Doctrine 176319 224269402 2008-07-08T02:20:37Z 24.45.13.69 {{for|the PHP object-relational mapping framework|Doctrine (PHP)}}<br/> {{Unreferenced|date=May 2008}} {{Wiktionary}} '''Doctrine''' (Latin: ''doctrina'') is a code of beliefs or "a body of [[teaching]]s" or "instructions", taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or [[belief system]]. The [[Greece|Greek]] analogy is the [[etymology]] of [[catechism]]. Often doctrine specifically connotes a corpus of religious [[dogma]] as it is [[promulgated]] by a church, but not necessarily: doctrine is also used to refer to a principle of law, in the [[common law]] traditions, established through a history of past decisions, such as the doctrine of [[self-defense]], or the principle of [[fair use]], or the more narrowly applicable [[first-sale doctrine]]. In some organisations, doctrine is simply defined as 'that which is taught', in other words the basis for institutional teaching of its personnel about its internal ways of doing business. <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Doctrine En.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] --> == Foreign policy of Doctrine == In matters of [[foreign policy]], a doctrine, also known as [[dogma]], is a body of axioms fundamental to the exercise of a nation's foreign policy. Hence, doctrine, in this sense, has come to suggest a broad consistency that holds true across a spectrum of acts and actions. Doctrines of this sort are almost always presented as the personal creations of one particular political leader, whom they are named after. Examples include the [[Monroe Doctrine]], the [[Stimson Doctrine]], the [[Truman Doctrine]], the [[Eisenhower Doctrine]], the [[Nixon Doctrine]], the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]], the [[Kirkpatrick doctrine]], the [[McCain Doctrine]]. ==Religious usage==<!-- This section is linked from [[Purgatory]] --> Examples of religious doctrines include: * [[Christian]] [[Trinity]] and [[Virgin Birth (Christian doctrine)|virgin birth]] * [[Roman Catholic]] [[transubstantiation]] and [[immaculate conception]] * [[Calvinist]] [[Predestination (Calvinism)|predestination]] * [[Methodist]] [[Prevenient Grace]] * [[Jainism]] The Doctrine of Postulation or [[Syādvāda]] One department of the [[Roman Curia]] is called the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]. == Military usage == The term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to a complex operation in [[war]]fare. The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack. Examples of [[military doctrine]]s include: *[[Blitzkrieg]] of World War II *[[Hit-and-run tactics]] *[[Shock and Awe]] *[[Squirrel tactics]] *''[[Guerre de course]]'' *[[Alfred Mahan|Mahanian]] of late 19th up to mid-20th Century *[[Trench Warfare]] of World War I *[[Manhunt (Military)| Manhunting Doctrine]], or [[Assured Individual Destruction]] Almost every military organization has its own doctrine. Sometimes written, sometimes unwritten. Some military doctrines are transmitted through training programmes. More recently, in modern [[peacekeeping operations]], which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 '''''United Nations peacekeeping operations 'capstone' doctrine''''' [http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf] which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations. == Legal usage == A [[legal doctrine]] is a body of inter-related rules (usually of [[common law]] and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example the doctrine of [[frustration of purpose]] now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a 'bubble' of ''Frustration''. In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification. It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrine, which in turn contains various ''rules'' or ''tests''. The test of ''Non-occurrence of crucial event'' is part of the doctrine of ''Frustration'' which is part of [[Contract|Contract Law]]. Doctrines can grow into a branch of [[law]]; [[restitution]] is now considered a branch of [[law]] separate to [[Contract]] and [[Tort]]. == Indoctrination == The term [[indoctrination]] came to have awkward connotations during the 20th century, but it is necessary to retain it, in order to distinguish it from [[education]]. In education one is asked to stand as much as possible outside the body of accumulated knowledge and analyze it. In indoctrination on the other hand, one stands within the body of knowledge and absorbs its teachings. Compare [[theology]] and [[comparative religion]] for examples, of which many could be drawn. == References == <ref>[ http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf DPKO Capstone Doctrine (english)] </ref> <references/> == See also == * [[Hallstein Doctrine]] [[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine| ]] [[ca:Doctrina]] [[cs:Doktrína]] [[da:Doktrin]] [[de:Doktrin]] [[et:Doktriin]] [[es:Doctrina]] [[fa:دکترین]] [[fr:Doctrine]] [[hr:Doktrina]] [[ia:Doctrina]] [[ka:დოქტრინა]] [[lt:Teisės doktrina]] [[nl:Doctrine]] [[ja:ドクトリン]] [[no:Doktrine]] [[nn:Doktrine]] [[pl:Doktryna]] [[pt:Doutrina]] [[ro:Doctrină]] [[ru:Доктрина]] [[simple:Doctrine]] [[sk:Doktrína]] [[fi:Doktriini]] [[sv:Doktrin]] [[th:ลัทธิ]]