Dog breed
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{{for|a list of dog breeds|List of dog breeds}}
[[Image:IMG013biglittledogFX wb.jpg|thumb|right| [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]] [[mixed-breed dog|mix]] and purebred [[Great Dane]] ]]
'''Dog breed'''s are groups of closely related and visibly similar domestic [[dog]]s with characteristic traits that are selected and maintained by humans, bred from a known foundation stock.<ref>{{cite book
|others= The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff
|title= Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged
|origdate= 1967
|publisher= G&C Merriam Company
|location= Springfield, MA U.S.A.
|language= English
|pages= 274
|quote= A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and '''visiblily similar in most characteristics''', having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a '''known and designated foundation stock''' without admixture of other blood.
}}</ref> A dog [[breed]] reproduces with young that are closely similar in appearance and other attributes to other dogs of the same breed.
<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.akc.org/classified/support/obc_glossary.cfm
|title= American Kennel Club Glossary
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= American Kennel Club
|work= AKC.com
|quote= A domestic race of dogs (selected and maintained by humans) with a common gene pool and a characterized appearance and function.
}}</ref>
A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Purebred dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics <ref name="isbn0764573020 ">{{cite book |author=Donna L. Morden; Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia |title=The joy of breeding your own show dog |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0764573020 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>. An individual dog is defined as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.grapevine.net/~wolf2dog/review.htm |title= The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional? |accessmonthday= 04/10 |accessyear= 2008 |author= Lynn Marmer |date= 1984 |work= first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review |quote= The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog.}}</ref>
== History of Dog Breeds ==
Aboriginal groups or [[pariah dog]]s establish themselves near human population, and further develop and maintain themselves without further selection. Neither they carry any specialized [[working dog]] functions. Working, hunting and other functional breeds most likely appeared when there is a demand for certain traits that are prevalent to the extension of the point one can devote his time and efforts to establish and maintain the group of dogs that perfect in certain traits valuable for that individual.
Initially the selections would have centered on domestication and useful behavior such as [[bark]]ing at strange creatures, [[livestock]] guarding or [[hunting]] ability. Some dog breeds, such as [[Saluki]] <ref name="isbn186054195X ">{{cite book |author=Allan, Ken; Allan, Diana |title=THE COMPLETE SALUKI (Book of the Breed) |publisher=Ringpress Books |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=186054195X |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>or [[New Guinea Singing Dog]]s , have been bred for specific characteristics for thousands of years. Some [[working dog]] breeds such as [[German Shepherd]]s or [[Labrador Retriever]] <ref>{{cite book |author=Heather Wiles-Fone; H. Wiles-Fone |title=The ultimate Labrador retriever |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, N.Y |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0764526391 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
are established for hundreds years. Later, dogs were also selected for attractive and distinctive forms, resulting in a vast variety of different breeds. Similar dog breeds are classified by dog registries in [[Dog Breeds Groups]].
At a certain point of dog breed development, group of individuals that have dogs of the same breed unite into a [[Nation]]al [[Breed club]], describe their dogs in a specific language by writing a breed [[standard]]<ref name="isbn0876054645 ">{{cite book |author= |title=The Complete dog book: the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, andfeeding of pure-bred dogs |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, N.Y |year=1992 |pages= |isbn=0876054645 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>. They describe the most desirable breed specimen and also specify working abilities, as well as undesirable traits for [[purebred]] dogs that can belong to this group of dogs. National Breed Clubs promote dog breeds by joining a local popular dog [[breed registry]], as well as internationally, by joining international organizations. Many traditional dog breeds are recognized by the main breed registries are said to be "purebred".
== Development of dog breeds ==
''For the history and development of the'' [[Dog|''dog'']], ''see'' [[Origin of the domestic dog|''Origin of the domestic dog'']], [[Ancient dog breeds|''Ancient dog breeds'']], ''and'' [[Dog type|''Dog type'']].
There is much speculation but little evidence about why canids came to live with or near humans, possibly as long as 100,000 years ago.<ref>Carles Vilà (et al) of the University of California, California, USA, has studied archaeological evidence (fossil bones) indicating that canids could have been living with humans 100,000 years ago.{{cite web
|url= http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/276/5319/1687
|title= Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog
|accessmonthday= 04/20
|accessyear= 2008
|coauthors= Carles Vilà, Peter Savolainen, Jesús E. Maldonado, Isabel R. Amorim, John E. Rice, Rodney L. Honeycutt, Keith A. Crandall, Joakim Lundeberg, Robert K. Wayne
|year= 1997
|work= Science Vol. 276. no. 5319
|pages= pp. 1687 - 1689
|doi= 10.1126/science.276.5319.1687
|quote= The sequence divergence within this clade suggested that dogs originated more than 100,000 years before the present.
}}</ref> With the beginnings of agriculture around 12,000 years ago, humans began making use of dogs in various ways, resulting in physical differences between dogs and their wolf ancestors.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/6_28_97/bob1.htm
|title= Stalking the Ancient Dog
|accessmonthday= 04/20
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Christine Mlot
|date= June 28, 1997
|work= Science News Online
|quote= When we became an agricultural society, what we needed dogs for changed enormously, and a further and irrevocable division [between dogs and wolves] occurred at that point.
}}</ref> In earlier times, little was written about dogs, although there were known [[dog type]]s or [[landrace]] dogs, which developed over time with minimal human intervention, to fit in with the environment (including human culture) in which the dogs lived or live.<ref>1
{{cite web
|url= http://www.lhasa-apso.org/articles/landrace.htm
|title= What is a "Landrace"
|accessmonthday= 04/08
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Catherine Marley
|work= The Lhasa Apso Information Source
|quote= These animals developed their "type" from adaptation to a mix of function and the demands of the particular physical environment.
}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.sa-breeders.co.za/news/africanis.htm
|title= Description of the AFRICANIS landrace
|accessmonthday= 04/08
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Johan Gallant
|coauthors= Joseph Sithole
|date= 01/01/1999
|work= Breeders in Africa website
|quote= The people to whom these dogs traditionally belong do not tend to make body contact with them. However their settlements are seldom deserted from humans, other dogs and livestock, ensuring adequate socialisation and environmental adaptation.
}}</ref> Dog breeds in the modern sense date only to the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873, in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses.<ref>{{cite book
|authorlink= Anne Rogers Clark
|coauthors= Clark, Annie Rodgers and Brace, Andrew H.
|title= The International Encyclopedia of Dogs
|date= 1995
|publisher= Howell Book House
|location= New York
|isbn= 0-87605-624-9
|pages= 8
|quote= In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries earlier.
}}</ref>
Many dog breeds today have names of original landrace types, such as the Border Collie. Other landrace types, such as retrievers, have been made more uniform in appearance through selective breeding, and developed into a variety of distinctive breeds.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.beautdogs.com/Sponenberg.htm
|title= Livestock Guard Dogs: What is a Breed, and Why Does it Matter?
|accessmonthday= 04/08/2004
|accessyear=
|author= D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM
|format= essay
|work= Kangal Dogs website
|quote= The level of uniformity varies from breed to breed as the breeders' associations decide what to include and what to exclude.
}}</ref> Varieties of purebred dogs kept for working purposes can vary in appearance from purebred dogs of the same breed kept as showdogs and pets.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.workingpitbull.com/amstaffpit3.html
|title= "Different" breeds with the same name
|accessmonthday= 04/09
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Diane Jessup
}}</ref>
New dog breeds are being continually created. They are either accidentally or purposely crossbred from existing breeds, developed for a specific style of work, or created just for marketing purposes. Recently discovered semi-feral and landrace types such as the [[New Guinea Singing Dog]] have been documented and registered as breeds for purposes of preservation. The Canadian department of agriculture has strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "emerging breeds".<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/A-11.2/bo-ga:s_30//en
|title= Animal Pedigree Act 1985
|accessmonthday= 04/09
|accessyear= 2008
|work= Department of Justice, Canada
}}</ref> Many registries which require minimal documentation are available for registering new and existing breeds of dog.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://dogplay.com/GettingDog/where.html#red
|title= Getting a dog tips-Red Flags, Breeders you probably want to avoid
|accessmonthday= 04/09
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Diane Blackman
|format= website
|work= Dog Play
|quote= Be especially cautious of registries that complain of some imagined difficulty or expense in registering dogs through AKC.
}}
</ref> In general, a dog can only be guaranteed to be of a specific breed if it is documented in the stud book of a major dog registry or breed registry.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://cfhs.ca/athome/purebred_dog_registrations/
|title= Purebred dog registrations
|accessmonthday= 04/09
|accessyear= 2008
|work= Canadian Federation of Humane Societies
|quote= Many puppy mills and backyard breeders are registering their dogs with invalid, Internet based registries.
}}</ref>
== Genetics ==
Dog breeds can now be analyzed through genetics. Genetic markers ([[microsatellite]] markers and [[single-nucleotide polymorphisms]]) have been analyzed and a representative sample of 85 breeds were placed into four clusters, each cluster having shared ancestors. Cluster 1 is thought to be the oldest, including African and Asian dogs. Cluster 2 is mastiff type dogs; cluster 3 is herding dogs, and cluster 4 modern hunting type dogs (mostly developed in Europe in the 1800s.)<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/55869/page/1
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species
|accessmonthday= 03/31
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Ostrander
|first= Elaine A.
|authorlink=http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AuthorDetail/authorid/1842
|coauthors=
|date= September-October 2007
|work= American Scientist (online)
|publisher= www.americanscientist.org
|pages= seven pages
}}</ref>
*Relationships uncovered through genetics may not match "official" breed histories.
Cluster 1: (thought to be older lineages) ('''Note:''' ''This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. See references''<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetailNoFrame;jsessionid=aaa8n7B72M9HRB?assetId=55895
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart)
|accessmonthday= 04/17
|accessyear= 2008
|work= American Scientist
}}</ref> (chart) ''and'' <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/55869/page/1
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species
|accessmonthday= 03/31
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Ostrander
|first= Elaine A.
|date= September-October 2007
|work= American Scientist (online)
|publisher= www.americanscientist.org
|pages= page 2, chart page 4
}}</ref> (article.) ) [[Shiba Inu]], [[Chow Chow]], [[Alaskan Malamute]], [[Basenji]], [[Shar Pei]], [[Siberian Husky]], [[Afghan Hound]], [[Saluki]], [[Tibetan Terrier]], [[Lhasa Apso]], [[Samoyed (dog)|Samoyed]], [[Pekingese]], [[Shih Tzu]]
Cluster 2: (mastiff-type) ('''Note:''' ''This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. See references''<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetailNoFrame;jsessionid=aaa8n7B72M9HRB?assetId=55895
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart)
|accessmonthday= 04/17
|accessyear= 2008
|work= American Scientist
}}</ref> (chart) ''and'' <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/55869/page/1
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species
|accessmonthday= 03/31
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Ostrander
|first= Elaine A.
|date= September-October 2007
|work= American Scientist (online)
|publisher= www.americanscientist.org
|pages= page 2, chart page 4
}}</ref> (article.) ) [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]], [[Labrador Retriever]], [[Presa Canario]], [[Rottweiler]], [[Bullmastiff]], [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]], [[German Shepherd Dog]], [[French Bulldog]], [[Miniature Bull Terrier]], [[Bulldog]], [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]], [[Mastiff]], [[Bernese Mountain Dog]], [[Greater Swiss Mountain Dog]]
Cluster 3: (herding) ('''Note:''' ''This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. See references''<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetailNoFrame;jsessionid=aaa8n7B72M9HRB?assetId=55895
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart)
|accessmonthday= 04/17
|accessyear= 2008
|work= American Scientist
}}</ref> (chart) ''and'' <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/55869/page/1
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species
|accessmonthday= 03/31
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Ostrander
|first= Elaine A.
|date= September-October 2007
|work= American Scientist (online)
|publisher= www.americanscientist.org
|pages= page 2, chart page 4
}}</ref> (article.) ) [[St. Bernard (dog)|St. Bernard]], [[Greyhound]], [[Belgian sheepdog]], [[Belgian Tervuren]], [[Borzoi]], [[Collie]], [[Shetland Sheepdog]], [[Pug]]
Cluster 4: (modern/hunting dogs) ('''Note:''' ''This is not an arbitrary grouping, but a grouping based on genetic research; it may not match preconceived ideas about how dog breeds are grouped. See references''<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetailNoFrame;jsessionid=aaa8n7B72M9HRB?assetId=55895
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs (chart)
|accessmonthday= 04/17
|accessyear= 2008
|work= American Scientist
}}</ref> (chart) ''and'' <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/55869/page/1
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species
|accessmonthday= 03/31
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Ostrander
|first= Elaine A.
|date= September-October 2007
|work= American Scientist (online)
|publisher= www.americanscientist.org
|pages= page 2, chart page 4
}}</ref> (article.) ) [[Komondor]], [[Whippet]], [[Standard Poodle]], [[Bichon Frise]], [[Keeshond]], [[Manchester Terrier]], [[Norwegian Elkhound]], [[Kuvasz]], [[Great Dane]], [[Welsh Springer Spaniel]], [[Doberman Pinscher]], [[Standard Schnauzer]], [[Italian Greyhound]], [[Old English Sheepdog]], [[American Water Spaniel]], [[Miniature Schnauzer]], [[Australian Terrier]], [[English Cocker Spaniel]], [[Irish Setter]], [[West Highland White Terrier]], [[Pointer (dog breed)|Pointer]], [[Basset Hound]], [[Cavalier King Charles Spaniel]], [[Giant Schnauzer]], [[Pharaoh Hound]], [[Golden Retriever]], [[Beagle]], [[Bloodhound]], [[Airedale Terrier]], [[American Cocker Spaniel]], [[American Hairless Terrier]], [[Chesapeake Bay Retriever]], [[Cairn Terrier]], [[Portuguese Water Dog]], [[German Shorthaired Pointer]], [[Border Collie]], [[Bedlington Terrier]], [[Clumber Spaniel]], [[Ibizan Hound]], [[Rhodesian Ridgeback]], [[Dachshund]], [[Australian Shepherd]], [[Chihuahua(dog)|Chihuahua]], [[Kerry Blue Terrier]], [[Irish Terrier]], [[Flat Coated Retriever]], [[Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier]]
<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/55869/page/1
|title= Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species
|accessmonthday= 03/31
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Ostrander
|first= Elaine A.
|authorlink=http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AuthorDetail/authorid/1842
|coauthors=
|date= September-October 2007
|work= American Scientist (online)
|publisher= www.americanscientist.org
|pages= page 2, chart page 4
}}</ref>
== Dog Breed documentation ==
===Stud Books===
Dog breeds are documented in lists of antecedents called a stud book.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.akc.org/classified/support/obc_glossary.cfm
|title= AKC Glossary
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= American Kennel Club
|work= AKC.com
|quote = A listing of dogs that have sired or produced a litter that has been registered with the AKC. With this information, a person can use Stud Book volumes to trace a dog's lineage and to produce pedigrees.
}}</ref>
Dog breeds that have been documented may be accepted into one of the major registries ([[kennel club]]s) of dog breeds, such as the FCI, KC, AKC, UKC, and other national registries such as the Japan Kennel Club. The registry places the breed into the appropriate category, called a [[Dog Breeds Groups|Group]]. Some Groups may be further subdivided by some registries. When the breed is fully accepted, the stud book is closed and only dogs bred from dogs in the stud book will be accepted for registration.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.akc.org/classified/support/obc_glossary.cfm
|title= AKC Glossary
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= American Kennel Club
|work= AKC.com
|quote= A dog whose sire and dam belong to the same breed and who are themselves of unmixed descent since recognition of the breed.
}} </ref> These dogs are referred to as [[Purebred#Purebred_dogs|purebred]].
Dog breed clubs, especially of dogs bred for a particular kind of work, may maintain an open stud book and so may not be included in major registries. The dogs are still considered a breed. An example of this would be the [[Jack Russell Terrier Club of America]].
Some dog breeds fit the definition of breed, especially breeds that develop naturally on islands or in isolated areas, but are few in number or have not been sufficiently documented to be registered with one of the major registries. An example of this would be the [[Kintamani (dog)|Kintamani Dog]] and other rare or independent breeds.
Breeds of dogs can be deliberately created in a relatively short period of time. When they breed true and have been sufficiently documented, they can be accepted by major registries. An example of this is the [[Cesky Terrier]]. <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.ceskyterier.cz/history.htm
|title= History of Cesky Terrier
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= KLUB CHOVATELÙ ÈESKÝCH TERIÉRÙ (KCHCT)
|language= Czech, English
}}</ref>
===Standards===
Each dog breed has a written [[Breed standard|Standard]], a list of attributes that standardises the appearance of the breed, written by the breed's founder or breed club. Dog are judged in [[Conformation show|Conformation Dog Shows]] on the basis of how closely the individual dog conforms to the breed standard. Breeding [[working dog]]s for show competition may cause appearance to be emphasised to the detriment of working ability.
== Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds ==
Groups of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds include working dogs that are categorized by working style rather than appearance, although they may be of various ancestry and may not breed true. The difference between a named group of working dogs and a breed of dogs can be unclear. Examples would be the huntaway and other livestock dogs of New Zealand, the [[Feist (dog)|feist dogs]] of the southern United States, and the Patagonian sheepdogs of Argentina, which are collies mixed with other working dogs. <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.herdingontheweb.com/dogs.htm
|title= Herding Dog Breeds - Stockdog breeds
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|last= Rorem
|first= Linda
|work= Herding on the Web
}}</ref>
Landrace dogs are another grouping that often have been named but are not considered breeds.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://izebug.syr.edu/~gsbisco/fcwherefind.html
|title=How to find a farm collie or shepherd
|accessdate= 03/27/2008
|date= 2001
}}</ref> "Landrace" is a term used for early types domesticated animals, including dogs, where isolated populations of dogs are selected according to human goals; developing over time rather than through modern breeding techniques.<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.rarebreeds.co.nz/types.html
|title= Types of Breeds
|accessdate= 03/27/2008
|author= Don Bixby
|date= 2003
}}</ref> An example of a landrace dog would be the dog described as 'Basset' as early as 1585.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.bassethoundrescue.com/history.htm
|title= History of the Basset Hound
|accessdate= 03/27/2008
|author= Don Bixby
|date= 2003
|work= BassetHoundRescue.com
}}</ref> The landrace Basset was developed into the modern breeds of Dachshund and Basset Hound, as well as modern day terrier breeds.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Marvin
|first= John T.
|title= The New Complete Scottish terrier
|edition= Second Edition
|date= 1982
|publisher= Howell Book House Inc.
|location= New York, New York
|isbn= 0-87605-306-1
|pages= 18
|chapter= 2
}}</ref>
Another group of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds are first-generation crossbreds, bred for hybrid vigor ([[heterosis]]) from two purebred dogs.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.helium.com/items/546567-hybrid-vigour-heterosis-mixed
|title= A look at designer dog breeds
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Oscar Trump
|last= Trump
|first= Oscar
|work= Helium
|language= English
|quote= It should be noted that it [Hybrid vigour or heterosis] is well regarded and recognised that hybrid vigour or heterosis effect is 'strongest' or 'highest' in the first generation of progeny produced from the crossing of the two purebred breeds
}}</ref> An example of this would be the Labradoodle.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0115_040115_tvdesignerdogs_2.html
|title= What's a Labradoodle—Designer Dog or Just Another Mutt?
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Bijal P. Trivedi
|last= Trivedi
|first= Bijal
|date= February 9, 2004
|work= National Geographic Channel
|language= English
}}</ref>
Mixed breed dogs may be offered a form of registration to allow them to participate in organized dog events. Often given the name All-American or [[AMBOR]] dog, the name does not signify that dogs so registered are a breed. Dogs must be spayed or neutered to be registered.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.ukcdogs.com/Registration.htm
|title= UKC Registration, Limited Privilege
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= United Kennel Club
|work=
}}</ref>
Individual dogs or small groups of dogs may use an existing breed name or be given an invented breed name and listed with little or no documentation for a fee with "registry" companies with minimal verification requirements. The dogs are then bred and marketed as a "registered" breed, sometimes as a "rare" or new breed of dogs.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.dachshund.org/puppymills.html
|title= Puppy Mills : What They Are and What You Can Do About Them
|accessmonthday= 03/26
|accessyear= 2008
|author= Michelle Wray
|last= Wray
|first= Michelle
|date= 2000
|work= DORG Magazine
|quote= The AKC has now started requiring DNA testing for breeding dogs and puppies, which increases the costs to the miller dramatically, and vastly increases the chances of them getting caught for their dirty dealings and losing AKC privileges. Does this deter the millers? Not really. They just turn to different registries, like the Continental Kennel Club (CKC), America’s Pet Registry (APR), and others. Purebred papers from these sources are not worth the paper they’re printed on. Millers don’t even have to prove they own the dogs they bred, or that they are the breed they claim. These registries will even register mixed breeds
}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
== See also: Health Issues ==
Dog health as it relates to dog breeds is well documented in the following articles:
[[Conformation show#Criticism_of_dog_showing|Conformation show]]
[[Dogs#Dog_health|Dog]]
[[Dog health]]
[[Dog_breeding#Criticism|Dog breeding]]
[[List of dog diseases]]
[[Canine_reproduction#Amateur_breeding|Canine reproduction]]
[[Inbreeding]]
[[Animal testing#Species|Animal testing]]
[[Founder effect]]
See also articles about individual breeds such as the [[Beagle#Health|Beagle]] and other breeds for more on health of individual breeds.
==See also==
*[[Ancient dog breeds]]
*[[List of dog breeds]]
*[[Breed Clubs]]
*[[List of most popular dog breeds]]
*[[Landrace]]
*[[Race (biology)]]
*[[Rare breed (dog)|Rare breeds]]
==External links==
*[http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm AKC Dog Registration Statistics for 2003 and 2004]
*[http://www.fci.be/nomenclatures.asp?lang=en&sel=0 Fédération Cynologique Internationale, lists 339 dog breeds in 78 groups]
*[http://www.rarebreed.com/breedlist.html Rare Breed Network, alphabetic list of new, rare, local, and numerically smaller breeds]
*[http://www.petforums.co.uk/encyclopedia/Welcome Pet Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.thepoop.com/pictofthelitter Dog breed photos and facts]
*[http://www.dogsindepth.com The Online Dog Encyclopedia] (worldwide)
*[http://www.canadasguidetodogs.com/breedregistries.htm From Canada's Guide to Dogs] - basic information about registered dog breeds and reputable all-breed registries as well as information about registries "not able to meet the more demanding requirements of the CKC (Canadian Kennel Club), AKC, or UKC."
{{Dog nav}}
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[[de:Hunderasse]]
[[es:Raza de perro]]
[[fy:Hûneras]]
[[is:Hundategund]]
[[he:גזעי כלבים]]
[[lt:Šunų veislė]]
[[nl:Hondenras]]
[[no:Hunderase]]
[[pl:Rasy psów]]
[[sr:Расе паса]]
[[fi:Koirarotu]]
[[sv:Hundras]]
[[tr:Köpek ırkları]]
[[zh:犬種]]