Drug Enforcement Administration
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225230703
2008-07-12T16:16:33Z
67.163.142.79
/* The DEA in popular culture */
{{Cleanup|date=February 2008}}
{{Infobox Law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Drug Enforcement Administration
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| abbreviation = DEA
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| logo = Dea color logo.JPG
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| badge = DEA badge.PNG
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| formedyear = 1973
| formedmonthday = July 1
| preceding1 = [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]]
| preceding2 = [[Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement]]
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees = 10,891 (2006)
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| budget = $2.415 billion [[USD]] (2006)
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| country = United States
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| federal = Yes
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| headquarters = [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia]]
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| sworntype = Special Agent
| sworn = 5,500+
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| minister1name = [[Michael Mukasey]]
| minister1pfo = [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]]
| chief1name = (Vacant)
| chief1position = Administrator
| chief2name = [[Michele Leonhart]]
| chief2position = Deputy Administrator
| parentagency = [[United States Department of Justice]]
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| website = http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/
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The '''Drug Enforcement Administration''' ('''DEA''') is a [[United States Department of Justice]] [[law enforcement agency]] tasked with combating [[War on Drugs|drug smuggling and use within the U.S.]] Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the [[drug policy of the United States]] (sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]), it also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug investigations abroad.
==History and mandate==
[[Image:DEA-Agents.jpeg|thumb|left|Two DEA agents in a [[shoot house]] exercise.]]The Drug Enforcement Administration was established on [[1 July]] [[1973]], by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973, signed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Richard Nixon]] on 28 March 1973.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.learning-for-life.org/exploring/scholarships/pdf/dea.pdf |work=Learning for Life |title=Drug Enforcement Administration: Drug Abuse Prevention Service Award |accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> It proposed the creation of a single federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the government's drug control activities. [[United States Congress|Congress]] accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the growing availability of drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deamuseum.org/dea_history_book/1970_1975.htm|title=History of the DEA: 1970 - 1975|publisher=[http://www.deamuseum.org www.deamuseum.org]|accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> As a result, the [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]] (BNDD), the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE), and other Federal offices merged together to create the DEA.<ref name=pbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/etc/cron.html|title=Marijuana Timeline|accessdate=2007-04-23|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]}}</ref>
In 1999, the DEA opened the Drug Enforcement Administration Museum in [[Arlington, Virginia]]. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences.<ref name=History>{{cite web|url=http://www.dea.gov/pubs/history/1999-2003.html|title=1999-2003|accessdate=2007-06-03|publisher=DEA}}</ref>
{{Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States}}
== Organization ==
The DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the [[President of the United States]] and confirmed by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]. The Administrator reports to the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] through the [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/08aug20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/julqtr/pdf/28cfr0.102.pdf |work=Department of Justice |title=Title 28, C.F.R., Part 0.102 |page=p.57 |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators (for the Operations Support, Intelligence, and Human Resources Divisions). Other senior staff include the Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only Presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA; all other DEA officials are career government employees. DEA's headquarters is located in [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia]] across from the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the [[United States Marine Corps]] base at [[Quantico, Virginia|Quantico]], [[Virginia]] along with the [[FBI Academy]]. It maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/agency/domestic.htm|title=DEA Office Locations|publisher=DEA|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> With a budget exceeding 2.415 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, including over 5,500 [[Special Agents]].
Job applicants who have a history of hard drug use are excluded from consideration. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special agent, diversion investigator, and intelligence research specialist positions.
{{cquote|Applicants who are found, through investigation or personal admission, to have experimented with or used narcotics or dangerous drugs, except those medically prescribed, will not be considered for employment with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]. Such applicants may be considered for employment if there is no evidence of regular, confirmed usage and the full-field background investigation and results of the other steps in the process are otherwise favorable.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/job/agent/bef_drugQuest.html
| work=U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
| title=Drug Questionnaire
| accessdate=2007-04-28
}}</ref>}}
The DEA's relatively firm stance on this issue is in contrast to that of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], which, in 2005, considered relaxing its hiring policy relevant to individual drug use history. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9646619/from/RL.4/|title=FBI ay relax hiring policy on drug use}}</ref>
===Mobile Enforcement Teams===
Mobile Enforcement Teams (METs) are specialized squads designed as a support service dedicated to attacking and dismantling drug trafficking and urban violence in close cooperation with local authorities. METs are located throughout the United States in DEA's 21 field divisions. They often focus their efforts in rural and some smaller [[urban]] areas that are deficient in the law enforcement resources to combat organized drug gangs.
== Impact on the drug trade ==
{{Main|Illegal drug trade}}
In 2005, the DEA seized a reported $1.4 billion in drug trade related assets and $477 million worth of drugs.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.dea.gov/pubs/pressrel/pr122805.html
| work=dea.gov
| title=Drug Enforcement Administration Highlights Year’s Accomplishments
| date=[[December 28]], [[2005]]
| accessdate=2007-04-28
}}</ref> However, according to the White House's Office of Drug Control Policy, the total value of all of the drugs sold in the U.S. is as much as $64 billion a year<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/drugfact/american_users_spend/index.html
| work=Office of National Drug Control Policy
| title=What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs 1988–1998
| date=December 2000
| accessdate=2007-04-28
}}</ref>, making the DEA's efforts to intercept the flow of drugs into and within the U.S. less than 1% effective. Defenders of the agency's performance record argue that the DEA has had a positive effect beyond their relatively small annual seizures by placing pressure on traffickers, raising prices for consumers which, it is hoped, may reduce the affordability of drugs.
Critics of this theory (including the [[Nobel Prize]] winning economist [[Milton Friedman]], prior to his death a member of [[Law Enforcement Against Prohibition]]) point out that demand for illegal drugs shows little price sensitivity; the people who are buying drugs will continue to buy them with little regard to price, often turning to crime to support expensive drug habits when the drug prices rise. One recent study published in the [[The Atlantic Monthly|The Atlantic]] lending credence to the criticism shows that in every major U.S. city, from [[New York City|New York]] to [[Los Angeles]], the price of street [[cocaine]] has dropped. <ref>http://www.sharedresponsibility.gov.co/?idcategoria=697,How Cocaine Defies the First Rule in Economics,Shared Responsibility</ref>
== Narcotics registration ==
The DEA has a registration system in place which authorizes medical professionals, researchers and manufacturers access to "[[Controlled Substances Act|Schedule I]]" drugs. Authorized registrants receive a "[[DEA number]]" that is to be solely used for tracking controlled substances. The DEA number, however, is often used by the industry as a general "prescriber" number as a unique identifier for anyone who can prescribe medication.
== Diversion control system ==
Many problems associated with [[drug abuse]] are the result of legitimately-manufactured controlled substances being diverted from their lawful purpose into the illicit drug traffic. Many of the [[narcotics]], depressants and stimulants manufactured for legitimate medical use are subject to abuse, and have therefore been brought under legal control. The goal of controls is to ensure that these "controlled substances" are readily available for medical use, while preventing their distribution for illicit sale and abuse.
Under federal law, all businesses which manufacture or distribute controlled drugs, all health professionals entitled to dispense, administer or prescribe them, and all [[Pharmacy|pharmacies]] entitled to fill prescriptions must register with the DEA. Registrants must comply with a series of regulatory requirements relating to drug security, records accountability, and adherence to standards.
All of these investigations are conducted by Diversion Investigators (DIs). DIs conduct investigations to uncover and investigate suspected sources of diversion and take appropriate civil and administrative actions.
== MDMA DEA Scheduling Overturn ==
In 1985 [[MDMA]] and its analogues were under review by the American government as a drug for potential of abuse. During this time, several public hearings on the new drug were held by the DEA. Based on all of the evidence and facts presented at the time, the DEA's administrative law judge did not see MDMA and its analogues as being of large concern and recommended that they be placed in Schedule III. The DEA administrator, expressing concern for abuse potential, overruled the recommendation and ruled that MDMA be put in Schedule I, the [[Controlled Substances Act|Controlled Substances Act's]] most restrictive category.<ref>http://www.drugtext.org/library/research/mdma/archive/15/default.htm, 24 MDMA,Chorles S. Grob and Russell E Polond</ref><ref>Video Documentary: "Hooked - Illegal Drugs and How They Got That Way: LSD, Ecstasy and Raves",The History Channel</ref>
== Criticism ==
The DEA has been criticized for placing highly restrictive schedules on a few narcotics which researchers in the fields of [[pharmacology]] and [[medicine]] regard as having medical uses. Critics assert that some such decisions are motivated primarily by political factors stemming from the U.S. government's [[War on Drugs]], and that many benefits of such substances remain unrecognized due to the difficulty of conducting scientific research. A counterpoint to that criticism is that under the [[Controlled Substances Act]] it is the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] (through the [[Food and Drug Administration]] and the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]]), not the DEA, which has the legal responsibility to make scientific and medical determinations with respect to drug scheduling; no drug can be scheduled if the Secretary of Health and Human Services recommends against it on a scientific or medical basis, and no drug can be placed in the most restrictive schedule ([[List of Schedule I drugs|Schedule I]]) if DHHS finds that the drug has a currently accepted medical use. [[Jon Gettman]]'s essay ''Science and the End of Marijuana Prohibition'' describes the DEA as "a fall guy to deflect responsibility from the key decision-makers" and opines, "HHS calls the shots when it comes to marijuana prohibition, and the cops at DEA and the general over at ONDCP take the heat."<ref>[http://www.millionmarijuanamarch.com/mmm1_047.htm Millennium Marijuana March<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The DEA is also criticized for focusing on the operations from which it can seize the most money<ref>http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=959869 ,Policing for Profit: The Drug War's Hidden Economic Agenda</ref>, namely the [[organized crime|organized]] cross-border trafficking of [[heroin]] and [[cocaine]]. Some individuals contemplating the nature of the DEA's charter advise that, based on order of popularity, the DEA should be most focused on marijuana. Others suggest that, based on [[opiate]] popularity, the DEA should focus much more on [[medical prescription|prescription]] opiates used recreationally, which critics contend is far more widespread than [[heroin]] use. Some scheduled substances are extremely rare, with no clear reason behind the scheduling of [[4-Methyl-aminorex]] or [[bufotenine]].
Others, such as the [[Cato Institute]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb109/hb_109-24.pdf
|work=Cato Handbook on Policy
|title=The war on drugs
|last=Boaz
|first=David
|authorlink=David Boaz
|coauthors=Timothy Lynch
|publisher=Cato Institute
|page=253–260
|date=2004-08-12
|accessdate=2007-05-03
}}</ref> and the [[Drug Policy Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.drugpolicy.org/about/mission/
|title=Mission and Vision
|author=Drug Policy Alliance
|authorlink=Drug Policy Alliance
|accessdate=2007-05-03
}}</ref> criticize the very existence of the DEA and the War on Drugs as inimical to the concept of [[civil liberties]] by arguing that anybody should be free to put any substance they choose into their own bodies for any reason, particularly when [[legal]] [[drugs]] such as [[alcohol]], [[tobacco]] and [[prescription drug]]s are also open to abuse, and that any harm caused by a drug user or addict is covered under existing law, just as it is for a non-user. Recurrently, billions are spent yearly, focusing largely on [[criminal law]] and [[demand reduction]] campaigns, which has only resulted in millions of U.S. citizens imprisoned.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Demand for recreational drugs is somewhat static as the market for most illegal drugs has been saturated, forcing the cartels to expand their market to Europe and other areas than the United States.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} It is common for illicit drugs to be widely available in most urban, suburban, and even rural areas in the United States, which leads drug legalization proponents to claim that drug laws, like most other laws, have little effect on those who choose not to obey them, and that the resources spent enforcing drug laws, as well as many other laws, are wasted. As it relates to the DEA specifically, the vast majority of individual arrests stemming from illegal drug possession and distribution are narrow and more local in scope and are made by local law enforcement officers, while the DEA tends to focus on larger, interstate and international distribution networks and the higher ranking members of such organizations in addition to operating in conjunction with other local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies along U.S. borders{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
Some groups advocate legalization of certain controlled substances under the premise that doing so may reduce the volume of illicit trafficking and associated crime as well as yield a valuable tax source, although some of the results of drug legalization have raised doubt about some of these beliefs. For example, [[marijuana]] is now available as a [[palliative]] agent, in [[Canada]], with a medical prescription. Yet 86% of Canadians with HIV/AIDS, eligible for a prescription, continue to obtain marijuana illegally (AIDS Care. 2007 Apr;19(4):500-6.) However, this could be due to the availability, and often the quality of illegal cannabis compared to the procedural hoops a patient has to jump through when receiving it from the government.
The DEA was accused in 2005 by the [[Venezuela]]n [[Government of Venezuela|government]] of collaborating with drug traffickers, after which President [[Hugo Chávez]] decided to end any collaboration with the agency. In 2007, after the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] criticized Venezuela in its annual report on drug trafficking, the Venezuelan Minister of Justice reiterated the accusations: "''A large quantity of drug shipments left the country through that organization,...[]..We were in the presence of a new drug cartel.''"<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/03/03/news/nation/20_41_553_2_07.txt
|work=New County Times
|title=Venezuela rejects U.S. drug report, accuses DEA of collaborating with traffickers
|author=Christopher Toothaker
|date=
|accessdate=2007-03-02
}}</ref>
In the [[Netherlands]] both the [[Government of the Netherlands|Dutch government]] and the DEA have been criticized for violations of Dutch sovereignty in drug investigations. According to Peter R. de Vries, a Dutch [[journalist]] present at the 2005 trial of Henk Orlando Rommy, the DEA has admitted to activities on Dutch soil. Earlier, then minister of justice Piet Hein Donner, had denied to the Dutch [[parliament]] that he had given permission to the DEA for any such activities, which would have been a requirement by Dutch law in order to allow foreign agents to act within the territory
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.peterrdevries.nl/programma/textprogramma021005.htm
|title=Dossier: ‘De zwarte Cobra’
|last=de Vries
|first=Peter R.
|work=Programma
|language=Dutch
|date=2005-10-02
|accessdate=2007-05-12
}}</ref>.
== Administrators ==
This table lists all Administrators of the DEA, their dates of service, and under which administration they served.
{| class="wikitable"
!bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | Administrator !! bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | Term !! bgcolor="#e5e5e5" | Administration
|-
| [[John R. Bartels, Jr.]] || 1973–1975 || Nixon, Ford
|-
| [[Peter B. Bensinger]] || 1976–1981 || Ford, Carter, Reagan
|-
| [[Francis M. Mullen]] || 1981–1985<ref>From July 1981 - November 1983, Mullen served as Acting Administrator. He was nominated by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] on 21 January 1982, confirmed by the [[U.S. Senate]] on 30 September 1983, and sworn in as Administrator on 10 November 1983.</ref> || Reagan
|-
| [[John C. Lawn]] ||1985-1990<ref>From March - July 1985, Lawn served as Acting Administrator. He was nominated by President Reagan on 4 April 1985, confirmed by the U.S. Senate on 16 July 1985, and sworn in as Administrator on 26 July 1985.</ref> || Reagan, G.H.W. Bush
|-
| [[Robert C. Bonner]] ||1990-1993 || G.H.W. Bush, Clinton
|-
| [[Stephen H. Greene]] (Acting) ||1993-1994 || Clinton
|-
| [[Thomas A. Constantine]] || 1994-1999 || Clinton
|-
| [[Donnie R. Marshall]] ||1999-2001<ref>From July 1999 - June 2000, Marshall served as Acting Administrator.</ref> || Clinton, G.W. Bush
|-
| [[Asa Hutchinson]] || 2001-2003 || G.W. Bush
|-
| [[Karen Tandy]] || 2003-2007 || G.W. Bush
|-
| [[Michele Leonhart]] (Acting)|| 2007– || G.W. Bush
|}
==The DEA in popular culture==
* In the movie Bad Boys 2 Grabriell Union plays an undercover DEA agent
* In the Marijuana Documentary [[Super High Me]] starring [[Doug Benson]] the DEA is seen seizing Marijuana crops from legally operating dispensaries for Medicinal Marijuana in the State of California (See [[Prop 215]])
* [[Gary Oldman]] played a corrupt DEA Agent in ''[[Léon (film)|Léon]]''. It was one of his most critically acclaimed roles.
* [[Luis Guzmán]] and [[Don Cheadle]] play two DEA agents in the movie [[Traffic (2000 film)|''Traffic'']].
* [[Vin Diesel]] and [[Larenz Tate]] play DEA agents in the movie ''[[A Man Apart]]''.
* [[David Duchovny]] plays a [[transvestism|transvestite]] DEA agent in ''[[Twin Peaks]]''. The acronym 'DEA' was mistakenly said to stand for 'Drug Enforcement Agency'.
* [[Max Payne]] is an NYPD police officer who later becomes a DEA agent in the video game series ''Max Payne''.
* Nancy Botwin (played by [[Mary-Louise Parker]]) finds out that her boyfriend is a DEA agent on the [[Showtime]] series "[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]."
* In the game ''[[NARC (video game)|Narc]]'', one of the two playable characters is DEA Agent Marcus Hill played by [[Bill Bellamy]]
* In ''[[The Power of the Dog]]'' [[Don Winslow]] follows the main character Art Keller through the DEA's beginnings with the War on Drugs ([[Operation Condor]]) in [[Sinaloa]], [[Mexico]] in 1975 to the year 2004
* In the movie ''[[Swordfish (film)|Swordfish]]'', the character Ginger ([[Halle Berry]]) claims to be an undercover DEA agent.
* In the television program ''[[Painkiller Jane (TV series)|Painkiller Jane]]'', [[Kristanna Loken]] plays the titular character, who at the beginning of the series is a DEA agent.
* In the Third Person Shooter game [[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories]], the DEA is Largely involved in the many missions. Most notably DEA Agent Brian Forbes.
* In the TV police drama [[Miami Vice]], Lt. Martin Castillo was a former DEA agent. His former service provides many of the show's plot lines. The show took a generally negative view of the agency, especially as the series progressed.
* The [[ambient music|ambient]]/[[Electronic music|electronic]] band [[The American Dollar]] has a song called DEA on their album [[The Technicolour Sleep]].
* In the [[soap opera]] ''[[Passions]]'', [[Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald Crane]] was rescued from shark-infested waters by DEA agents after [[Mexican]] drug kingpin [[Juanita Vasquez]].
* In the movie ''[[Basic (film)|Basic]]'', DEA agent [[John Travolta]] investigates an Army Ranger mission gone wrong.
* In April 2008, [[Spike (TV channel)|Spike TV]] premiered a new show, "DEA", chronicling the day to day operations of DEA officers operating in [[Detroit]]. It was filmed over the summer of 2007.
*[[The Operation Without Borders]] is a Chinese TV series which plays some DEA agents together with some Chinese Drug Police fight against a international drug trading group.It takes place in New York, Shanghai, Fukien, Yunnan and other places in China and United States.
* In the game Scarface "The World is Yours" DEA agents raid Tony Montana's mansion in the beginning and will arrive later in the game if your heat level rises enough.
== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Flag of the United States.svg}}
{{Portal|Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics|Nuvola apps agent.svg}}
* [[List of United States federal law enforcement agencies]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/ DEA official web site]
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/history/ The History of the DEA from 1973 to 1998]
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/agency/former.htm List of former DEA Administrators]
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/aof/index.html Agency of Fear - The History of the origins of the DEA in the Nixon White House]
* [http://thedea.org/itsresults.html Results of Prohibition] The financial costs of drug use and drug prohibition in the U.S., impact on levels of drug use and prices.
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/dea/index.htm A response to the DEA web site]
* {{cite news
| title = 98 Percent Of All Domestically Eradicated Marijuana Is "Ditchweed," DEA Admits
| work = NORML News Archive
| date = [[7 September]] [[2006]]
| url = http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=7033
| accessdate = 2007-03-27}}
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/studies.htm Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy] Full text of major government commission reports on the effects of drug enforcement
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/special/king/dhu/dhumenu.htm The Drug Hang-Up by Rufus King] A history of the drug laws with special emphasis on the predecessors to the DEA
* [http://members.aol.com/deawatch/daily.htm DEA Watch - A dissenting view of the DEA]
* [http://thefederalregister.com/b.p/agency/Drug_Enforcement_Administration/ Drug Enforcement Administration Meeting Notices and Rule Changes] from The Federal Register [http://thefederalregister.com/rss/agency/Drug_Enforcement_Administration/ RSS Feed]
* [http://www.dealookup.com DEA Lookup.com] Commercial DEA number database search service
* [http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/index.html Office of Diversion Control]
{{commonscat}}
*[http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+1361+0++%281973%29%20%20AND%20%28%285%29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20 Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 - Appendix to Title 5, U.S. Code]
{{DOJ agencies}}
{{Intelligence agencies of USA}}
[[Category:United States Department of Justice agencies]]
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