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A '''doll''' is a child's toy that represents a baby or other human being, but includes likenesses of animals and imaginary creatures. Dolls have been around since the dawn of human civilization, and have been fashioned from a vast array of materials, ranging from stone, clay, wood, bone, cloth and paper, to porcelain, china, rubber and plastic.
[[Image:CzechdollS.jpg|thumb|240px|A porcelain doll from the Czech Republic]]
While dolls have traditionally been [[toy]]s for [[child]]ren, they are also collected by adults, for their nostalgic value, beauty, historical importance or financial value. In ancient times, dolls were used as representations of a deity, and played a central role in religious ceremonies and rituals. Lifelike or [[anatomically correct dolls]] are used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed wooden mannequins in drawing the human figure. Action figures representing superheroes and their predecessors, action dolls<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D81331F932A05756C0A966958260 New York Times article]</ref>, are particularly popular among boys. Baby dolls, paper dolls, talking dolls, fashion dolls - the list is almost endless.
==History==
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence places dolls as foremost candidate for oldest known [[toy]], having been found in [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[tomb]]s which date to as early as [[21st century BC|2000 BC]]. In Egypt, as well as Greece and Rome, it was common to find them in the graves of children. Most were made of wood, although pottery dolls were buried with children from wealthier families. Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to 200 BCE.
Europe later became the center of dollmaking. In the United States, dollmaking became an industry in the 1860s, after the Civil War. <ref>[http://ctdollartists.com/history.htm A History of Dolls<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The development of plastics after [[World War II]] led to the manufacture of new types of dolls and brought down their price.
Today, the Internet has introduced virtual dolls which can be designed, dressed up, and played with on web sites such as [[Stardoll]], which has 17 million members.
Dolls have featured in modern art and fine art photography, notably in [[surrealism|surrealist]] works. The "evil doll" has been a feature of horror literature, horror films and animation since the 1950s. {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
== Gender difference in the selection of dolls ==
Within western society, a gender difference in the selection of toys has been observed and studied. Action figures are particular popular with boys because they represent traditional masculine traits and are closed associated with the public sphere which is represented by items such as [[tools]], [[transportation]], [[garages]],[[machines]], and [[military equipment]]. Toys generically referred to as dolls are seen as representing the feminine traits and the private sphere which contains items such as [[kitchen appliances]], [[utensils]],[[furniture]], [[clothes]] and [[jewelry]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Servin|first=A|coauthors=G, Bohlin, L Berlin|date=1999|title=Sex differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year-olds’ toy-choice in a structured play session|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology|volume=40}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Anders|date=2005|title=Children’s Toy Collections in Sweden—A Less Gender-Typed Country?|journal=Sex Roles|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.|volume=52|issue=1/2}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last=Sobieraj|first=S|title=Masculinities and violence|publisher=Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.|edition=L. Bowker|chapter=Taking control: Toy commercials and the social construction of patriarchy}}</ref>
==Materials==
Dolls over the ages have been made from every conceivable material: [[Bisque (pottery)|bisque]], [[celluloid]], [[Porcelain|china]], [[clay]], [[cloth]], [[Husk|corn husks]], [[paper]], [[plastic]], [[polymer clay]], [[porcelain]], [[resin]], [[rubber]], [[vinyl]], [[wax]], [[wood]], [[bone]], [[ivory]], [[papier-mâché]], [[leather]] etc.
==Doll hospitals==
Repair and restoration of antique and other dolls is carried out at doll hospitals, many of which have been operating for decades.<ref>[http://www.timelessdollhospital.com/ Doll Hospital - Restoration and Repair<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.reallygreattoys.com/dollhospital/ Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at his shop in northeast Paris for 43 years, says he has restored over 30,000 dolls in the course of his career. Most of the clients are not children, but adults in their 50s and 60s.
==Collectors' items==
[[Image:Midelantal11.jpg|thumb|right|210px|A 1943 Mariquita Pérez doll]]
Antique dolls have become collector's items. Nineteeth-century bisque dolls made by French manufacturers such as Bru and Jumeau may be worth almost $22,000 today. <ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/07/travel/dolls.php Henri Launay, French doctor to dolls - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Sporting event give-away bobblehead dolls and action figures from [[McFarlane Toys]] have also become popular collector's items.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
== Dolls as art==
Dolls have always been created as folk art in cultures around the globe, and in the 20th century, dolls began to be accepted as high art. Artist [[Hans Bellmer]] made [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] dolls that had interchangable limbs in 1930s and 1940s [[Germany]] as opposition to the [[Nazi]] party's idolization of a perfect Aryan body.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} [[East Village]] artist [[Greer Lankton]] became famous in the 1980s for her theatrical window displays using lifesize dolls and took the art of doll making to a new level, creating distressed, drug addicted, anorexic and mutant dolls charged with an edgy sexuality.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
==Famous types of dolls==
{|style="width:80%"
|-
|width=45%|
* [[Action figure]]s
** Action dolls (a redressable form)
* [[American Girl (company)|American Girl]]
* [[Ball-jointed doll]]
* [[Betsy Wetsy]]
* [[Blythe (doll)|Blythe]]
* [[Bobblehead doll]]
* [[Brass Key Keepsakes]]
* [[Cabbage Patch Kids]]
* [[Celebrity doll]]
* [[Chatty Cathy]]
* [[Cindy Smart]]
* [[Dollikins]] (also called Action Girl)
* [[Fashion doll]]s
** [[Barbie]] and [[Ken (toy doll)|Ken]]
** [[Bratz]]
** [[Mariquita Pérez]]
** [[Pullip]]
** [[Sindy]]
** [[Tammy (doll)|Tammy]]
* [[Gigi (doll)|Gigi]]
* [[Golliwogg]]
* [[Hakata ningyō]]
* [[Jumeau Dolls]]
* [[Kewpie doll (toy)|Kewpie doll]]
|width=45%|
* [[Kokeshi]]
* [[Li'l Missy Beaded Dolls]]
* [[My Child]]
* [[My Little Pony]]
* [[Paper doll]]
* [[Pinocchio]]
* [[Raggedy Ann]] and [[Raggedy Andy|Andy]]
* [[Strawberry Shortcake]]
* [[Teddy bear]]
* [[Tiny Tears]]
* [[Troll doll]]
* [[Waldorf Doll]]
* [[African dolls]]
* [[Black dolls]]
* [[Hopi Kachina dolls]]
* [[Inuit/Eskimo dolls]]
* [[Japanese dolls]]
* [[Japanese traditional dolls]]
* [[Kachina]] dolls
* [[Matryoshka doll]]
* [[Russian dolls]]
* [[Voodoo doll]]
* [[Worry doll]]s
|}
==Festivals and Exhibits==
* [[Hinamatsuri]] (Japanese doll festival)
==Doll museums and collections==
*[[Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood]], London
*[[Istanbul Toy Museum]]
==See also==
*[[Stuffed animal]]
*[[Simpich Character Dolls]]
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
History of paper dolls - http://www.opdag.com/History.html
==External links==
{{commonscat|Dolls}}
* [http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/dolls/doint01e.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - The Story of Dolls in Canada]
* [http://www.worldcollectorsnet.com/dolls Dolls at World Collectors Net] Dolls histories, features on collecting, and collectible Dolls discussion
* [http://www.sosprojet.org/poupees_pascaline/exposition_pascaline/projet.html Project] An exposition around dolls & automats
* [http://www.moifa.org/eventsedu/education/girard/dolls%20intro.html Dolls Around the World] Museum of International Folk Art website
* [http://www.sosprojet.org/poupees_pascaline/exposition_pascaline/poupees.html Poupées Pascaline] French collection dolls
* [http://www.moifa.org/about/neutrogena.html Miss Yamaguchi Torei Ningyo (Doll of Gratitude)] Museum of International Folk Art websit
* [http://www.ufdc.org United Federation of Doll Clubs]
* [http://www.niada.org National Institute of American Doll Artist NIADA]
* [[Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets]]
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/collections/dolls/index.html
|title= Dolls
|work=Childhood
|accessdate= 2007-07-23}}
[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:Play]]
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