Digital rights management 89082 225992715 2008-07-16T10:39:00Z 130.60.228.227 '''Digital rights management''' ('''DRM''') is a generic term that refers to [[access control]] technologies used by hardware manufacturers, publishers and [[copyright]] holders to limit usage of digital media or devices. It can also refer to restrictions associated with specific instances of digital works or devices. DRM overlaps with software [[copy protection]] to some extent, however the term "DRM" is usually applied to creative media (music, films, etc.) whereas the term "copy protection" tends to refer to copy protection mechanisms in computer software. Digital rights management has and is being used by content provider companies such as [[Sony]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Microsoft]] and the [[BBC]]. The use of digital rights management is controversial. Advocates argue it is necessary for copyright holders to prevent unauthorized duplication of their work to ensure continued revenue streams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/r/printerfriendly.asp?id=8306 |title=Making Money with Streaming Media |author=Christopher Levy |date=[[February 3]] [[2003]] |accessdate=2006-08-28 |publisher=streamingmedia.com }}</ref> Opponents, such as the [[Free Software Foundation]], maintain that the use of the word "rights" is misleading and suggest that people instead use the term '''Digital Restrictions Management (DRM)'''. Their position is essentially that copyright holders are attempting to [[restriction|restrict]] use of copyrighted material in ways not covered by existing laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/drm.html|title=Digital Restrictions Management and Treacherous Computing|accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], and other opponents, also consider DRM systems to be [[anti-competitive practices]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/archives/001557.php|title=FairPlay: Another Anti-competitive Use of DRM|accessdate=2006-08-01}}</ref> In practice, all widely-used DRM systems have been defeated or circumvented when deployed to enough customers.<ref name="Doctorow"/> Restricting copying of audio and visual material is especially difficult due to the existence of the [[analog hole]], and there are even suggestions that effective DRM is logically impossible for this reason. ==Introduction== Digital rights management technologies attempt to control use of digital media by preventing access, copying or conversion by [[end user]]s to other formats. Long before the arrival of digital or even electronic media, copyright holders, content producers, or other financially or artistically interested parties had business and legal objections to copying technologies. Examples include: [[player piano]] rolls early in the 20th century, [[Magnetic tape#Audio recording|audio tape recording]], and [[video tape recording]] (e.g. the "[[Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.|Betamax case]]" in the [[U.S.]]). Copying technology thus exemplifies a [[disruptive technology]]. The advent of digital media and analog/digital conversion technologies, especially those that are usable on mass-market general-purpose personal computers, have vastly increased the concerns of copyright-dependent organizations, especially within the music and movie industries. While [[analog signal|analog]] media inevitably loses quality with each [[generation loss|copy generation]], and in some cases even during normal use, digital media files may be duplicated an unlimited number of times with no degradation in the quality of subsequent copies. The advent of [[personal computer]]s as household appliances has made it convenient for consumers to convert media (which may or may not be copyrighted) originally in a physical/analog form or a broadcast form into a universal, digital form (this process is called [[ripping]]) for location and/or time shifting purposes, combined with the [[Internet]] and popular [[file sharing]] tools, has made unauthorized distribution of copies of copyrighted digital media (so-called [[digital piracy]]) much easier. In effect, copyright-dependent organizations regard every consumer with an Internet connection as potential nodes in a distribution network that could be used to distribute unauthorized copies of copyrighted works. Although technical controls on the reproduction and use of software have been intermittently used since the 1970s, the term 'DRM' has come to primarily mean the use of these measures to control ''artistic'' or ''literary'' content.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} DRM technologies have enabled publishers to enforce access policies that not only disallow [[copyright infringements]], but also prevent lawful [[fair use]] of copyrighted works, or even implement use constraints on non-copyrighted works that they distribute; examples include the placement of DRM on certain [[public-domain]] or [[open-licensed]] e-books, or DRM included in consumer electronic devices that time-shift (and apply DRM to) both copyrighted and non-copyrighted works. While DRM is most commonly used by the [[entertainment industry]] (''e.g.'' [[film industry|film]] and [[recording industry|recording]]), it has found use in other situations as well. Many [[online music stores]], such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iTunes Store]], as well as certain [[e-book]] publishers, have imposed DRM on their customers. In recent years, a number of [[television producer]]s have imposed DRM mandates on consumer electronic devices, to control access to the freely-broadcast content of their shows, in connection with the popularity of time-shifting [[digital video recorder]] systems such as [[TiVo]].<ref name="TiVoDRM">{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20041028-4358.html |title=TiVo tightens the DRM vise |accessdate=2006-08-11 |last=Bangeman |first=Eric |date=2006-10-28}}</ref> ==Technologies== ===DRM and film=== An early example of a DRM system was the [[Content Scrambling System]] (CSS) employed by the [[DVD Forum]] on film [[DVD]]s since [[circa|ca.]] 1996. CSS used a simple [[encryption algorithm]], and required device manufacturers to sign [[license agreement]]s that restricted the inclusion of features, such as digital outputs that could be used to extract high-quality digital copies of the film, in their players. Thus, the only consumer hardware capable of decoding DVD films was controlled, albeit indirectly, by the DVD Forum, restricting the use of DVD media on other systems until the release of [[DeCSS]] by [[Jon Lech Johansen]] in 1999, which allowed a CSS-encrypted DVD to play properly on a computer using [[Linux]], for which the Alliance had not arranged a licensed version of the CSS playing [[software]]. [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Vista]] contains a DRM system called the [[Protected Media Path]], which contains the Protected Video Path (PVP). PVP tries to stop DRM-restricted content from playing while unsigned software is running in order to prevent the unsigned software from accessing the content. Additionally, PVP can encrypt information during transmission to the monitor or the graphics card, which makes it more difficult to make unauthorized recordings. [[Advanced Access Content System]] (AACS) is a DRM system for [[HD DVD]] and [[Blu-Ray Disc]]s developed by the AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Brothers]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]]. In December 2006 a process key was published on the internet by [[crackers]], enabling unrestricted access to AACS-restricted HD DVD content.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boingboing.net/2006/12/28/report-hddvd-copy-pr.html | title=Report: HD-DVD copy protection defeated | author=Xeni Jardin | date=2006-12-28 | work=BoingBoing | accessdate=2008-01-01 }}</ref> After the cracked keys were revoked, further cracked keys were released.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boingboing.net/2007/05/30/new-aacs-processing-.html | title=New AACS processing key leaks onto the net | author=Cory Doctorow | date=2007-05-30 | work=BoingBoing | accessdate=2008-01-01 }}</ref> The [[broadcast flag]] concept was developed by Fox Broadcasting in 2001 and was supported by the [[MPAA]] and the [[FCC]]. A ruling in May 2005 by a US Court of Appeals held that the FCC lacked authority to impose it on the TV industry in the US. It required that all HDTVs obey a stream specification determining whether or not a the stream can be recorded. This could block instances of fair use, such as [[time-shifting]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}} It achieved more success elsewhere when it was adopted by the Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB), a consortium of about 250 broadcasters, manufactures, network operators, software developers, and regulatory bodies from about 35 countries involved in attempting to develop new digital TV standards. An updated variant of the broadcast flag has been developed in the Content Protection and Copy Management ([[DVB-CPCM]]). It was developed in private, and the technical specification was submitted to European in March 2007. As with much DRM, the CPCM system is intended to control use of copyrighted material by the end-user, at the direction of the copyright holder. According to Ren Bucholz of the [[EFF]], which paid to be a member of the consortium, "You won't even know ahead of time whether and how you will be able to record and make use of particular programs or devices".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://w2.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_briefing_paper.php | title=Who Controls Your Television? | work=Electronic Frontier Foundation | accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> The DVB supports the system as it will harmonize copyright holders' control across different technologies and so make things easier for end users. The CPCM system is expected to be submitted to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute in 2008. In March 2008, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] announced that it would release a DRM-free version of one of its television programs called ''Canada's Next Great Prime Minister'' through [[BitTorrent]].<ref>{{cite web | title = CBC to BitTorrent Canada's Next Great Prime Minister | url = http://www.cbc.ca/nextprimeminister/blog/2008/03/canadas_next_great_prime_minis.html | date = 2008-03-20 | accessdate = 2008-03-25 }}</ref> ===DRM and music=== ====Audio CDs==== It should be noted that discs with DRM installed are not legitimately standards-compliant [[Compact Disc]]s (CDs) but rather CD-ROM media. Therefore they all lack the CD logotype found on discs which follow the standard (known as [[Red Book (audio CD standard)|Red Book]]). Therefore these CDs could not be played on all [[CD player]]s. Many consumers could also no longer play purchased CDs on their computers. [[Personal computer|PC]]s running [[Microsoft Windows]] would sometimes even crash when attempting to play the CDs.<ref>Lewis, Rita. "What is DRM and Why Should I Care?" January 8, 2008. "Firefox News". Accessed July 10 2008. [http://firefox.org/news/articles/1045/1/What-is-DRM-and-why-should-I-care/Page1.html]</ref> In 2002, [[Bertelsmann]] (comprising [[BMG]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], and [[RCA]]) was the first corporation to use DRM on audio CDs.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} In 2005, [[2005 Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal|Sony BMG introduced new DRM technology]] which installed DRM software on user's computers, without clearly notifying the user or requiring their confirmation. Among other things, the installed software included a [[rootkit]], which created a severe security vulnerability others could exploit. When the nature of the DRM involved was made public much later, Sony initially minimized the significance of the vulnerabilities its software had created, but was eventually compelled to recall millions of CDs, and released several attempts to patch the surreptitiously included software to at least remove the rootkit. Several [[class action lawsuit]]s were filed, which were ultimately settled by agreements to provide affected consumers with a cash payout or album downloads free of DRM.<ref>McMillan, Robert. "Settlement Ends Sony Rootkit Case." May 23, 2006. ''PC World''. Accessed April 8, 2007. [http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,125838-page,1-c,unresolvedtechstandards/article.html Article]</ref> Sony's DRM software actually had only a limited ability to prevent copying, as it affected only playback on Windows computers, not on other equipment. Even on the Windows platform, users regularly bypassed the restrictions. And, while the Sony DRM technology created fundamental vulnerabilities in customers' computers, parts of it could be trivially bypassed by holding down the "shift" key while inserting the CD, or by disabling the [[autorun]] feature. In addition, audio tracks could simply be played and re-recorded, thus completely bypassing all of the DRM (this is known as the [[Digital Rights Management#Analog hole|analog hole]]). Sony's first two attempts at releasing a [[patch]] which would remove the DRM software from users' computers failed. In January 2007, [[EMI]] stopped publishing audio CDs with DRM, stating that "the costs of DRM do not measure up to the results." EMI was the last publisher to do so, and audio CDs containing DRM are no longer released by any major publishers.<ref> Marechal, Sander, [http://lxer.com/module/newswire/view/78008/index.html DRM on audio CDs abolished], [[January 9]], [[2007]].</ref> ====Internet music==== Many online music stores employ DRM to restrict usage of music purchased and downloaded online. There are many options for consumers buying digital music over the internet, in terms of both stores and purchase options. * The [[iTunes Store]], run by Apple Inc., allows users to purchase a track online for $.99 US. The tracks purchased use Apple's [[FairPlay]] DRM system. Starting on October 17, 2007, users can download DRM-free music for the same price as a file with DRM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2007/10/15/itunes-plus-drm-free-tracks-expanding-dropping-to-99-cents|title=iTunes Plus DRM-free tracks expanding, dropping to 99 cents|work=Apple News from ARS Technica|accessdate=2007-10-16|date=[[2007-10-16]]}}</ref> * [[Napster (pay service)|Napster music store]], which offers a subscription-based approach to DRM alongside permanent purchases. Users of the subscription service can download and stream an unlimited amount of music transcoded to [[Windows Media Audio|Windows Media Audio (WMA)]] while subscribed to the service. But when the subscription period lapses, all of the downloaded music is unplayable until the user renews his or her subscription. Napster also charges users who wish to use the music on their portable device an additional $5 per month. In addition, Napster gives users the option of paying an additional $0.99 per track to burn it to CD or for the song to never expire. Music bought through Napster can be played on players carrying the [[Microsoft PlaysForSure]] logo (which, notably, do not include [[iPod]]s or even Microsoft's own [[Zune]]). * Wal-Mart Music Downloads, another online music download store, charges $0.94 per track for all non-sale downloads. All Wal-Mart, Music Downloads are able to be played on any Windows PlaysForSure marked product. The music does play on the [[SanDisk]]'s [[Sansa]] [[mp3 player]], for example, but must be copied to the player's [[internal memory]]. It can not be played through the player's [[microSD]] card slot, which is a problem that many users of the mp3 player experience. * [[Sony]] operated an online music download service called "[[Sony Connect|Connect]]" which used Sony's proprietary [[OpenMG]] DRM technology. Music downloaded from this store (usually via Sony's [[SonicStage]] software) was only playable on computers running [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and Sony hardware (including the [[PSP]]). The various services are currently not interoperable, though those that use the same DRM system (for instance the several Windows Media DRM format stores, including Napster and Yahoo Music) all provide songs that can be played side-by-side through the same player program. Almost all stores require client software of some sort to be downloaded, and some also need [[plug-ins]]. Several colleges and [[universities]], such as [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], have made arrangements with assorted Internet music suppliers to provide access (typically DRM-restricted) to music files for their students, to less than universal popularity, sometimes making payments from student activity fee funds.<ref name="freelegal&ignored">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB115214899486099107-vuoIhGUthiYcFwsQK0DjegSRPwQ_20070706.html|title=Free, Legal and Ignored|author=Nick Timeraos|work=[[WSJ.com]] (Wall Street Journal)|date=[[July 6]], [[2006]]|accessdate=2006-11-27}}</ref> One of the problems is that the music becomes unplayable after leaving school unless the student continues to pay individually. Another is that few of these vendors are compatible with the most common portable music player, the Apple iPod. The [[Gowers Review of Intellectual Property]] (to HMG in the UK; 141 pages, 40+ specific recommendations) has taken note of the incompatibilities, and suggests (Recommendations 8 -- 12) that there be explicit fair dealing exceptions to copyright allowing libraries to copy and format-shift between DRM schemes, and further allowing end users to do the same privately. If adopted, some of the acrimony may decrease. Although DRM is prevalent for Internet music, some [[Online music stores]] such as [[eMusic]], [[Dogmazic]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], and Beatport do not use DRM despite encouraging users to avoid sharing music. Major labels have begun releasing more online music without DRM. Eric Bangeman suggests in Ars Technica that this is because the record labels are "slowly beginning to realize that they can't have DRMed music and complete control over the online music market at the same time... One way to break the cycle is to sell music that is playable on any digital audio player. eMusic does exactly that, and their surprisingly extensive catalog of non-DRMed music has vaulted it into the number two online music store position behind the iTunes Store."<ref>[http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061206-8368.html Testing DRM-free waters: EMI selling a few MP3s through Yahoo Music] by Eric Bangeman, ''Ars Technica'', [[December 6]], [[2006]].</ref> Apple's [[Steve Jobs]] has called on the music industry to eliminate DRM in an open letter titled [[Thoughts on Music]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/ Steve Jobs, Thoughts on Music] </ref> Apple's iTunes store will start to sell DRM-free 256 kbit/s (up from 128 kbit/s) music from EMI for a premium price (this has since reverted to the standard price). In March 2007, Musicload.de, one of Europe's largest online music retailers, announced their position strongly against DRM. In an open letter, Musicload stated that three out of every four calls to their customer support phone service are as a result of consumer frustration with DRM.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ken Fisher |date=[[March 18]], [[2007]] |title=Musicload: 75% of customer service problems caused by DRM |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070318-75-percent-customer-problems-caused-by-drm.html |accessdate=2007-03-20 }}</ref> ===E-books=== [[e-books|Electronic books]] read on a [[personal computer]] or an [[e-book reader]] typically use DRM restrictions to limit copying, printing, and sharing of e-books. E-books are usually limited to a certain number of reading devices and some e-publishers prevent any copying or printing. Thus, many consumers have been reluctant to purchase and use e-books. DRM is believed to be one of the main reasons why the E-book has been a marketing failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tinhat.com/ebooks_epublishing/epublishers_drm.html|title=eBooks and Digital Rights Management (DRM), for ePublishers|author=TinHat|year=June 2006|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher=tinhat.com}}</ref> E-books are finding their place, but it is taking a long time, and taking a toll on the suppliers who were banking on a "boom" to survive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info-mech.com/drm_dictionary.html#eBook |title=The DRM Dictionary: Terms, Technologies, Companies, and More!|author=Gord Larose|year= [[2002-2008]]|accessdate=2008-05-28|publisher=Information Mechanics Ottawa Inc. }}</ref> Many initial e-book publishers and providers have not survived and in 2003, [[Barnes & Noble]] ceased to offer e-book content and support. It has also taken several years to produce successful e-book hardware: Sony released the [[Sony Reader]] in 2006 and Amazon released the [[Kindle]] in 2007. Two of the most commonly used software programs to view e-books are [[Adobe Acrobat]] and [[Microsoft Reader]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics.pdf|title=The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management|author=Karen Coyle|date=[[November 19]] [[2003]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |format=PDF}}</ref> Each program uses a slightly different approach for [[Digital Rights Management]] (DRM). The first version of Adobe Acrobat e-book Reader to have encryption technologies was version 5.05. In the later version 6.0, the technologies of the PDF reader and the e-book reader were combined, allowing it to read both DRM-restricted and unrestricted files. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics.pdf |title=The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management|author=Karen Coyle|date=[[November 19]] [[2003]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |format=PDF}}</ref> After opening the file, the user is able to view the rights statement, which outlines actions available for the specific document. For example, for a freely transferred [[PDF]], printing, copying to the clipboard, and other basic functions are available to the user. However, when viewing a more highly restricted [[e-book]], the user is unable to print the book, copy or paste selections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics.pdf |title=The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management|author=Karen Coyle|date=[[November 19]] [[2003]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |format=PDF}}</ref> The level of restriction is specified by the publisher or distribution agency.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gripe2ed.com/scoop/story/2004/2/19/0515/77045= |title= E-Books and DRM |author=Ed Foster|date=[[February 19]] [[2004]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |publisher=Info World }}</ref> [[Microsoft Reader]], which exclusively reads e-books in a .lit format, contains its own DRM software. In Microsoft Reader there are three different levels of protection depending on the e-book: sealed e-books, inscribed e-books and owner exclusive e-books. Sealed e-books have the least amount of restriction and only prevents the document from being modified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics.pdf |title=The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management|author=Karen Coyle|date=[[November 19]] [[2003]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |format=PDF}}</ref> Therefore, the reader cannot alter the content of the book to change the ending, for instance. Inscribed e-books are the next level of restriction. After purchasing and downloading the e-book, Microsoft Reader puts a digital ID tag to indentify the owner of the e-book. Therefore, this discourages distribution of the e-book because it is inscribed with the owner’s name making it possible to trace it back to the original copy that was distributed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics.pdf|title=The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management|author=Karen Coyle|date=[[November 19]] [[2003]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |format=PDF}}</ref> Other e-book software uses similar DRM schemes. For example, Palm Digital Media, now known as [[Ereader]], links the credit card information of the purchaser to the e-book copy in order to discourage distribution of the books.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.teleread.org/publishersdrm.htm= |title=The Perils of DRM Overkill for Large Publishers|author=Jon Noring|year=2004|accessdate=2008-05-26 }}</ref> The most stringent form of security that Microsoft Reader offers is called owner exclusive e-books, which uses traditional DRM technologies. To buy the e-book the consumer must first open Microsoft Reader, which ensures that when the book is downloaded it becomes linked to the computer’s [[Microsoft Passport]] account. Thus the e-book can only be opened with the computer with which it was downloaded, preventing copying and distribution of the text.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics.pdf|title=The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management |author=Karen Coyle|date=[[November 19]] [[2003]]|accessdate=2008-05-26 |format=PDF}}</ref> ===DRM and documents=== '''Enterprise digital rights management''' ('''E-DRM''' or '''ERM''') is the application of DRM technology to the control of access to corporate documents such as [[Microsoft Word]], [[PDF]], and [[AutoCAD]] files, emails, and [[intranet]] web pages rather than to the control of consumer media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2006/121806techupdate.html|title="DRM vs. ERM: Battle to Control Data", Network World|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> E-DRM, now more commonly referenced as IRM ([[Information Rights Management]]), is generally intended to prevent the unauthorized use (such as [[Industrial espionage|industrial or corporate espionage]] or inadvertent release) of proprietary documents. IRM typically integrates with [[content management]] system software. DRM has been used by organizations such as the [[British Library]] in its [[secure electronic delivery service]] to permit worldwide access to substantial numbers of rare (and in many cases unique) documents which, for legal reasons, were previously only available to authorized individuals actually visiting the Library's document centre at Boston Spa in England.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} ===Watermarks=== [[Digital watermarking|Digital watermarks]] are unobtrusive features of media that are added during production or distribution. Digital watermarks involve data that is arguably [[steganography|steganographically]] embedded within the audio or video data. Watermarks can be used for different purposes that may include: * for recording the copyright owner * for recording the distributor * for recording the distribution chain * for identifying the purchaser of the music Watermarks are not complete DRM mechanisms in their own right, but are used as part of a system for Digital Rights Management, such as helping provide prosecution evidence for purely legal avenues of rights management, rather than direct technological restriction. Some programs used to edit video and/or audio may distort, delete, or otherwise interfere with watermarks. Signal/modulator-carrier chromatography may also separate watermarks from original audio or detect them as glitches. Use of third party media players and other advanced programs render watermarking useless. Additionally, comparison of two separately obtained copies of audio using simple, home-grown algorithms can often reveal watermarks. New methods of detection are currently under investigation by both industry and non-industry researchers. ===Metadata=== Sometimes, [[metadata]] is included in purchased music which records information such as the purchaser's name, account information, or email address. This information is not embedded in the played audio or video data, like a watermark, but is kept separate, but within the file or stream. As an example, metadata is used in media purchased from Apple's iTunes Store for DRM-free as well as DRM-restricted versions of their music or videos. This information is included as MPEG standard metadata. <ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2007/05/31/itunes-plus-drm-free-not-free-of-annoying-glitches/ iTunes Plus DRM-free, not free of annoying glitches - Engadget<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://playlistmag.com/weblogs/ipodblog/2007/06/ituneswatermark/index.php Macworld | Playlist | Watermarked iTunes files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Table of DRM technologies and associated devices== {| style="border:1px solid #A3B1BF; text-align:left; background:#f5faff" |-<!--COLUMN HEADINGS--> | width="15%" style="background: #cee0f2; padding: 0.3em; text-align:center;"|'''Name''' | width="15%" style="background: #cee0f2; padding: 0.3em; text-align:center;"|'''Used In''' | width="8%" style="background: #cee0f2; padding: 0.3em; text-align:center;"|'''Date of Use''' | style="background: #cee0f2; padding: 0.3em; text-align:center;"|'''Description''' |-<!--1ST HEADING--> | colspan="5" style="background: #cee0f2; padding: 0.2em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em; text-align:center;" | '''DRM Schemes Currently in Use''' |-<!--1ST ROW 1ST COLUMN--> |[[FairPlay]] |The iTunes Library, iPod |2003+ |The purchased music files are encoded as [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]], a format exclusively compatible with iTunes and the iPod. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[3-day-or-3-play]] |Microsoft [[Zune]] |2006+ |Music files that are received wirelessly from other Zune devices can be played only a maximum of three times on the device, and expire after three days whether they are played or not. Recipients cannot re-send music that they have received via the sharing feature. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[Janus (DRM)|Janus WMA DRM]] |All [[PlaysForSure]] Devices |2004+ |'''Janus''' is the [[codename]] for portable version of [[Windows Media DRM]] for [[portable]] [[electronic device|devices]]. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[Content-scrambling system]] (CSS) |Some [[DVD]] Discs |1996+ |CSS utilizes a weak, [[40-bit encryption|40-bit]] [[stream cipher]] to actively encrypt DVD-Video. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[ARccOS Protection]] |Some [[DVD]] Discs | |Adds corrupt data sectors, preventing computer software from traditional access. DVD players execute the on-disk program that skips ARccOS sectors. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |VHS [[Macrovision]] |Almost all VHS Video through the 20th Century |1984+ |When dubbing a protected tape, the picture that has gone through the recording VCR will get dark and then normal again periodically. The picture may also become unstable when it is at its darkest. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[DVD region code|DVD Region Code]] |Some [[DVD]] Discs |1996+ |Many DVD-Video discs contain one or more region codes, denoting the area[s] of the world in which distribution and playback are intended. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[OMA DRM]] |Implemented in over [[OMA DRM#Implementations and Usage|550 phone models]]. |2004+ |A DRM system invented by the Open Mobile Alliance to protect [[Mobile phone|cell phone]] [[ring tone]]s. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[MagicGate]] |ATRAC audio devices (e.g. MiniDisc players), Memory Stick based audio players, AnyMusic distribution service |1999+ |A proprietary DRM system invented and promoted by [[Sony]]. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |Helix & Harmony |Real Networks services |1999+ |A DRM system from [[Real Networks]] that was intended to be interoperable with other DRM schemes, particularly FairPlay. Ultimately used only by Real Networks. |- |colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;"| |- |[[Windows Media DRM]] |Many Online Video Distribution Networks |1999+ |WMV DRM is designed to provide secure delivery of audio and/or video content over an IP network to a PC or other playback device in such a way that the distributor can control how that content is used. |- |colspan="5" style="background: #cee0f2; padding: 0.2em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em; text-align:center;" | '''DRM Schemes no Longer in Use''' |- |[[Extended Copy Protection]] |Sony and [[BMG]] CDs |2005 |Also known as the 'Sony Rootkit'. Although not technically a virus, it beared many virus-like and trojan-like characteristics rendering it wholly illegal. Thus, this form of DRM is no longer utilized. |} </div> ==Laws regarding DRM== Digital rights management systems have received some international legal backing by implementation of the 1996 [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] (WCT). Article 11 of the Treaty requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against DRM circumvention. The WCT has been implemented in most member states of the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]. The American implementation is the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA), while in Europe the treaty has been implemented by the 2001 [[European directive on copyright]], which requires member states of the [[European Union]] to implement legal protections for technological prevention measures. [[As of 2006|In 2006]], the lower house of the French parliament adopted such legislation as part of the controversial [[DADVSI]] law, but added that protected DRM techniques should be made interoperable, a move which caused widespread controversy in the United States. ===Digital Millennium Copyright Act=== {{main|Digital Millennium Copyright Act}} The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is an extension to [[United States]] [[copyright law]] passed unanimously on [[May 14]], [[1998]], which criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that allows users to circumvent technical copy-restriction methods. Under the Act, circumvention of a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work is illegal if done with the primary intent of violating the rights of copyright holders. (For a more detailed analysis of the statute, see [[WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act]].) Reverse engineering of existing systems is expressly permitted under the Act under specific conditions. Under the reverse engineering safe harbor, circumvention necessary to achieve interoperability with other software is specifically authorized. See 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(f). Open-source software to decrypt content scrambled with the Content Scrambling System and other encryption techniques presents an intractable problem with the application of the Act. Much depends on the intent of the actor. If the decryption is done for the purpose of achieving interoperability of open source operating systems with proprietary operating systems, the circumvention would be protected by Section 1201(f) the Act. Cf., Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001) at notes 5 and 16. However, dissemination of such software for the purpose of violating or encouraging others to violate copyrights has been held illegal. See Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). On [[22 May]], [[2001]], the European Union passed the [[EU Copyright Directive]], an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty that addressed many of the same issues as the DMCA. The DMCA has been largely ineffective in protecting DRM systems,{{Fact|date=April 2007}} as software allowing users to circumvent DRM remains widely available, as for instance over the [[Internet]]. However, those with an interest in preserving the DRM systems have attempted to use the Act to restrict the distribution and development of such software, as in the case of DeCSS. Although the Act contains an exception for research, the exception is subject to vague qualifiers that do little to reassure the research community. Cf., 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(g). The DMCA has had an impact on the worldwide [[cryptography]] research community, because many fear that their cryptanalytic research violates, or might be construed to violate, the DMCA. The arrest of Russian programmer [[Dmitry Sklyarov]] in 2001, for alleged infringement of the DMCA, was a highly publicized example of the law's use to prevent or penalize development of anti-DRM measures. Sklyarov was arrested in the United States after a presentation at [[DEF CON]], and subsequently spent several months in jail. The DMCA has also been cited as chilling to non-criminal inclined users, such as students of [[cryptanalysis]] (including, in a well-known instance, Professor Felten and students at [[Princeton University|Princeton]]<ref>[http://cryptome.org/sdmi-attack.htm RIAA challenges SDMI attack] 2002-01-07, Retrieved on 2007-02-26</ref>), and security consultants such as the Netherlands based [[Niels Ferguson]], who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an [[Intel]] secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the US. On [[25 April]], [[2007]] the European Parliament supported the first directive of EU, which aims to harmonize criminal law in the member states. It adopted a first reading report on harmonizing the national measures for fighting copyright abuse. If the European Parliament and the Council approve the legislation, the submitted directive will oblige the member states to consider a crime a violation of international copyright committed with commercial purposes. The text suggests numerous measures: from fines to imprisonment, depending on the gravity of the offense. The EP members supported the Commission motion, changing some of the texts. They excluded patent rights from the range of the directive and decided that the sanctions should apply only to offenses with commercial purposes. Copying for personal, non-commercial purposes was also excluded from the range of the directive. === International issues === In Europe, there are several dialog activities that are uncharacterized by its consensus-building intention: *Workshop on Digital Rights Management of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), January 2001. [http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/Overview.html] *Participative preparation of the [[European Committee for Standardization]]/[[Information Society Standardisation System]] (CEN/ISSS) DRM Report, 2003 (finished). [http://www.cenorm.be/cenorm/businessdomains/businessdomains/isss/activity/drm_fg.asp] *DRM Workshops of [[DG Information Society]], [[European Commission]] (finished), and the work of the DRM [[working group]]s (finished), as well as the work of the High Level Group on DRM (ongoing). [http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/all_about/digital_rights_man/index_en.htm] *Consultation process of the European Commission, DG Internal Market, on the Communication COM(2004)261 by the European Commission on "Management of Copyright and Related Rights" (closed). [http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/copyright/management/management_en.htm] *The [[INDICARE]] project is an ongoing dialogue on consumer acceptability of DRM solutions in Europe. It is an open and neutral platform for exchange of facts and opinions, mainly based on articles by authors from science and practice. * The [[AXMEDIS]] project is a European Commission Integrated Project of the FP6. The main goal of AXMEDIS is automating the content production, copy-prevention and distribution, reducing the related costs and supporting DRM at both B2B and B2C areas harmonising them. * The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property is the result of a commission by the British Government from [[Andrew Gowers]], undertaken in December 2005 and published in 2006, with recommendations regarding copyright term, exceptions, orphaned works, and copyright enforcement. The [[European Community]] was expected to produce a recommendation on DRM in 2006, phasing out the use of [[levies]] (compensation to rights holders charged on media sales for lost revenue due to unauthorized copying) given the advances in DRM/TPM technology. However, opposition from the member states, particularly France, have now made it unlikely that the recommendation will be adopted.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} == Controversy == The stated intent of DRM is to provide technical means to assure that the copyright holders (originally artists, but commonly assigned to publishers, software developers, etc.) can maintain control of their content by restricting use of digital copies. This becomes controversial because DRM imposed limitations on the use of legitimately acquired digital media do not necessarily match the fair use (fair dealing in some places) rights granted by law to owners of copies. This gives rise to concerns that DRM schemes enormously complicate, and may prevent, effective archive management and historical research as well. Others argue that DRM is ineffective at preventing illegal copies because no DRM technology is (or could possibly be) fool proof. Once one version is compromised (or simply copied from a medium without DRM) it will become widely available, e.g. on the Internet or via large-scale commercial piracy. Thus all DRM to date is claimed to be fundamentally technically flawed as a method of protecting legal copyright control. If so, its effect is essentially to ensure vendor lock-in and, likely, anti-competitive practices afterwards. DRM opponents usually base their opposition on one or more of these concerns. Additionally, the use of DRM on computer software can lead to a situation where one who reinstalls windows or purchases a new computer could lose the rights to use the legitimately purchased software. In these cases it is often the discretion of the publishing company to grant the user another activation key upon request. Additional arguments against DRM are based on the fact that Copyright Laws limit the duration of copyrights, ''requiring'' that the DRM-restricted material be placed into the public domain at the end of the granted copyright period. DRM systems violate this requirement of copyright law in as much as DRM systems are not programmed to terminate at the end of the copyright period, effectively extending the "copyright" beyond what is allowable by law. As such, this use of DRM is arguably itself a violation of the same copyright law that the proponents of DRM claim the system enforces. A discussion on the music industry losing business to file-sharing and copying can be found in the article on [[File_sharing#Economic_impact|File Sharing]]. Also it could be mentioned that DRM never hurts people with truly malicious intentions since pirated material virtually never uses DRM. So only customers who obeys laws could be affected by DRM restrictions while pirates and consumers of pirated content are simply not affected. This makes DRM especially controversial by design. === DRM opponents === [[Image:DRM Is Killing Music.svg|thumb|200px|right|A parody on the [[Home Taping Is Killing Music]] logo.]] Many organizations, prominent individuals, and computer scientists are opposed to DRM. Two notable DRM critics are [[John Walker (programmer)|John Walker]], as expressed for instance, in his article ''[[The Digital Imprimatur]]: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/digital-imprimatur/|title=The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle.|first=John|last=Walker|date=[[September 13]], [[2003]]}}</ref>, and [[Richard Stallman]] in his article ''The Right to Read''<ref>Richard Stallman, [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html The Right to Read]</ref> and in other public statements "''DRM is an example of a malicious feature - a feature designed to hurt the user of the software, and therefore, it's something for which there can never be toleration''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifso.ie/documents/gplv3-launch-2006-01-16.html|title=Transcript of Opening session of first international GPLv3 conference|date=[[January 16]], [[2006]]|first=Ciaran|last=O'Riordan}}</ref> Professor [[Ross Anderson]] of Cambridge University heads a British organization which opposes DRM and similar efforts in the UK and elsewhere. [[Cory Doctorow]], a prominent writer and technology blogger, spoke on the [[Microsoft]] campus criticizing the technology, the morality, and the marketing of DRM.<ref>Cory Doctorow, [http://www.craphound.com/msftdrm.txt Microsoft Research DRM talk], [[June 17]], 2004</ref> There have been numerous others who see DRM at a more fundamental level. [http://techmediums.com/2008/04/02/drm-what-drm-what-the-heck-are-copyright-holders-going-to-focus-on-now/ TechMediums.com] argues that DRM-free music allows for viral marketing, arguing that independent artists benefit from "free marketing" and can then focus on revenues from higher margin products like merchandise and concert ticket sales. The Electronic Frontier Foundation and similar organizations such as [[FreeCulture.org]] also hold positions which are characterized as opposed to DRM. The [[Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure]] has criticized DRM's impact as a [[trade barrier]] from a [[free market]] perspective. The final version of the [[GNU General Public License]] version 3, as released by the [[Free Software Foundation]], prohibits using DRM to restrict free redistribution and modification of works covered by the license, and includes a clause stating that the license's provisions shall be interpreted as disfavoring use of DRM. Also, in May 2006, the FSF launched a "[[Defective by Design]]" campaign against DRM. [[Creative Commons]] provides licensing options encouraging the expansion of and building upon creative work without the use of DRM.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#Is_Creative_Commons_involved_in_digital_rights_management_.28DRM.29.3F|title=Frequently Asked Questions - CcWiki|accessdate=2006-11-22|date=2006-11-09}}</ref> In addition, the use of a Creative Commons-licensed work on a device which incorporates DRM is a breach of the Baseline Rights asserted by each license.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights|title=Baseline Rights - Creative Commons Wiki|accessdate=2007-12-23|date=2007-07-13}}</ref> Bill Gates spoke about DRM at CES in 2006. According to him, DRM is not where it should be, and causes problems for legitimate consumers while trying to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate users.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2006/12/14/ce-oh-no-he-didnt-part-xxi-gates-tells-consumers-to-ditch-dr/|title=Bill Gates speaks against DRM.}}</ref> According to [[Steve Jobs]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] opposes DRM music after a public letter calling its music labels to stop requiring DRM on its [[iTunes Store]]. To date, [[EMI]] has complied.<ref name="EMI_DRM-free">{{cite web | url = http://www.emigroup.com/Press/2007/press18.htm | title = EMI Music launches DRM-free superior sound quality downloads across its entire digital repertoire | author = EMIGroup.com | date = 2007-04-02 | accessdate = 2008-02-08}}</ref> Apple considers DRM on video content as a separate issue. [[Image:DRM protest Boston DefectiveByDesign.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Defective by Design]] member protesting DRM on [[May 25]], [[2007]].]] As already noted, many DRM opponents consider "digital rights management" to be a misnomer. They argue that DRM manages rights (or access) the same way prison manages freedom and often refer to it as "digital restrictions management". Alternatively, ZDNet Executive Editor David Berlind suggests the term "Content Restriction, Annulment and Protection" or "CRAP" for short.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.zdnet.com/2036-2_22-6035707.html |title=A lot of CRAP|accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> The Norwegian Consumer rights organization "[[Forbrukerrådet]]" complained to Apple Inc. in 2007 about the company's use of DRM in, and in conjunction with, its iPod and iTunes products. Apple was accused of restricting users' access to their music and videos in an unlawful way, and to use [[EULA]]s conflicting with Norwegian consumer legislation. The complaint was supported by consumers' [[ombudsmen]] in Sweden and Denmark, and is currently being reviewed in the EU. The use of DRM may also be a barrier to future historians, since technologies designed to permit data to be read only on particular machines, or with particular keys, or for certain periods, may well make future data recovery impossible — see [[Digital Revolution#Concerns|Digital Revolution]]. This argument connects the issue of DRM with that of asset management and archive technology.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} DRM opponents argue that the presence of DRM violates existing [[private property]] rights and restricts a range of heretofore normal and legal user activities. A DRM component would control a device a user owns (such as a [[Digital audio player]]) by restricting how it may act with regards to certain content, overriding some of the user's wishes (for example, preventing the user from burning a copyrighted song to [[Compact Disc|CD]] as part of a compilation or a review). An example of this effect may be seen in [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Vista]] operating system in which content is disabled or degraded depending on the DRM scheme's evaluation of whether the hardware and its use are 'secure'. All forms of DRM depend on the DRM enabled device (e.g., computer, DVD player, TV) imposing restrictions that (at least by intent) cannot be disabled or modified by the user. {{Fact|date=April 2008}} Tools like [[FairUse4WM]] have been created to strip Windows Media of DRM restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2006/08/25/fairuse4wm-strips-windows-media-drm|title=Engadget FairUse4WM strips Windows Media DRM!|accessdate=2006-08-25}}</ref> ==Shortcomings of DRM== ===Methods to bypass DRM=== There are many methods to bypass DRM control on audio and video content. One simple method to bypass DRM on audio files is to burn the content to an audio CD and then [[Ripping|rip]] it into DRM-free files. This is only possible when the software that plays these DRM-restricted audio files allows CD-burning. Some software products simplify and automate this burn-rip process by allowing the user to burn music to a CD-RW disc or to a Virtual CD-R drive, then automatically ripping and encoding the music, and automatically repeating this process until all selected music has been converted, rather than forcing the user to do this one CD (72-80 minutes' worth of music) at a time. Many software programs have been developed that intercept the data stream as it is decrypted out of the DRM-restricted file, and then use this data to construct a DRM-free file. These programs require a decryption key. Programs that do this for DVDs, HD DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs include universal decryption keys in the software itself. Programs that do this for TiVo ToGo recordings, iTunes audio, and PlaysForSure songs, however, rely on the user's own key — that is, they can only process content that the user has legally acquired under his or her own account. Another method is to use software to record the signals being sent through the audio or video cards, or to plug analog recording devices into the analog outputs of the media player. These techniques utilize the so-called "[[analog hole]]" (see below). ===Analog hole=== {{main|Analog hole}} All forms of DRM for audio and visual material (excluding interactive materials, like videogames) are subject to the ''analog hole'', namely that in order for a viewer to play the material, the digital signal must be turned into an analog signal containing light and/or sound for the viewer, and so available to be copied as no DRM is capable of controlling content in this form. In other words, a user could playback a purchased audio file while using a separate program to record the sound back into the computer into a non-DRM protected file format. All DRM to date, and probably all future ones can therefore be bypassed by recording this signal and digitally storing and distributing it in a non DRM limited form. However the conversion from digital to analog and back is likely to force a loss of quality, particularly when using [[lossy]] digital formats. [[HDCP]] is an attempt to restrict the analog hole although it is largely ineffective. [[Asus]] will release a soundcard which features a function called [[Analog Loopback Transformation]] to bypass the digital restrictions of DRM. This feature allows the user to record DRM-restricted audio via the soundcard's built-in analog I/O connection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asus.com/news_show.aspx?id=7319|title=Asus Showcases New Generation Audio Card at Computex 2007|accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref> ===DRM on general computing platforms=== Many of the DRM systems in use are designed to work on general purpose computing hardware, such as desktop PCs apparently because this equipment is felt to be a major contributor to revenue loss from disallowed copying. Large commercial pirates avoid consumer equipment, so losses from such infringers will not be covered by such provisions. Some <ref name="Doctorow">{{cite web |url=http://www.craphound.com/msftdrm.txt |title=Microsoft Research DRM Talk |author=Cory Doctorow |date=[[June 17]] [[2004]] |accessdate=2007-08-17 |publisher=craphound.com }}</ref> have suggested that any such scheme can never be secure since the software must include all the information, such as [[Key (cryptography)|decryption keys]], necessary to decrypt the content. It is suggested that one can always extract this information and decrypt and copy the content, bypassing the restrictions imposed by a DRM system. ===DRM on distributed purpose built hardware=== Many DRM schemes use encrypted media which requires purpose built hardware to hear or see the content. This appears to ensure that only licensed users (those with the hardware) can access the content. It additionally tries to protect a secret decryption key from the users of the system. While this in principle can work, it is extremely difficult to build the hardware to protect the secret key against a sufficiently determined adversary. Many such systems have failed in the field, and in fact, it is thought that none have yet survived several years of deployment. Once the secret key is known, building a version of the hardware that performs no checks is often relatively straightforward. In addition user verification provisions are frequently subject to attack. ===Watermarks=== Watermarks are usually easily removed, although some degradation of video or audio can occur. In particular, most compression is intended to only retain perceptible features of an image, and hence if the watermarks are invisible, then they are very typically removed by compression systems as a side-effect. === Obsolescence === When standards and formats change, it may be difficult to transfer DRM-restricted content to new media. Additionally, any system that requires contact with an authentication server is vulnerable to that server becoming unavailable, as happened<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/11/07/2014253 |title= MLB Fans Who Bought DRM Videos Get Hosed |date=[[November 7]] [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-08 |publisher=slashdot.org}}</ref> in 2007 when videos purchased from [http://www.mlb.com MLB.com] prior to 2006 became unplayable due to a change to the servers that validate the licences. When Microsoft introduced their [[Zune]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/09/19/1342256 |title= Zune Won't Play Old DRM Infected Files |date=[[September 19]] [[2006]] |accessdate=2007-09-19 |publisher=slashdot.org}}</ref> media player in 2006, it did not support content that uses Microsoft's own PlaysForSure DRM scheme they had previously been selling. The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]] calls this "a raw deal". In April 2008, Microsoft sent an email to former customers of the now-defunct MSN Music store: "As of August 31, 2008, we will no longer be able to support the retrieval of license keys for the songs you purchased from MSN Music or the authorization of additional computers. You will need to obtain a license key for each of your songs downloaded from MSN Music on any new computer, and you must do so before August 31, 2008. If you attempt to transfer your songs to additional computers after August 31, 2008, those songs will not successfully play."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080422-drm-sucks-redux-microsoft-to-nuke-msn-music-drm-keys.html |title=DRM sucks redux: Microsoft to nuke MSN Music DRM keys |date=[[April 22]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-04-22 |publisher=Ars Technica |first=Jacqui |last=Cheng}}</ref> However, to avoid a public relations disaster, Microsoft re-issued MSN Music shutdown statement on June 19<sup>th</sup> and allowed the users to use their licenses till the end of 2011: "After careful consideration, Microsoft has decided to continue to support the authorization of new computers and devices and delivery of new license keys for MSN Music customers through at least the end of 2011, after which we will evaluate how much this functionality is still being used and what steps should be taken next to support our customers. This means you will continue to be able to listen to your purchased music and transfer your music to new PCs and devices beyond the previously announced August 31, 2008 date."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://community.winsupersite.com/blogs/paul/archive/2008/06/19/msn-music-store-support-notification.aspx |title=MSN Music Store Support Notification |date=[[June 19]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-06-19 |publisher=Winsupersite |first=Paul |last=Thurrott}}</ref> ==Historical note== A very early implementation of DRM was the Software Service System (SSS) devised by the Japanese engineer Ryoichi Mori in 1983 <ref>Patent application 58-186100 (in Japanese), ''Software Management System'', Japan Patent Office, October 5, 1983, Ryoichi Mori, applicant. (The usual English translation of the application lists Forest Akikazu as the applicant, but that is a mistranslation of Mori's name.)</ref> and subsequently refined under the name [[superdistribution]]. The SSS was based on encryption, with specialized hardware that controlled decryption and also enabled payments to be sent to the copyright holder. The underlying principle of the SSS and subsequently of superdistribution was that the distribution of encrypted digital products should be completely unrestricted and that users of those products would not just be permitted to redistribute them but would actually be encouraged to do so. ==See also== ===Related concepts=== * [[Compliance and Robustness]] * [[Copyleft]] * [[Copyright]] * [[Copy prevention]] * [[Cryptography]] * [[Data room]] * [[Glossary of legal terms in technology]] * [[ODRL]] * [[Smart contracts]] * [[Smart Cow Problem]] * [[Street Performer Protocol]] * [[Superdistribution]] * [[Tivoization]] * [[Trusted Computing]] * [[Voluntary Collective Licensing]] * [[XrML]] ===Lobbying organizations=== * [[European Information, Communications and Consumer Electronics Technology Industry Associations]] * [[Trusted Computing Group]] * [[Motion Picture Association of America]] * [[Recording Industry Association of America]] * [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] * [[Open Rights Group]] * [[Open Mobile Alliance]] * [[Defective by Design]], a campaign of the [[Free Software Foundation]] * [[Pirate Party|The Pirate Party]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[political party]] fronting [[Free Culture movement|free culture]] and [[free knowledge]] * [[Free Software Foundation Europe]] * [[Secure Digital Music Initiative]] == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== {{wikiquote}} *[[Lawrence Lessig]]'s ''[[Free Culture (book)|Free Culture]]'', published by [[Basic Books]] in 2004, is available for [http://free-culture.org/freecontent/ free download in PDF format]. The book is a legal and social history of copyright. Lessig is well known, in part, for arguing recent landmark cases on copyright law. A Professor of Law at [[Stanford University]], Lessig writes for an educated lay audience, including for non-lawyers. He is, for the most part, an opponent of DRM technologies. * Rosenblatt, B. et al, ''Digital Rights Management: Business and Technology'', published by M&T Books ([[John Wiley & Sons]]) in 2001. An overview of DRM technology, business implications for content publishers, and relationship to U.S. copyright law. * [http://www.indicare.org/tiki-page.php?pageName=ConsumerGuide Consumer's Guide to DRM], published in 10 languages (Czech, German, Greek, English, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Swedish), produced by the [http://www.indicare.org INDICARE research and dialogue project] * Eberhard Becker, Willms Buhse, Dirk Günnewig, Niels Rump: ''Digital Rights Management - Technological, Economic, Legal and Political Aspects''. An 800 page compendium from 60 different authors on DRM. * Fetscherin, M., ''Implications of Digital Rights Management on the Demand for Digital Content'', provides an excellent view on DRM from a consumers perspective. [http://www.dissertation.de/index.php3?active_document=buch.php3&buch=4731] * ''Bound by Law'', by [[James Boyle]] et al, at Duke University Law School (http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/comics/zoomcomic.html), a comic book treatment of the US Fair Use doctrine (with some relevance to other jurisdictions, for example in the Commonwealth usually called Fair Dealing), that is a license fee or permission free, under statute and common law precedent, use of copyrighted material. * ''[http://www.hbarel.com/publications/DRM_On_Open_Platforms.pdf DRM on Open Platforms]'' - A paper by Hagai Bar-El and Yoav Weiss on ways to partially close open platforms to make them suitable for DRM implementations. It has been released under a Creative commons by NC-SA license. * ''[[The Pig and the Box]]'', a book with colorful illustrations and having a coloring book version, by 'MCM'. It describes DRM in terms suited to kids, written in reaction to a Canadian entertainment industry copyright education initiative, aimed at children. * ''Present State and Emerging Scenarios of Digital Rights Management Systems'' - A paper by Marc Fetscherin which provides an overview of the various components of DRM, pro and cons and future outlook of how, where, when such systems might be used. * ''[http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/6002/drm.html DRM is Like Paying for Ice]'' - Richard Menta article on [[MP3 Newswire]] discusses how DRM is implemented in ways to control consumers, but is undermining perceived product value in the process. * ''[http://www.hbarel.com/publications/Challenges_in_designing_content_protection_solutions.pdf Challenges in Designing Content Protection Solutions]'' - A paper by Hagai Bar-El and Discretix that addresses technical dilemmas and difficulties met when designing DRM products. * ''[http://rhizomik.net/~roberto/thesis A Semantic Web Approach to Digital Rights Management]'' - PhD Thesis by Roberto García that tries to address DRM issues using Semantic Web technologies and methodologies. ==External links== {{Too many links|date=June 2008}} {{cleanup-spam|date=June 2008}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6337781.stm BBC News |Technology] Q&A: What is DRM? * [http://www.locklizard.com/Introduction_to_Digital_Rights_Management.pdf White Paper: Introduction to Digital Rights Management] * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/series/digitalwrongs Cory Doctorow's bi-weekly column for The Guardian on DRM and the entertainment industry] * [http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2123679,00.html Guardian article] * [http://www.indicare.org INDICARE research and dialogue project] on consumer issues of DRM * [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/forpros/drm/faq.aspx Windows Media DRM FAQ] from [[Microsoft]] * [http://www.wipo.int/documents/en/meetings/2003/sccr/pdf/sccr_10_2.pdf Current Developments in the Field of Digital Rights Management] from [[World Intellectual Property Organisation]], Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights. SCCR/10/2. August 2003. * [http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/ict/policy/doc/drm.pdf Digital Rights Management] from CEN/ISSS (European Committee for Standardization / Information Society Standardization System). Contains a range of possible definitions for DRM from various stakeholders. [[30 September]] [[2003]] * [http://defectivebydesign.org Defectivebydesign.org], [[FSF]] campaign against DRM. * [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/digital-imprimatur/ The Digital Imprimatur] - How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle. See also: [[The Digital Imprimatur]]. * [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html The Right to Read] by [[Richard Stallman]]. * [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4206&t=innovation Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?]. Silverthorne, Sean. [[Harvard Business School|Harvard Business School Working Knowledge]], 2004. * [http://sourceforge.net/projects/openipmp OpenIPMP] - an [[open source]] DRM project with cross-platform software. * [http://shumans.com/p2p-business-models.pdf Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models]. [[Shuman Ghosemajumder|Ghosemajumder, Shuman]]. [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], 2002. DRM-free model for distributing digital music. * [http://www.craphound.com/msftdrm.txt Microsoft Research DRM talk by [[Cory Doctorow]] [[June 17]], [[2004]]] * [http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-spec11/?ca=dgr-lnxw06StandardDRM Digital rights management: When a standard isn't], information from [[IBM]]. * [http://www.ddj.com/dept/security/184415471 A Special Guide to DRM and Software Activation Tools: Protect Data, Enforce Licenses], information about DRM for software * [http://drm.info DRM.info collaboration against DRM] * [http://www.drmwatch.com/ DRM Watch] - Web site with news and commentary about DRM. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4675280.stm Libraries fear digital lockdown] - [[BBC News]] Article. * [http://itpolicy.princeton.edu/pub/sonydrm-ext.pdf "Lessons from the Sony CD DRM Episode"] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] format), by J. Alex Halderman and [[Edward Felten]], [[February 14]], 2006. * [http://www.rocksites.com Artist controled rights] * [http://ansuz.sooke.bc.ca/lawpoli/colour/2004061001.php What Colour are your bits?] Copyright communication difficulties between lawyers and computer scientists. * [http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol3-4/jondet.asp La France v. Apple: who’s the dadvsi in DRMs?], Nicolas Jondet (University of Edinburgh), [[SCRIPT-ed]], December 2006 * [http://www.musicdownloadreview.net/what-is-drm.html What DRM is and how to get around it] {{FOSS}} [[Category:Copyright law]] [[Category:Cryptography law]] [[Category:Digital rights management]] [[bs:DRM]] [[bg:Digital rights management]] [[ca:Gestió de drets digitals]] [[cs:Digital rights management]] [[da:Digital Rights Management]] [[de:Digitale Rechteverwaltung]] [[es:Gestión de derechos digitales]] [[eu:Eskubide digitalen kudeaketa]] [[fr:Gestion des droits numériques]] [[gl:Xestión de dereitos dixitais]] [[ko:디지털 권리 관리]] [[id:Manajemen hak digital]] [[it:Digital rights management]] [[he:ניהול זכויות דיגיטלי]] [[ms:Pengurusan hak digital]] [[nl:Digital Rights Management]] [[ja:デジタル著作権管理]] [[no:Digital rights management]] [[nn:Digital Rights Management]] [[pl:Digital Rights Management]] [[pt:Gestão de direitos digitais]] [[ru:Технические средства защиты авторских прав]] [[simple:Digital Rights Management]] [[sk:Digital rights management]] [[fi:Käyttöoikeuksien hallinta]] [[sv:Digital Rights Management]] [[th:การจัดการสิทธิดิจิทัล]] [[tr:DRM]] [[zh:数字版权管理]]