Dracula 7923 226047704 2008-07-16T16:23:53Z Fieldday-sunday 6803532 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/208.108.145.29|208.108.145.29]] to last version by Malljaja (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Two other uses|the novel|the titular character|Count Dracula}} {{Infobox Book | name = Dracula | image = [[Image:Dracula1st.jpeg|200px|'''Dracula''' by Bram Stoker, 1st edition cover, Archibald Constable and Company, 1897]] | image_caption = The cover of the first edition | author = [[Bram Stoker]] | cover_artist = | country = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] | language = [[English language|English]] | genre = [[Horror fiction|Horror novel]], [[Gothic fiction|Gothic novel]] | publisher = Archibald Constable and Company (UK) | release_date = [[1897 in literature|1897]] | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]]) | pages = | isbn = NA | oclc = <!-- being older this could be useful --> }} '''''Dracula''''' is an [[1897 in literature|1897]] novel by [[Irish people|Irish]] author [[Bram Stoker]], featuring as its primary [[antagonist]] the vampire [[Count Dracula]]. ''Dracula'' has been attributed to many [[literary genre]]s including [[vampire literature]], [[horror fiction]], the [[gothic novel]] and [[invasion literature]]. Structurally it is an [[epistolary novel]], that is, told as a series of [[diary]] entries and letters. [[Literary criticism|Literary critics]] have examined many themes in the novel, such as the role of women in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] culture, conventional and repressed sexuality, immigration, [[colonialism]], [[postcolonialism]] and [[folklore]]. Although Stoker did not invent the [[vampire]], the novel's influence on the popularity of vampires has been singularly responsible for many [[Theatre|theatrical]] and [[film]] interpretations throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. ==Plot summary== The novel is mainly composed of journal entries and letters written by several narrators who are also the novel's main protagonists; Stoker supplemented the story with occasional newspaper clippings to relate events not directly witnessed by the story's characters. The tale begins with [[Jonathan Harker]], a newly qualified English [[solicitor]], journeying by train and [[carriage]] from England to [[Count Dracula]]'s crumbling, remote [[castle]] (situated in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] on the border of [[Transylvania]] and [[Moldavia]]). The purpose of his mission is to provide legal support to Dracula for a [[real estate]] transaction overseen by Harker's employer, Peter Hawkins, of [[Exeter]] in England. At first seduced by Dracula's gracious manner, Harker soon discovers that he has become a prisoner in the castle. He also begins to see disquieting facets of Dracula's nocturnal life. One night while searching for a way out of the castle, and against Dracula's strict admonition not to venture outside his room at night, Harker falls under the spell of three wanton female vampires, the [[Brides of Dracula]]. He is saved at the last second by the Count, however, who ostensibly wants to keep Harker alive just long enough because his legal advice and teachings about England and London (Dracula's planned travel destination was to be among the "teeming millions") are needed by Dracula. Harker barely escapes from the castle with his life. Not long afterward, a [[Russia]]n ship, the ''Demeter'', having weighed anchor at [[Varna]], runs aground on the shores of [[Whitby]], England, during a fierce [[Storm|tempest]]. All of the crew are missing and presumed dead, and only one body is found, that of the captain tied to the ship's helm. The captain's log is recovered and tells of strange events that had taken place during the ship's journey. These events led to the gradual disappearance of the entire crew apparently owing to a malevolent presence on board the ill-fated ship. An animal described as a large dog is seen on the ship leaping ashore. The ship's cargo is described as silver sand and boxes of "mould" or earth from Transylvania. Soon Dracula is menacing Harker's devoted fiancée, [[Mina Harker|Wilhelmina "Mina" Murray]], and her vivacious friend, [[Lucy Westenra]]. Lucy receives three [[marriage]] proposals in one day, from an [[lunatic asylum|asylum]] [[psychiatrist]], [[Jack Seward|Dr. John Seward]]; an [[United States|American]], [[Quincey Morris]]; and the [[Arthur Holmwood|Hon. Arthur Holmwood]] (later Lord Godalming). Lucy accepts Holmwood's proposal while turning down Seward and Morris, but all remain friends. There is a notable encounter between Dracula and Seward's patient [[Renfield]], an insane man who means to consume [[insect]]s, [[spider]]s, [[bird]]s, and other creatures &mdash; in ascending order of size &mdash; in order to absorb their "life force". Renfield acts as a kind of motion sensor, detecting Dracula's proximity and supplying clues accordingly. Lucy begins to waste away suspiciously. All her suitors fret, and Seward calls in his old teacher, Professor [[Abraham Van Helsing]] from [[Amsterdam]]. Van Helsing immediately determines the cause of Lucy's condition but refuses to disclose it, knowing that Seward's faith in him will be shaken if he starts to speak of vampires. Van Helsing tries multiple [[blood transfusion]]s, but they are clearly losing ground. On a night when Van Helsing must return to Amsterdam (and his message to Seward asking him to watch the Westenra household is accidentally sent to the wrong address), Lucy and her mother are attacked by a [[wolf]]. Mrs Westenra, who has a heart condition, dies of fright, and Lucy apparently dies soon after. <!-- The wolf is a real wolf, which Dracula breaks out of London Zoo for backup; the narrative includes a press clipping about the wolf's mysterious escape and subsequent return. Is this worth mentioning in the plot summary? - See Talk: page --> Lucy is buried, but soon afterward the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a "bloofer lady" (as they describe it), i.e. "beautiful lady"<ref>[[Leonard Wolf]] (2004), ''The Essential Dracula'', Chapter 13, Note 31. "Bloofer lady" is explained as baby-talk for "beautiful lady."</ref>. Van Helsing, knowing that this means Lucy has become a vampire, confides in Seward, Lord Godalming, and Morris. The suitors and Van Helsing track her down, and after a disturbing confrontation between her vampiric self and Arthur, they stake her heart, [[decapitation|behead]] her, and fill the mouth with [[garlic]]. Around the same time, Jonathan Harker arrives home from recuperation in Budapest (where Mina joined and married him after his escape from the castle); he and Mina also join the coalition, who turn their attentions to dealing with Dracula. After Dracula learns of Van Helsing and the others' plot against him, he takes revenge by visiting — and biting — Mina at least three times. Dracula also feeds Mina his blood, creating a spiritual bond between them to control her. The only way to forestall this is to kill Dracula first. Mina slowly succumbs to the blood of the vampire that flows through her veins, switching back and forth from a state of consciousness to a state of semi-trance during which she is telepathically connected with Dracula. It is this connection that they start to use to deduce Dracula's movements. It is only possible to detect Dracula's surroundings when Mina is put under hypnosis by Van Helsing. This ability gradually gets weaker as the group makes their way to Dracula's castle. Dracula flees back to his castle in Transylvania, followed by Van Helsing's group, who manage to track him down just before sundown and destroy<ref>Already dead, Dracula can not be killed, only destroyed.</ref> him by shearing "through the throat" and stabbing him in the heart with a [[Bowie knife]]. Dracula crumbles to dust, his spell is lifted and Mina is freed from the marks. Quincey Morris is killed in the final battle, stabbed by Gypsies who had been charged with returning Dracula to his castle; the survivors return to England. The book closes with a note about Mina's and Jonathan's married life and the birth of their first-born son, whom they name Quincey in remembrance of their American friend. ==Background== Between 1879 and 1898 Stoker was business manager for the world-famous [[Lyceum Theatre]] in London, where he supplemented his income by writing a large number of sensational novels, his most famous being the vampire tale ''Dracula'' published on [[May 18]], [[1897]]. Parts of it are set around the town of [[Whitby]], where he was living at the time. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, authors such as [[H. Rider Haggard]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], and [[H.G. Wells]] wrote many tales in which fantastic creatures threatened the British Empire. [[Invasion literature]] was at a peak, and Stoker's formula of an invasion of England by continental European influences was by 1897 very familiar to readers of fantastic adventure stories. Victorian readers enjoyed it as a good adventure story like many others, but it would not reach its iconic legendary status until later in the 20th century when film versions began to appear.<ref>[[Nina Auerbach]] and [[David Skal]], editors. ''Dracula''. Norton Critical Edition. 1997. ISBN 0393970124. Preface, first paragraph.</ref> [[Image:Henry Irving portrait.jpg|frame|Shakespearean actor and friend of Stoker's, [[Henry Irving|Sir Henry Irving]] was a real-life inspiration for the character of Dracula, tailor-made to his dramatic presence, gentlemanly mannerisms and affinity for playing villain roles. Irving, however, never agreed to play the part on stage.]] Before writing ''Dracula'', Stoker spent seven years researching European folklore and stories of vampires, being most influenced by [[Emily Gerard]]'s 1885 essay "Transylvania Superstitions", and an evening spent talking about Balkan superstitions with [[Arminius Vambery]]. Though the most famous vampire novel ever, ''Dracula'' was not the first. It was preceded and partly inspired by [[Sheridan Le Fanu]]'s 1871 "[[Carmilla]]", about a [[lesbian vampire]] who preys on a lonely young woman. The image of a vampire portrayed as an aristocratic man, like the character of Dracula, was created by [[John Polidori]] in "[[The Vampyre]]" (1819), during the summer spent with [[Frankenstein]] creator [[Mary Shelley]] and other friends in 1816. The Lyceum Theatre, where Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898, was headed by the tyrannical actor-manager [[Henry Irving]], who was Stoker's real-life inspiration for Dracula's mannerisms and who Stoker hoped would play Dracula in a stage version. Although Irving never did agree to do a stage version, Dracula's dramatic sweeping gestures and gentlemanly mannerisms drew their living embodiment from Irving. ''The Dead Un-Dead'' was one of Stoker's original titles for ''Dracula'', and up until a few weeks before publication, the manuscript was titled simply ''The Un-Dead''. The name of Stoker's count was originally going to be Count Vampyre, but while doing research, Stoker became intrigued by the word ''dracul''. Dracula is derived from the word ''draco'' in the [[Megleno-Romanian language]], meaning ''[[devil]]'' (originally ''[[dragon]]''). There was also a historic figure known as [[Vlad III Dracula]], but whether Stoker based his character on him remains debated and is now considered unlikely. The novel has been in the [[public domain]] in the United States since its original publication because Stoker failed to follow proper copyright procedure. In England and other countries following the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] on copyrights, however, the novel was under copyright until April 1962, fifty years after Stoker's death.<ref>''Lugosi v. Universal Pictures'', 70 Cal.App.3d 552 (1977), note 4.</ref> When the unauthorized film adaptation was released in 1922, the popularity of the novel increased considerably, owing to the controversy caused when Stoker's widow tried to have the film banned.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/vampires/classicstory/dracula_p1.shtml] — Article at the BBC Cult website.</ref> ==Reaction== When it was first published, in 1897, ''Dracula'' was not an immediate bestseller, although reviewers were unstinting in their praise. The contemporary ''Daily Mail'' ranked Stoker's powers above those of Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe as well as Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. <ref>Cited in Paul Murray's "From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker" 2004. p. 363-4</ref> According to literary historians [[Nina Auerbach]] and [[David Skal]] in the Norton Critical Edition, the novel has become more significant for modern readers than it was for contemporary Victorian readers, most of whom enjoyed it just as a good adventure story; it only reached its broad iconic legendary classic status later in the 20th century when the movie versions appeared.<ref>Nina Auerbach]] and David Skal, editors. ''Dracula''. Norton Critical Edition. 1997. ISBN 0393970124. Preface, first paragraph.</ref> However some Victorian fans were ahead of the time, describing it as "the sensation of the season" and "the most blood-curdling novel of the paralysed century".<ref> Richard Dalby (1986) "Bram Stoker" in ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural''</ref> The ''Daily Mail'' review of [[June 1]] [[1897]] proclaimed it a classic of [[Gothic horror]]: :"In seeking a parallel to this weird, powerful, and horrorful story our mind reverts to such tales as ''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]'', ''[[Frankenstein]]'', ''[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]'' ... but Dracula is even more appalling in its gloomy fascination than any one of these."<ref>Cited in Nina Auerbach and David Skal, editors, ''Dracula'', Norton Critical Edition, 1997, p. 363-4</ref> Other reviewers compared it favorably to the novels of [[Wilkie Collins]] and similar good reviews appeared when the book was published in the USA in 1899<ref>Richard Dalby (1986) "Bram Stoker" in ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural''</ref>. ==Historical and geographical references== Although ''Dracula'' is a work of fiction, it does contain some historical references. The historical connections with the novel and how much Stoker knew about the history are a matter of conjecture and debate. Following the publication of ''[[In Search of Dracula]]'' by [[Radu Florescu]] and Raymond McNally in 1972, the supposed connections between the historical [[Transylvania]]n-born [[Vlad III Dracula]] of [[Wallachia]] and Bram Stoker's fictional Dracula attracted popular attention. During his main reign (1456–1462), "Vlad the Impaler" is said to have killed from 20,000 to 40,000 European civilians (political rivals, criminals, and anyone else he considered "useless to humanity"), mainly by using his favourite method of impaling them on a sharp pole. The main sources dealing with these events are records by [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]] settlers in neighboring Transylvania, who had frequent clashes with Vlad III and may have been biased. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero by [[Romanian people|Romanians]] for driving off the invading Turks. His impaled victims are said to have included as many as 100,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] [[Islam|Muslims]]. Historically, the name "Dracul" is derived from a secret fraternal order of knights called the [[Order of the Dragon]], founded by [[Sigismund of Luxembourg]] (king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]) to uphold [[Christianity]] and defend the Empire against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]]. [[Vlad II Dracul]], father of Vlad III, was admitted to the order around 1431 because of his bravery in fighting the Turks. From 1431 onward, Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later, as ruler of Wallachia, his [[coinage]] bore the dragon symbol. The name Dracula means "Son of Dracul". Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on [[History of Romania|Romanian history]], and chose this to replace the name (''Count Wampyr'') that he had originally intended to use for his villain. However, some Dracula scholars, led by Elizabeth Miller, have questioned the depth of this connection. They argue that Stoker in fact knew little of the historic Vlad III except for his nickname. There are sections in the novel where Dracula refers to his own background, and these speeches show that Stoker had some knowledge of Romanian history. Yet Stoker includes no details about Vlad III's reign and does not mention his use of impalement. Given Stoker's use of historical background to make his novel more horrific, it seems unlikely he would have failed to mention that his villain had impaled thousands of people. It seems that Stoker either did not know much about the historic Vlad III, or did not intend his character Dracula to be the same person as Vlad III. Vlad III was an ethnic [[Vlachs|Vlach]]. In the novel, Dracula claims to be a [[Székely]]: "We Szekelys have a right to be proud..." The Dracula legend as he created it and as it has been portrayed in films and television shows may be a compound of various influences. Many of Stoker's biographers and literary critics have found strong similarities to the earlier Irish writer [[Sheridan le Fanu]]'s classic of the vampire genre, ''[[Carmilla]]''. In writing ''Dracula'', Stoker may also have drawn on stories about the [[sídhe]] &mdash; some of which feature blood-drinking women. It has been suggested that Stoker was influenced by the history of Countess [[Elizabeth Bathory]], who was born in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Bathory is known to have tortured and killed anywhere between 36 and 700 young women over a period of many years, and it was commonly believed that she committed these crimes in order to bathe in or drink their blood, believing that this preserved her youth. No credible evidence of blood-drinking or other blood crimes in the Bathory case has ever been found, however the stories and influence may explain why Dracula appeared younger after feeding.<ref>[http://bathory.org/miller02.html Báthory Erzsébet - Elizabeth Bathory: Bram Stoker, Elizabeth Bathory, and Dracula (Elizabeth Miller)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some have claimed the castle of Count Dracula was inspired by [[Slains Castle]], at which Bram Stoker was a guest of the 19th [[Earl of Erroll]]. However, since as Stoker visited the castle in 1895&mdash;five years after work on ''Dracula'' had begun&mdash;there is unlikely to be much connection. Many of the scenes in Whitby and London are based on real places that Stoker frequently visited, although in some cases he distorts the geography for the sake of the story. It has been suggested that Stoker received much historical information from [[Ármin Vámbéry]], a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] professor he met at least twice. Miller argues that "there is nothing to indicate that the conversation included Vlad, vampires, or even Transylvania" and that, "furthermore, there is no record of any other correspondence between Stoker and Vámbéry, nor is Vámbéry mentioned in Stoker's notes for Dracula."<ref>[http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/kalo.htm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> ==Themes== ''Dracula'' is an [[epistolary novel]], written as a collection of diary entries, telegrams, and letters from the characters, as well as fictional clippings from the Whitby and London newspapers and phonograph cylinders. This literary style, made most famous by one of the most popular novels of the 19th century, ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'' (1860), was considered rather old-fashioned by the time of the publication of ''Dracula'', but it adds a sense of realism and provides the reader with the perspective of most of the major characters. By use of the epistolary structure, Stoker, without employing either an [[omniscient narrator]] or any awkward [[framing device]], maximizes suspense by avoiding any implicit promise to the reader that any first-person narrator must survive all the story's perils. Although some critics find the novel somewhat crude and sensational, it nevertheless retains its psychological power, and the sexual longings underlying the vampire attacks are manifest. As one critic wrote: ::''What has become clearer and clearer, particularly in the ''fin de siècle'' years of the twentieth century, is that the novel's power has its source in the sexual implications of the blood exchange between the vampire and his victims...''Dracula'' has embedded in it a very disturbing psychosexual allegory whose meaning I am not sure Stoker entirely understood: that there is a demonic force at work in the world whose intent is to eroticize women. In ''Dracula'' we see how that force transforms Lucy Westenra, a beautiful nineteen-year-old virgin, into a shameless slut.''<ref>[[Leonard Wolf]], "Introduction" to the Signet Classic Edition, 1992</ref> ''Dracula'' may be viewed as a novel about the struggle between tradition and modernity at the [[fin de siècle]]. Throughout, there are various references to changing [[gender]] roles; Mina Harker can be seen as a thoroughly modern woman, using such modern technologies as the [[typewriter]]. She also displays some characteristics of the New Woman through her rejection of deference to male superiority and her economic independence. However, Mina still embodies a traditional gender role, as seen in her feminine and maternal nature and her occupation as as an assistant schoolmistress. Stoker's novel deals in general with the conflict between the world of the past &mdash; full of [[folklore]], [[legend]], and religious [[piety]] &mdash; and the emerging modern world of technology, [[positivism]], and [[secularism]]. Van Helsing epitomizes this struggle because he uses, at the time, extremely modern technologies like blood transfusions; but he is not so modern as to eschew the idea that a demonic being could be causing Lucy's illness: he spreads garlic around the sashes and doors of her room and makes her wear a garlic flower necklace. After Lucy's death, he receives an indulgence from a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] cleric to use the [[Eucharist]] (held by the Church to be trans-substantiated into the body and blood of [[Jesus]]) in his fight against Dracula. In trying to bridge the rational/superstitious conflict within the story, he cites new sciences, such as [[hypnotism]], that were only recently considered magical. He also quotes (without attribution) the American [[psychologist]] [[William James]], whose writings on the power of belief become the only way to deal with this conflict. No character in the novel advocates a rejection of science in favour of either religion or superstition. Van Helsing receives the admiration of the other characters and succeeds in defeating Dracula by dint of a combination of encyclopedic knowledge and "open-mindedness." Late in the novel, as Dr. Seward comes to embrace Van Helsing's open-mindedness, he writes, "In an age when the existence of ptomaines is a mystery we should not wonder at anything!" For the characters, and presumably for the author, science opens the possibility of shockingly unfamiliar phenomena. If the novel sounds a cautionary note, it merely warns against the presumption that ''established science'' as yet offers a complete world-view. Within Stoker's fictional universe, (correct) superstitious beliefs have an empirical basis and promise to yield to scientific inquiry. Jonathan Harker's character displays the problems of dwelling in a strictly rational modern world. Visiting Count Dracula in Eastern Europe, Jonathan scoffs at the peasants who tell him to delay his visit until after [[Saint George]]'s feast day. As a solicitor, Jonathan is concerned “with facts &mdash; bare meagre facts, verified by books and figures, and of which there can be no doubt”. All of Jonathan’s rationality weakens him to what he witnesses at Castle Dracula. For example, the first time Jonathan witnesses Dracula crawling down the face of the castle headfirst, he is in complete disbelief. Not believing what he sees, he attempts to explain what he saw as a trick of the moonlight. The characters of ''Dracula'' use modern technology and rationalism to defeat the Count. For example, during their pursuit of the vampire, they use [[Rail transport|railroads]] and [[steamships]], not to mention the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] (and a [[telephone]] is even used on their behalf at one point), to keep a step ahead of him (in contrast, Dracula escapes in a sailing ship). Van Helsing uses hypnotism to pinpoint Dracula's location. Mina even employs [[criminology]] to anticipate Dracula's actions and cites both [[Cesare Lombroso]] and [[Max Nordau]], who at that time were considered experts in this field. A number of scholars have noted the theme of a 'barbarian' prince attempting to usurp British society as being an example of the [[invasion literature]] which was popular at the time. Author [[Kim Newman]] characterized ''Dracula'' as being the story of "a one-man invasion" and drew attention to Van Helsing's claim that Dracula's goal was to become "the father or furthurer of a new order of beings, whose road must lead through Death, not Life".<ref>[http://www.johnnyalucard.com/ad.html Anno Dracula: The Background]</ref> ==Adaptations== <!--NOTE: DO NOT ADD POPULAR CULTURE DERIVATIVES HERE. USE THE MAIN ARTICLE [[Dracula in popular culture]]--> {{details|Dracula in popular culture}} The story of ''Dracula'' has been the basis for countless films and plays. Of all the movies, the most popular are: ''[[Dracula (1931 film)|Dracula]]'' (1931), ''[[Dracula (1958 film)| The Horror of Dracula]]'' (1958), and ''[[Bram Stoker's Dracula]]'' (1992). Another famous version of the story was ''[[Nosferatu]]'' (1922), a film directed by the German director F.W. Murnau, was produced while Stoker's widow was alive, and the filmmakers were forced to change the setting and the characters' names for copyright reasons. The vampire in ''Nosferatu'' is called Count Orlok rather than Count Dracula. The character of Count Dracula has remained popular over the years, and many [[film]]s have used the character as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, such as ''[[Dracula's Daughter]]'', ''[[The Brides of Dracula|Brides of Dracula]]'', and ''[[Zoltan, Hound of Dracula (film)|Zoltan, Hound of Dracula]]''. An estimated 160 films ([[as of 2004]]) feature Dracula in a major role, a number second only to [[Sherlock Holmes]]. The number of films that include a reference to Dracula may reach as high as 649, according to the [[Internet Movie Database]].<ref>{{imdb character|0002561|Count Dracula}}</ref> Most adaptations do not include all the major characters from the novel. The Count is always present, and [[Jonathan Harker|Jonathan]] and [[Mina Harker]], [[John Seward|Dr. Seward]], [[Abraham Van Helsing|Dr. Van Helsing]], and [[Renfield]] usually appear as well. The characters of Mina and Lucy are often combined into a single female role. Jonathan Harker and Renfield are also sometimes reversed or combined. [[Quincey Morris]] and [[Arthur Holmwood]] are usually omitted entirely. ==Dracula's Guest== In 1914, two years after Stoker's death, the short story ''[[Dracula's Guest]]'' was posthumously published. It was, according to most contemporary critics, the deleted first (or second) chapter from the original manuscript<ref>James Craig Holte (1997), ''Dracula Film Adaptations'', [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313292159&id=As8cClbbGqgC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=%22dracula%27s+guest%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=VEOUTtGcVGxutPvCUgIzJM23-ao Page 27].</ref> and the one which gave the volume its name,<ref>Barbara Belford (2002), ''Bram Stoker and the Man Who Was Dracula'', ISBN 0-306-81098-0.[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0306810980&id=hfzy5UPjAr0C&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=%22dracula%27s+guest%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=gdsQ4WkQuZ7ivrdWAgkrhtAURdA Page 325]</ref> but which the original publishers deemed unnecessary to the overall story. ''Dracula's Guest'' follows an unnamed Englishman traveller (whom most readers identify as Jonathan Harker, assuming it is the same character from the novel) as he wanders around [[Munich]] before leaving for Transylvania. It is [[Walpurgis Night]], and in spite of the coachman's warnings, the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel and wanders through a dense forest alone. Along the way he feels he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger (possibly Count Dracula). The short story climaxes in an old graveyard, where in a marble tomb (with a large iron stake driven into it), he encounters the ghost of a female vampire called Countess Dolingen. The spirit of this malevolent and beautiful vampire awakens from her marble [[bier]] to conjure a snowstorm before being struck by lightning and returning to her eternal prison. Harker's troubles are not quite over, as a wolf then emerges through the blizzard and attacks him. However, the wolf merely keeps him warm and alive until help arrives. When Harker is finally taken back to his hotel, a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula, with a warning about "dangers from snow and wolves and night". ==See also== *[[Elizabeth Báthory]] *[[Sheridan le Fanu|Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu]] *[[Vlad III the Impaler]] *[[Tsutomu Miyazaki]] *[[Alucard]] *[[Castlevania]] *[[Blacula]] *[[Universal Monsters]] *[[Draculin]] ==Notes and references== {{Reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== * Dalby, Richard and Hughes, William. ''Bram Stoker: A Bibliography'' (Westcliff-on-Sea: Desert Island Books, 2005) * [[Christopher Frayling|Frayling, Christopher]]. ''Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula'' (1992) ISBN 0-571-16792-6 * Hughes, William. ''Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and its Cultural Contexts'' (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000) * McNally, Raymond T. & Florescu, Radu. ''In Search of Dracula''. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. ISBN 0-395-65783-0 * Miller, Elizabeth. ''Dracula: Sense & Nonsense''. 2nd ed. Desert Island Books, 2006. ISBN 1-905328-15-X * [[Leonard Wolf|Wolf, Leonard]]. ''The Essential Dracula''. ibooks, inc., 2004. ISBN 0-7434-9803-8 ==External links== {{wikisource}} '''Editions''' * {{gutenberg|no=345|name=Dracula}}, text version of 1897 edition. [http://publicliterature.org/pdf/dracu13.pdf PDF] * [http://www.archive.org/details/draculabr00stokuoft ''Dracula''], New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1897. Scanned first edition from [[Internet Archive]]. <!--Edition is not abridged, just missing one of the contents pages--> Dracula, edited by William Hughes and Diane Mason (Bath: Artswork Books, 2007) ISBN 978-0-9545648-7-2 * [http://www.archive.org/details/dracula_librivox ''Dracula''], human-read audio version by [[LibriVox]] * [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/stoker/bram/s87d/ eBooks@Adelaide] — HTML version * [http://draculathepodcast.com/ draculathepodcast.com] — audio version {{Dracula}} {{Bram Stoker}} [[Category:1897 novels]] [[Category:Dracula]] [[Category:Epistolary novels]] [[Category:Gothic fiction]] [[Category:Gothic novels]] [[Category:Horror novels]] [[Category:Invasion literature]] [[Category:Irish novels]] [[Category:North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Novels by Bram Stoker]] [[ar:دراكولا (رواية)]] [[bn:ড্রাকুলা]] [[bs:Drakula]] [[bg:Дракула]] [[ca:Dràcula]] [[cs:Drákula (kniha)]] [[da:Dracula (fiktion)]] [[de:Dracula (Roman)]] [[el:Δράκουλας (βιβλίο)]] [[es:Drácula]] [[eo:Drakulo (literaturo)]] [[fa:دراکولا]] [[fr:Dracula]] [[gl:Drácula]] [[ko:드라큘라]] [[hr:Drakula]] [[is:Drakúla]] [[it:Dracula]] [[he:דרקולה (ספר)]] [[lt:Drakula]] [[hu:Drakula]] [[nl:Dracula]] [[ja:ドラキュラ]] [[no:Dracula]] [[nn:Dracula]] [[oc:Dracula]] [[pl:Drakula (powieść)]] [[pt:Drácula]] [[ro:Dracula]] [[ru:Дракула (роман)]] [[simple:Dracula]] [[sl:Drakula]] [[sr:Дракула]] [[fi:Dracula]] [[zh:德拉库拉 (小说)]]