]] and DECsystem line of workstations and servers.
Eventually, in 1992, DEC launched the [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]] processor (initially named '''Alpha AXP''', the "AXP" was later dropped). This was a [[64-bit]] [[RISC]] architecture (as opposed to the 32-bit [[Complex instruction set computer|CISC]] architecture used in the VAX) and one of the first 64-bit [[microprocessor]] designs. The Alpha offered class-leading performance at its launch, and subsequent variants continued to do so into the 2000s. Alpha-based computers (the DEC AXP series, later the [[AlphaStation]] and [[AlphaServer]] series) superseded both the VAX and MIPS architecture in DEC's product lines, and could run [[OpenVMS]], DEC [[OSF/1]] AXP (later, Digital Unix or Tru64 UNIX) and Microsoft's then-new operating system, [[Windows NT]].
DEC tried to compete in the Unix market by adding [[POSIX]]-compatibility features to the VAX/VMS operating system (becoming "OpenVMS") and by selling its own version of Unix ([[Ultrix]] on PDP-11, VAX and MIPS architectures; OSF/1 on Alpha), and began to advertise more aggressively. DEC was simply not prepared to sell into a crowded Unix market however, and the low end PC-servers running NT (based on [[Intel]] processors) took market share from Alpha-based computers. DEC's workstation and server line never gained much popularity beyond former DEC customers.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
=== Personal computers ===
Digital responded to the challenge of the [[IBM-PC]] with not one, but three machines, tied to [[proprietary]] architectures. One machine was for "professionals," barely hiding president [[Ken Olsen]]'s contempt for the IBM PC. One was for word processing only and another was "almost" IBM compatible. All three were commercial failures. Packaging was based on the new [[VT220]] terminals. The [[DEC Professional (computer)|DEC Professional]] was based on the [[PDP-11]]/23 (11/73) which, running RSX-11M+ derived the menu-driven P/OS, was software incompatible with the base of largely [[CP/M]] and [[8080]] based microcomputers. The 'Pro' provided 64K 16-bit addresses windowing into 2 MB of physical memory, compared to 1 MB capacity of the [[Intel 8086]]. The [[DECmate]] was the latest version of the PDP-8 based word processors, but not really suited to general computing, nor competitive with [[Wang Laboratories]] word processing that was becoming popular. The [[Rainbow 100]] ran an 8086 implementation of [[CP/M-86|CP/M]], so applications could in theory be recompiled; but, by this time, users were expecting custom-built applications such as [[Lotus 1-2-3]], which was eventually ported along with MS-DOS V2.0 and introduced in late 1983. Users objected to having to buy preformatted floppy disks.
DEC was initially resistant to even supporting [[MS-DOS]], and did not produce a true [[IBM-PC compatible]] computer for many years, although the [[VAXmate]] came close, introduced in 1986 along with [[MS-Windows]] V1.0 and a [[VAX/VMS]] based (file and print) server for Microsoft's network protocols (such as SMB and NetBIOS) along with integration into DEC's own [[DECnet]]-family, providing LAN/WAN connection from PC to mainframe (supermini). The lines of DECs personal computers peaked with the Alpha-based 64-bit RISC workstations introduced in the early 1990s. DEC later produced a range of true IBM-PC compatible computers, including the Starion, Venturis, Celebris and Digital PC desktop lines, the HiNote series of laptops and the Digital Server and Prioris ranges of servers.<ref>[http://h18002.www1.hp.com/legacysupport/digital/retired.html Compaq.com - Digital PC Products - Retired Hardware Products<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== Designing solutions===
Beyond DECsystem-10/20, PDP, VAX and Alpha, Digital was well respected for its communication subsystem designs, such as Ethernet, DNA (Digital Network Architecture - predominantly DECnet products), DSA (Digital Storage Architecture - disks/tapes/controllers), and its "dumb terminal" subsystems including VT100 and DECserver products.<ref>For in-depth articles regarding Digital technologies, refer to the archived [http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/dtj/past.htm Digital Technical Journal]</ref>
===Closing DEC's business===
[[Image:Digital Equipment Corporation 1993 logo.png|New 1993 corporate logo|thumb]]
In June 1992, [[Ken Olsen]] was replaced by [[Robert Palmer (computer businessman)|Robert Palmer]] as the company's president. Digital's board of directors also granted Palmer the title of chief executive officer ("CEO"), a title that had never been used during Digital's 35-year existence. Palmer had joined DEC in 1985 to run Semiconductor Engineering and Manufacturing. His relentless campaign to be CEO, and success with the Alpha microprocessor family, made him a candidate to succeed Olsen. At the same time a more modern logo was designed<ref>[[Ned Batchelder]] and http://vt100.net/dec/logo</ref>. However, Palmer was unable to stem the tide of red ink. More rounds of layoffs ensued and many of DEC's assets were spun off:
* Worldwide training was spun off to form an independent/new company called Global Knowledge Network.<ref>[http://www.globalknowledge.com Cisco Training, MCSE Training, ITIL Training, and PMP Training, are just some of the many IT Training and Business Training courses you will find at Global Knowledge<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Their database product, [[Oracle Rdb|Rdb]], was sold to [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]].
* The [[Digital Linear Tape|DLT]] tape technology was sold to [[Quantum Corporation]] in 1994.
* [[Text terminal]] business ([[VT100]] and its successors) was sold in August 1995 to [[Boundless Technologies]].
* In March 1997, DEC's [[CORBA]]-based product, ObjectBroker, and its messaging software, MessageQ, was sold to [[BEA Systems|BEA Systems, Inc]].
* In May 1997, DEC sued [[Intel]] for allegedly infringing on its Alpha patents in designing the [[Intel Pentium|Pentium]] chips. As part of a settlement, DEC's chip business was sold to Intel. This included DEC's [[StrongARM]] implementation of the [[ARM architecture|ARM computer architecture]], which Intel sold as the [[Intel XScale|XScale]] processors commonly used in [[Pocket PC]]s.
* In 1997, the printer business was sold to [[GENICOM]] (now TallyGenicom), which then produced models bearing the Digital logo.
* At about the same time, the networking business was sold to [[Cabletron Systems]], and subsequently spun off as [[Digital Network Products Group]].
* The [[DECtalk]] and [[DECvoice]] voice products were spun off, and eventually arrived at [[Fonix]].
* The rights to the PDP-11 line and several PDP-11 operating systems were sold to Mentec in 1994.<ref>[http://www.mentec.com/ Mentec<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Eventually, on [[January 26]], [[1998]], what remained of the company (including Digital's multivendor global services organization and customer support centers) was sold to [[Compaq]], which was acquired by [[Hewlett-Packard]] in 2002. Hewlett-Packard now sells what were formerly Digital's StorageWorks disk/tape products,<ref>[http://h18006.www1.hp.com/storage/ HP StorageWorks - Data and Network Storage Products and Solutions<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> as a result of the Compaq acquisition.
The Digital logo survived for a while after the company ceased to exist, as the logo of Digital GlobalSoft, an IT services company in India (which was a 51 percent subsidiary of DEC). Digital GlobalSoft was later renamed "HP GlobalSoft" (also known as the "HP Global Delivery India Center" or HP GDIC) and no longer uses the Digital logo.
The digital.com and DEC.com domain names are now owned by Hewlett-Packard and redirect to their US website.<ref>[http://www.digital.com/ www.digital.com], [http://www.DEC.com/ www.DEC.com]</ref>
== Research ==
DEC's Research Laboratories (or Research Labs, as they were commonly known) conducted Digital's corporate research. Some of them were operated by [[Compaq]] and are still operated by [[Hewlett-Packard]]. The laboratories were:
* Western Research Laboratory (WRL) in [[Palo Alto, California]]
* [[DEC Systems Research Center|Systems Research Center]] (SRC) in [[Palo Alto, California]]
* Network Systems Laboratory (NSL) in [[Palo Alto, California]]
* Cambridge Research Laboratory (CRL) in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
* Paris Research Laboratory (PRL) in [[Paris, France]]
* MetroWest Technology Campus (MTC) in [[Maynard, Massachusetts]]
Some of the former employees of Digital's Research Labs or Digital's R&D in general include:
* [[Gordon Bell]]
* [[Henry Burkhardt III]], co-founder of [[Data General|Data General Corporation]] and [[Kendall Square Research]]
* [[Michael Burrows|Mike Burrows]]
* [[Luca Cardelli]]
* [[Dave Cutler (software engineer)|Dave Cutler]]
* [[Edson deCastro|Ed deCastro]], co-founder of [[Data General|Data General Corporation]]
* [[Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)|Henri Gouraud]]
* [[Jim Gray (computer scientist)|Jim Gray]]
* [[Alan Kotok]]
* [[Leslie Lamport]]
* [[Butler Lampson]]
* [[Jeffrey Mogul]]
* [[Louis Monier]]
* [[Brian Reid (computer scientist)|Brian Reid]]
* [[Paul Vixie]]
Some of the work of the Research Labs was published in the Digital Technical Journal,<ref>[http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/dtj/past.htm Digital Technical Journal - Online Issues<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> published until 1998.<ref>At least some of the research reports are available online at [ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/ ftp.digital.com], in the subdirectories WRL, SRC, NSL, CRL, PRL (see [[Digital Equipment Corporation#Research|Research]] section). Verified July 2006</ref>
== Accomplishments ==
Digital supported the [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] standards, especially the [[ASCII]] character set, which survives in [[Unicode]] and the [[ISO 8859]] character set family. Digital's own [[Multinational Character Set]] also had a large influence on [[ISO 8859-1]] (Latin-1) and, by extension, [[Unicode]].
The first versions of the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]] and the [[Unix|UNIX operating system]] ran on Digital's [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP]] series of computers (first on a PDP-7, then the [[PDP-11]]'s), which were among the first commercially viable [[minicomputer]]s, although for several years Digital itself did not encourage the use of Unix.
Digital also produced the popular [[VAX]] computer family, the first pure 64-bit microprocessor architecture ([[DEC Alpha|Alpha AXP]]), the first commercially successful workstation (the VT-78), and some commercially unsuccessful personal computers. The central computing system of the Soviet reusable [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] spaceship was based on two MicroVAX computers.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
Digital produced widely used interactive operating systems, including [[OS/8|OS-8]], [[TOPS-10]], [[TOPS-20]], [[RSTS/E]], [[RSX-11]], [[RT-11]], and [[OpenVMS]]. PDP computers, in particular the [[PDP-11]] model, inspired a generation of programmers and software developers. Some [[PDP-11]] systems more than 25 years old (software and hardware) are still being used to control and monitor factories, transportation systems and nuclear plants. Digital was an early champion of [[time-sharing]] systems.
Digital was to the command-line interface (CLI) what Apple was to the GUI: there was history before and innovation after, but it was Digital's operating systems that put it together in a complete and definitive form. The command-line interfaces found in Digital's systems, eventually codified as [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]], would look familiar to any user of modern microcomputer CLIs; those used in earlier systems, such as [[Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]], [[IBM]]'s [[Job Control Language|JCL]], or [[Univac]]'s time-sharing systems, would look utterly alien. Many features of the CP/M and MS-DOS CLI show a recognizable family resemblance to Digital's OSes, including command names such as DIR and HELP and the "name-dot-extension" file naming conventions.
VAX and [[MicroVAX]] computers (very widespread in the 1980s) running [[Virtual Memory System|VMS]] formed one of the most important proprietary networks, [[DECnet]], which linked business and research facilities. The [[DECnet]] protocols formed one of the first peer-to-peer networking standards. Email, file sharing, and distributed collaborative projects existed within the company long before their value was recognized in the market.
Digital, Intel and Xerox through their collaboration to create the DIX standard, were champions of [[Ethernet]], but Digital is the company that made Ethernet commercially successful. Initially, Ethernet-based DECnet and [[Local Area Transport|LAT]] protocols interconnected VAXes with DECserver terminal servers. Starting with the UNIBUS to Ethernet adapter, multiple generations of Ethernet controllers from Digital were the de facto standard. The CI "computer interconnect" adapter was the industry's first network interface controller to use separate transmit and receive "rings".
Digital also invented [[Computer cluster|clustering]], an operating system technology that treated multiple machines as one logical entity. Clustering permitted sharing of pooled disk and tape storage via the HSC50/70/90 and later series of Hierarchical Storage Controllers. HSCs delivered the first hardware RAID 0 and 1 capabilities and the first serial interconnects of multiple storage technologies. This technology was the forerunner to systems like [[Network of Workstations]] which are used for massively cooperative tasks such as web-searches and drug research.
The LA36 and LA120 dot matrix printers became industry standards and may have hastened the demise of the [[teleprinter|Teletype Corporation]].
The [[VT100]] [[computer terminal]] became the industry standard, implementing a useful subset of the [[ANSI X3.64]] standard, and even today terminal emulators such as [[HyperACCESS|HyperTerminal]], [[PuTTY]] and [[Xterm]] still emulate a VT100 (or its more capable successor, the [[VT220]]).
The [[X Window System]], the first remote-windowing system, was developed by [[Project Athena]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. Digital was the primary sponsor for this project.
Dave Cutler, who led the development of [[RSX-11]]M, [[RSX-11]]M+, [[Virtual Memory System|VMS]] and then [[VAXeln]], left Digital in 1988 to lead the development of [[Windows NT]]. A rumor circulated for a long time that WNT=VMS+1 (increment each letter by one). In the early 1990s, when asked directly about this, Cutler quipped "What took you so long ?", leaving open the possibility that VMS becoming WNT was a very unlikely coincidence. However, as noted in the article on [[Windows NT#'NT' designation|Windows NT]], the order of events does not support this.
Notes-11 and its follow-on product, VAXnotes, were two of the first examples of online collaboration software, a category that has become to be known as [[Collaborative software|groupware]]. [[Len Kawell]], one of the original Notes-11 developers later joined [[Lotus Development Corporation]] and contributed to their [[Lotus Notes]] product.
Digital was one of the first businesses connected to the [[Internet]] with ''dec.com'', registered in 1985,<ref>[http://research.microsoft.com/Users/gbell/Digital/timeline/1985-6.htm dec.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> being one of the first of the now ubiquitous ''.com'' domains. ''gatekeeper.dec.com'' was a well-known software repository during the pre-[[WWW|World Wide Web]] days, but Digital was also the first computer vendor to open a public website, on [[October 1]], [[1993]].<ref>[http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9402&L=dectei-l&T=0&P=200 DECTEI-L Archives - February 1994 (#2)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The popular [[AltaVista]], created by Digital, was one of the first comprehensive Internet [[Search engine (computing)|search engine]]s. (Although [[Lycos]] was earlier, it was much more limited.)
DEC invented [[Digital Linear Tape]] (DLT), formerly known as CompacTape, which began as a compact backup medium for MicroVAX systems, and later grew to capacities of 800 gigabytes.
Work on the first hard-disk-based [[MP3]]-player, the [[Personal Jukebox]], started at the [[DEC Systems Research Center]]. (The project was started about a month before the merger into [[Compaq]] was completed.)
DEC's Western Research Lab created the [[Itsy Pocket Computer]]. This was developed into the Compaq [[iPaq]] line of [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]s, which replaced the [[Compaq Aero]] PDA.
==Anecdotes==
[[Image:Digital Equipment Corporation employee coffee mug.jpg|Employee coffee mug|thumb]]
*The first [[E-mail spam|spam]] in computer history was sent on May 3, 1978 by a Digital employee. Over 400 people received his promotional message ''via'' the [[ARPANET]] network.
*[[Ken Olsen]]'s primary concern about customers and employees "Our Employees are our greatest Asset" was distributed on a coffee mug, to encourage all employees.
*[[Ken Olsen]] is famously quoted as having said in 1977: "There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home."
*Back in 1960 DEC engineers realized that locating connectors, where numbers are used for the card slot location and letters for the connector on the card, handwriting was confusing, as with the number 1 the letter I. Thus the letters G, I, O, and Q were dropped to avoid confusion with C, 1, 0, and O. The remaining 22 letters were since known as the DEC alphabet. Today, the pins on [http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wanbu/igx8400/8_2_0/8420ref/igx16apc.htm#15284 V.35] connector still has DEC alphabet, as well as seat numbering on airlines and VIN used for vehicle ID.
== User organizations ==
Originally the [[users' group]] was called [[DECUS]] during the 1960s - 1980's. When [[Compaq]] acquired Digital in 1998, the users group was baptised into '''CUO''', the Compaq Users' Organisation. When [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] acquired [[Compaq]] in 2002, CUO was renamed into [[HP-Interex]], although there are still DECUS groups in several countries. In the [[USA]], the organization is represented by the [[Encompass]] organization.
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* Edgar H. Schein, Peter S. DeLisi, Paul J. Kampas, and Michael M. Sonduck, ''DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation'' (San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler, 2003), ISBN 1-57675-225-9.
* C. Gordon Bell, J. Craig Mudge, and John E. McNamara, ''Computer Engineering - A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design''; Digital Press, 1978, ISBN 0-932376-00-2.
* Alan R. Earls, ''Digital Equipment Corporation''; Arcadia Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7385-3587-7.
==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/cbi00150.xml Digital Equipment Computer Users Society Proceedings and Publications, 1962-1992] [[Charles Babbage Institute]] Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS), a worldwide computer users group, was established in March of 1961. Collection includes proceedings for DECUS annual symposia and DECUS publications, including ''DECUSOPE'' newsletter, ''DECUS Program Library'' and pamphlets.
*[http://www.OpenVMS.org OpenVMS.org]: OpenVMS Community Portal
*[http://www.Tru64.org Tru64.org]: Tru64 UNIX News and Information Portal
*[http://www.chipdb.org/cat-dec---digital-equipment-corporation-1015.htm Pictures of DEC chips at chipdb.org]
*[http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/47121/774588500948 A LinkedIn group for DEC enthusiasts]
*[http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/55682/48D7E54A2802A LinkedIn group for DEC Alumni]
*[http://www.computerhistory.org/events/index.php?id=1142978073 The Mouse That Roared: PDP-1 Celebration Event] panel, [[15 May]], [[2006]].
[[Category:Digital Equipment Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1998 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:UML Partners]]
[[ca:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[cs:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[de:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[es:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[fr:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[id:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[it:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[nl:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[ja:ディジタル・イクイップメント・コーポレーション]]
[[pl:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[pt:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[ru:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[sh:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[fi:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[sv:Digital Equipment Corporation]]
[[zh:迪吉多]]