Dome
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{{otheruses2|Dome}}
[[Image:StPetersDomePD.jpg|thumb|right|Dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]]]]
[[Image:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|thumb|right|The interior dome of the [[Selimiye Mosque]] in [[Edirne]]]]
A '''dome''' is a common structural element of [[architecture]] that resembles the hollow upper half of a [[sphere]].
== Description ==
[[Image:Dom Florenz Kuppelfresko.jpg|thumb|The interior dome of the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] in [[Florence]]]]
Domes do not have to be perfectly spherical in cross-section, however; a section through a dome may be an [[ellipse]]. If the baseline is taken parallel to the shorter of an ellipse's two [[diameter]]s, a tall dome results, giving a sense of upward reach. A section across the longer axis results in a low dome, capping the volume instead. A very low dome is classified as a [[#Saucer dome | saucer dome]]. All the surfaces of any dome are curved. A spectacular innovation, one that is at the heart of [[Baroque]] style, is the ''oval dome'', which gives axial direction and movement to the space beneath it. Though the oval dome is typically identified with churches of [[Bernini]] and [[Francesco Borromini|Borromini]], the first oval dome was erected by [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola|Vignola]] for a small chapel, [[Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia]] often called Sant'Andrea del Vignola. [[Pope Julius III|Julius III]] commissioned the dome in 1552 and construction finished the following year.<ref>http://roma.katolsk.no/andreavignola.htm</ref> The largest oval dome was built in the basilica of [[Vicoforte]] by Francesco Gallo.
Domes that have been disproportionately influential in later architecture are those of the [[Sanchi|Great Stupa]] in Sanchi (actually, a solid mound with stone facing), the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in Rome, [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul (or in that time Constantinople), and the [[Dome of the Rock]] in Jerusalem. In Western architecture, the most influential domes built since the Renaissance have been those of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome and [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]]'s dome at [[Les Invalides]] in Paris. The dome of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] in London was the inspiration for the [[United States Capitol]] in Washington, which in turn inspired domes of most of the US state capitols.
A cathedral is often referred to as a ''[[duomo]]'' in Italian or "[[dom]]" in German. This is not because so many are crowned with '''[[crossing (architecture)|crossing]] domes''' over the space where [[transepts]] intersect the nave, but instead stemming from the Latin noun "domus", house, or in this case the "domus dei", the house of God. A dome is a mark of palatial ambitions whenever it is seen crowning a residence. The first residential domes were seen in Nero's ''[[Domus Aurea]]'' that covered the slope of the Palatine Hill, built after the Great Fire of Rome of AD 64 with a lavishness that scandalized the senatorial class.
In the 20th century, thin "eggshell" domes of pre-stressed concrete by architect-engineers such as [[Pier Luigi Nervi|Nervi]] opened new directions in fluid vaulted spaces enclosed beneath freeform domed space which now might be supported merely at points rather than in the traditional constricting ring.
[[Image:Pendentive and Dome.png|thumb|A compound dome (red) with pendentives (yellow) from a sphere of greater radius than the dome.]]
[[Image:AyasofyaPendentive.jpg|thumb|Pendentive in the [[Hagia Sophia]].]]
[[Image:Gunbad-khadhra.jpg|thumb|left|Famous Dome of [[Masjid al-Nabawi]]]]
==Characteristics==
A dome can be thought of as an [[arch]] which has been rotated around its vertical axis. As such, domes have a great deal of structural strength. A small dome can be constructed of ordinary [[masonry]], held together by friction and compressive forces. Larger domes built after [[Brunelleschi]]'s dome that triumphantly spanned the crossing of [[Santa Maria del Fiore]], the ''duomo'' of Florence, have all been built as double domes, with inner and outer shells.
[[Image:SFCityHallDomeInterior.JPG|thumb|left|Interior of the dome, [[San Francisco City Hall]].]]
A dome can sit directly on a circular base, however, this is not possible if the base is square. The concave triangular or trapezoidal sections of vaulting that provide the transition between a dome and the square base on which it is set and transfer the weight of the dome are called ''[[pendentive]]s''. (A less sophisticated version of a pendentive is a [[squinch]].) Under the dome illustrated at left, the pendentives bear circular medallions in bas relief. A ''pendentive'' is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular or elliptical base needed for the dome. In masonry the pendentives thus receive the weight of the dome, concentrating it at the four corners where it can be received by the piers beneath. Prior to the pendentive's development, the device of [[corbel]]ling or the use of the [[squinch]] in the corners of a room had been employed. The first attempts at pendentives were made by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], but full achievement of the form was reached only by the [[Byzantines]] in [[Hagia Sophia]] at [[Constantinople]] (6th cent.). In the ''simple dome'' the pendentives are part of the same sphere as the dome itself, however such domes are rare. <ref>[[Sir Banister Fletcher]], A History of Architecture. 18<sup>th</sup> ed. London, Athelone Press(1975) [[ISBN]] 0-485550-01-6</ref> In the more common ''compound dome'' the pendentives are part of the surface of a sphere of larger radius than the dome itself but whose center is at a point lower than that of the dome. Another alternative is for a '''drum''' to be inserted between the dome and pendentives. Pendentives were commonly used in [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]], [[Renaissance]] and [[baroque]] churches.
[[Image:Image-LittleHagiaSophiaInIstanbulDome.JPG|thumb|Dome of the former Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus(today mosque of Little Hagia Sophia) in [[Istanbul]]]]
A half-dome forms the head of an [[exedra]] or its smaller version, a [[niche (architecture)|niche]]. In Late Antiquity, the exedra developed into the [[apse]], with separate developments in [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] practice.
Many domes are topped by a ''lantern'', a structure with openings (or windows) to admit light in the [[cupola]].
Many sports [[stadium]]s are domed, especially in climates that have widely-variable summer and winter weather. The first such stadium was the [[Astrodome]] in [[Houston, Texas]]. A major improvement to the domed stadium was accomplished with the construction of SkyDome, now [[Rogers Centre]], in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], the first domed stadium with a retractable roof.
[[Image:Fourcrtsfrnt.jpg|thumb|[[James Gandon|Gandon]]'s [[Four Courts]], Dublin, with a saucer dome.]]
=== Saucer dome ===
[[Image:Imam reza holy shrine.jpg|thumb|The dome of [[Imam Reza]] holy shrine, covered with gold-coated bricks, (built:1333 AD), [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]].]]
A ''saucer dome'' is the architectural term used for a low pitched shallow dome which is described geometrically as having a circular base and a segmental (less than a semicircle) section. A section across the longer axis results in a low dome, capping the volume. A very low dome is a saucer dome. Many of the largest existing domes are of this shape.
Gaining in popularity from the 18th century onwards, the saucer dome is often a feature of interior design. When viewed from below it resembles the shallow concave shape of a [[saucer]]. The dome itself, being often contained in the space between [[ceiling]] and [[attic]], is invisible externally. These domes are usually decorated internally by ornate [[plaster]]-work, occasionally they are [[fresco]]ed.
They are seen occasionally externally in [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] churches and [[mosques]]. Most of the [[mosques]] in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] have these type of domes.
[[Image:St Basils Cathedral-500px.jpg|thumb|[[St. Basil's Cathedral]], with onion domes.]]
=== Onion dome ===
{{main|Onion dome}}
The ''onion dome'' resembles more than half of a sphere, exemplified by [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Taj Mahal]]. They are found mostly in eastern architecture, particularly in [[Russia]], [[Turkey]], [[India]], and the [[Middle East]]. An onion dome is a type of architectural dome usually associated with Russian Orthodox churches. Such a dome is larger in diameter than the drum it is set upon and its height usually exceeds its width. These bulbous structures taper smoothly to a point, and strongly resemble the onion, after which they are named.
==Domes in buildings of worship==
Domes also play a very important part in places of worship where they can represent and symbolise different aspects of the religion. Eastern orthodox churches, for example, have domes which represent heaven. The dome's purpose is to remind people that to gain God's blessing it is necessary to accept salvation through Christ.
Domes can also be found in Islamic places of worship, called [[mosques]]. In an orthodox church the domes have pictures of Jesus whereas in Islam it is forbidden during worship. Instead, mosques have decorations and patterns on the domes. The domes are tradition in Islam, and another reason for domes is so that the building can be distinguished and others can see where it is even from far.
== Cupola ==
{{main|Cupola}}
A '''cupola''' is a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger [[roof]] or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. The word derives from the lower Latin ''cupula'' (classical Latin ''cupella'' from the Greek ''kupellon''), small cup, indicating a vault resembling an upside-down cup.
== Famous domes ==
{{For|a list of domes by diameter|List of world's largest domes}}
Listed in order of their completion:
*c. 1250 BC - [[Treasury of Atreus]], [[Mycenae]], Greece (a [[Corbel arch|corbel]] dome).
*125 AD - [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]], Rome, Italy.
*537 - [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul, Turkey.
*691 - [[Dome of the Rock]], [[Jerusalem]]
*1312 - [[Dome of Soltaniyeh]], [[Iran]].
*1436 - [[Santa Maria del Fiore|The Duomo]], Florence, Italy.
*1502 - The [[Tempietto]], Rome, Italy.
*1557 - [[Suleiman Mosque]], Istanbul, Turkey.
*1561 - [[St. Basil's Cathedral]], Moscow, Russia.
*1574 - [[Selimiye Mosque]], Edirne, Turkey.
*1593 - [[St. Peter's Basilica]], Rome, Italy.
*1615 - [[Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque]], [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]].
*1616 - [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque|The Blue Mosque]], Istanbul, Turkey.
*1653 - The [[Taj Mahal]], Agra, India.
*1659 - [[Gol Gumbaz]], Bijapur Karnataka, India.
*1708 - [[Les Invalides]], Paris, France.
*1708 - [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London, England.
*1733 - [[Vicoforte|Basilica ''Regina Montis Regalis'']], Vicoforte, Italy.
*1749 - The [[Radcliffe Camera]], Oxford, England.
*1817 - Gumbad-e-Khazra (Green Dome), [[Masjid-e-Nabawi]], [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
*1834 - [[National Gallery]], [[London]], [[England]].
*1852 - [[Helsinki Cathedral]], [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]].
*1857 - [[British Museum Reading Room]], London, England.
*1858 - [[St Isaac's Cathedral]], St Petersburg, Russia.
*1850s - The [[United States Capitol]], Washington, DC, USA.
*1881 - The Devonshire Royal Hospital, [[Buxton]], Derbyshire, England.
*1887 - [[Old College]], [[Edinburgh University]], [[Scotland]].
*1902 - [[West Baden Springs Hotel]], [[West Baden Springs, Indiana]]
*1957 - [[Belgrade Fair - Hall 1]], [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
*1960 - [[Araneta Coliseum]], [[Quezon city]], [[Philippines]]
*1965 - The [[Reliant Astrodome|Astrodome]], Houston, TX, USA.
*1975 - The [[Louisiana Superdome]], New Orleans, LA, USA.
*1981 - The Hubert Humphrey [[Metrodome]], Minneapolis, MN, USA.
*1982 - [[RCA Dome]], Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
*1983 - [[BC Place Stadium]], Vancouver, BC, Canada.
*1989 - [[Stockholm Globe Arena]] (Ø 110 m), Stockholm, Sweden.
*1989 - [[SkyDome (Toronto Blue Jays)|SkyDome]] aka [[Roger's Centre]], Toronto, ON, Canada.
*1992 - [[Georgia Dome]]. Atlanta, GA, USA.
*2000 - [[Millennium Dome]], London, England.
*2001 - [[The Eden Project]], Cornwall, England.
*2006-07 - [[Global Pagoda]], Mumbai, India.
==Famous Domes - Undated==
[[McEwan Hall]], Edinburgh, Scotland.
== Xanadu House ==
The [[Xanadu House]] was a home that used the concept of domes heavily in its shape and design. The home was one of the first non-indigenous homes to use curved surfaces throughout the exterior and interior.
== See also ==
{{commons|Category:Domes}}
* [[Cupola]]
* [[Concrete shell]]
* [[Doming technique]]
* [[Geodesic dome]]
* [[Gonbad]]
* [[Monolithic dome]]
* [[Rotunda (architecture)|Rotunda]]
* [[Stained glass dome]]
* [[Vault]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.compart-multimedia.com/virtuale/us/florence/the_dome_of_brunelleschi.htm The Dome of Brunelleschi, Florence] virtual reality movie and pictures
* {{web cite
|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05100b.htm
|title=Dome
|work=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
|date=22.02.2002}}
*[http://www.atamturktur.com/publications/structural-assessment-of-guastavino-domes/ Structural Assessment of Guastavino Domes]
* [http://www.selme.fr/externe.php?page=florence_dome Santa Maria del Fiore] high definition
* [http://www.ernsblog.com/domes.html Mathematics of a new dome construction method]
* [http://www.solariumglassdomes.com Domes in stained glass] Solarium Design Group Ltd. Toronto, Canada.
== References ==
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