DuPont 201829 225977806 2008-07-16T08:29:22Z Rjwilmsi 203434 no 'of' between a month and a year per [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Longer_periods|MOS]] using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{otheruses4|E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company|other uses|Dupont}} {{Infobox Company | company_name = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | company_logo = [[Image:DuPont.svg|190px]]| company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nyse|DD}} ([[common stock]]), {{nyse|DDPRA}}, {{nyse|DDPRB}} ([[preferred stock]])) | foundation = 1802| location = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Wilmington, Delaware]], [[United States|USA]]<br />| key_people = [[Charles O. Holliday|Charles O. Holliday Jr.]], Chairman & CEO<br/>[[Jeffrey L. Keefer]], CFO<br/>[[Richard R. Goodmanson]], Exec. VP & COO<br/>[[Thomas M. Connelly]], CTO| num_employees = 60,000 (2005)| industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]] - [[Plastics]] & [[Rubber]]| products = [[Neoprene]], [[Nylon|Nylon resins]], [[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]], [[Delrin]], [[Mylar]], [[Kevlar]], [[Nomex]], [[Zemdrain]], [[Corian]], [[Tyvek]] and [[Nafion]]| revenue = {{profit}}$28.982 Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2006)| net_income ={{profit}}$3.148 Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2006)| homepage = [http://www.dupont.com/ www.dupont.com] }} '''E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company''' ({{nyse|DDPRA}}, {{nyse|DDPRB}}, {{nyse|DD}}) is an [[United States|American]] [[chemical industry|chemical company]] that was founded in July 1802 as a [[gunpowder]] mill by [[Eleuthère Irénée du Pont]]. DuPont is currently the world's second largest chemical company (behind [[BASF]]) in terms of [[market capitalization]] and fourth (behind [[BASF]], [[Dow Chemical]] and [[Ineos]]) in revenue. Its stock price is also a component of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. In the twentieth century, DuPont led the [[polymer]] revolution by developing many highly successful materials such as [[Vespel]], [[neoprene]], [[nylon]], [[Corian]], [[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]], [[Mylar]], [[Kevlar]], [[Zemdrain]], [[M5 fiber]], [[Nomex]], [[Tyvek]] and [[Lycra]]. DuPont has also been significantly involved in the [[refrigerant]] industry, developing and producing the [[haloalkane|Freon]] (CFCs) series and later, more environmentally friendly refrigerants. In the paint and pigment industry, it has created synthetic pigments and paints, such as [[ChromaFlair]]. DuPont is often successful in popularizing the brands of its material products such that their [[trademark]] names become [[Genericized trademark|more commonly used]] than the generic or chemical word(s) for the material itself. One example is “neoprene”, which was intended originally to be a trademark but quickly came into common usage. ==History== [[Image:Hagley DuPont Wagon.jpg|thumb|Original DuPont powder wagon]] === 1802 === DuPont was founded in 1802 by [[Eleuthère Irénée du Pont]], using capital raised in [[France]] and gunpowder machinery imported from France. The company was started at the [[Eleutherian Mills]], on the [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River)|Brandywine Creek]], near [[Wilmington, Delaware]], [[United States|USA]] two years after he and his family left [[France]] to escape the [[French Revolution]]. It began as a manufacturer of gunpowder, as du Pont had noticed that the industry in North America was lagging behind Europe and saw a market for it. The company grew quickly, and by the mid nineteenth century had become the largest supplier of gunpowder to the [[United States military]], supplying as much as half of the powder used by the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. (The [[Eleutherian Mills]] site was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1966 and is now a museum covering this history that may be visited today.) === 1902 to 1912 === [[Image:1905DuPontGunpowderMill.jpg|thumb|Working powder mills on [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River)|Brandywine Creek]], about 1905. Note the handwritten "These blow up occasionally, and then?"]] DuPont continued to expand, moving into the production of [[dynamite]] and [[smokeless powder]]. In 1902, DuPont's president, [[Eugene du Pont]], died, and the surviving partners sold the company to three great-grandsons of the original founder. The company subsequently purchased several smaller chemical companies, and in 1912 these actions gave rise to government scrutiny under the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]]. The courts declared that the company's dominance of the explosives business constituted a [[monopoly]] and ordered [[divestment]]. The court ruling resulted in the creation of the Hercules Powder Company (now [[Hercules Inc.]]) and the Atlas Powder Company (now [[AstraZeneca]]).<ref>[http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_what_industry_DuPont.htm The Historical Society of Delaware–The DuPont Company]. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).</ref> DuPont also established two of the first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began work on [[cellulose]] chemistry, [[lacquer]]s and other non-explosive products. DuPont's [[Central Research]] Department was established at the [[Experimental Station]], across the [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River)|Brandywine Creek]] from the original powder mills. === 1914 === In 1914, [[Pierre S. du Pont]] invested in the fledgling [[automobile]] industry, buying stock of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] (GM). The following year he was invited to sit on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $25 million purchase of GM stock. In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's guidance, GM became the number one automobile company in the world. However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]] forced DuPont to divest itself of its shares of General Motors. === 1920 === In the 1920s DuPont continued its emphasis on [[materials science]], hiring [[Wallace Carothers]] to work on [[polymers]] in 1928. Carothers discovered [[neoprene]], the first [[synthetic rubber]], the first [[polyester]] superpolymer and in 1935, [[nylon]]. Discovery of [[Lucite]] and [[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]] followed a few years later. 1935 was also the year that DuPont first introduced the chemical [[phenothiazine]] as an insecticide. === World War II === It is claimed by some that, according to documents found at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], the DuPont chemical manufacturer clearly made and delivered [[Zyklon B]] and that, along with two German firms, Tesch/Stabenow and Degesch, they produced Zyklon B gas after they acquired the patent from Farben. Auschwitz's own website, however, has only this to say on the subject of Zyklon-B production: "The Zyklon used at Auschwitz concentration camp was produced by a firm called Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH), with headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and forming a part of IG Farbenindustrie."<ref>http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/html/eng/historia_KL/cyklon_b_ok.html</ref> Used in Germany during the war and before as a pesticidal fumigant, there seems to be no reason why the Nazis would have found it necessary to obtain the chemical from the U.S., even if a plausible explanation could be found for their having been able to do so after their declaration of war against the same nation. Finally, given the camp's location and in whose territory it lay throughout the Cold War, one can imagine that much would have been made of such "evidence" of complicity by an American firm in the Holocaust. Throughout this period, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies in both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], and played a major role in the [[Manhattan Project]] in 1943, designing, building and operating the [[Hanford Site|Hanford]] [[plutonium]] producing plant and the [[Savannah River Plant]] in [[South Carolina]]. === 1950 to 1970 === After the war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing [[Mylar]], [[Dacron]], [[Orlon]] and [[Lycra]] in the 1950s, and [[Tyvek]], [[Nomex]], [[Qiana]], [[Corfam]] and [[Corian]] in the 1960s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the [[Apollo program|Apollo Space program]]. DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern [[body armour]]. In World War II DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by the [[RAF]] to make [[Flak jacket]]s. With the development of [[Kevlar]] in the 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the industrialized world. === 1981 to 1995 === In 1981, DuPont acquired [[Conoco Inc.]], a major American oil and gas producing company that gave it a secure source of petroleum feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fiber and plastics products. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the top ten U.S.-based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after a bidding war with the giant [[Distilled beverage|distillery]] [[Seagram|Seagram Company Ltd.]], which would become DuPont's largest single shareholder with four seats on the board of directors. On [[April 6]], [[1995]], after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer [[Edgar Bronfman, Jr.]], DuPont announced a deal whereby the company would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram. === 1999 === In 1999, DuPont sold all of its Conoco shares, the business merging with [[Phillips Petroleum Company]]. That year, CEO [[Charles O. Holliday|Chad Holliday]] switched the company's focus towards producing DuPont chemicals from living plants rather than processing them from [[petroleum]]. ==Current activities== DuPont describes itself as a global science company that employs more than 60,000 people worldwide and has a diverse array of product offerings.<ref>[http://www2.dupont.com/Our_Company/en_US/glance/index.html DuPont–Company at a Glance]. Retrieved on [[March 29]], [[2006]]</ref> In 2005, the Company ranked 66th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $28 billion in revenues and $1.8 billion in profits.<ref>http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2005/ Fortune 500: 1955–2006. CNNMoney.com. Retrieved on May 16, 2007.</ref> DuPont businesses are organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color Technologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition. In 2004 the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as [[Lycra]] ([[Spandex]]), [[Dacron]] polyester, [[Orlon]] acrylic, [[Antron]] nylon and [[Thermolite]], to [[Koch Industries]]. DuPont also manufactures [[Surlyn]], which is used for the covers of golf balls, and, more recently, the body panels of the Club Car Precedent golf cart. DuPont's annual R&D budget is $1.3 billion; its latest project is a research center in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], A.P., [[India]] scheduled to open in mid-2008, that will focus on agriculture and nutrition products.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} ==NASCAR sponsorship== DuPont is widely known for its sponsorship of [[NASCAR]] driver [[Jeff Gordon]] and his [[Hendrick Motorsports]] #24 [[Chevrolet]] [[Chevrolet Impala SS|Impala SS]]. DuPont has been sponsoring Jeff Gordon since he began in [[Sprint Cup]] (then Winston Cup) in 1992. DuPont has said this about their sponsorship: <blockquote>Our sponsorship of Jeff Gordon helps keep DuPont brands and products in the public eye. Branding is a key component of the DuPont knowledge intensity strategy for achieving sustainable growth.<ref>[http://www.jeffgordon.com/sponsors/default.sps?itype=12221 Welcome to JeffGordon.com :: Sponsors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref></blockquote> In 2007, DuPont, [[Jeff Gordon]], and [[Hendrick Motorsports]] celebrated their 15th season together. It is currently the longest driver/sponsor/owner combination in [[NASCAR]]. ==Corporate governance== ===Current board of directors=== * [[Charles O. Holliday]] - CEO * [[Richard H. Brown]] * [[Robert A. Brown]] * [[Bertrand P. Collomb]] * [[Curtis Crawford|Curtis J. Crawford]] * [[John T. Dillon]] * [[There du Pont]] * [[Marillyn Hewson]] * [[Lois Juliber|Lois D. Juliber]] * [[Masahisa Naitoh]] * [[Sean O'Keefe]] * [[William K. Reilly]] ==Environmental record== Researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] ranked DuPont as the largest corporate producer of [[air pollution]] in the United States.<ref>[http://www.peri.umass.edu/Toxic-100-Table.265.0.html Political Economy Research Institute Toxic 100] retrieved 13 Aug 2007</ref> The study found DuPont's most toxic pollution comprised [[chloroprene]] (855,370 lb/yr, 387,989 kg/yr), [[sulfuric acid]] (804,501 lb/yr, 364,916 kg/yr), and [[chlorine]] (65,088 lb/yr, 29,523 kg/yr) based on [[Toxics Release Inventory]] data. The most massive releases came in the form of more than 4 million pounds (1,800 [[metric ton|t]]) of [[carbonyl sulfide]] followed by 2 million pounds (900 t) of [[hydrochloric acid]].<ref>[http://www.rtknet.org/new/tox100/toxic100.php?company1=7862&chemfac=chem&advbasic=bas Toxic 100 company profile]</ref> In 2005, ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' magazine, in conjunction with the [http://theclimategroup.org/index.php/home/ Climate Group], ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their carbon gas emissions.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Unknown Author | title= DuPont Tops ''BusinessWeek'' Ranking of Green Companies | journal= GreenBiz News | year= December 6, 2005| volume= | issue= | pages= | url= http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=29319&CFID=7761904&CFTOKEN=10637155}}</ref><ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_50/b3963178.htm?chan=search Green Leaders Show The Way] Business Week </ref> They pointed out that DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65% from the 1990 levels while using 7% less energy and producing 30% more product.[[May 24]], [[2007]] marked the opening of the US$2.1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on the Delaware Bay near [[Milford, Delaware]], USA. DuPont contributed both financial and technological support to create the center, as part of its "Clear into the Future" initiative to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility will be state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC).<ref>[http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/DNREC2000/Admin/Press/Story1.asp?PRID=2514 "State’s DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve Opens"]</ref><ref>[http://www2.dupont.com/Media_Center/en_US/daily_news/article20070524a.html "DuPont Nature Center Dedicated in Delaware"]</ref> DuPont is a founding member of the [[World Business Council for Sustainable Development]] with DuPont CEO [[Charles O. Holliday]] being Chairman of the WBCSD from 2000–2001. ==Positive recognition== DuPont has been awarded the [[National Medal of Technology]] four times: first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-made polymers such as [[nylon]], [[neoprene rubber]], "[[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]]" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics"; the second for 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of [[chlorofluorocarbons]]". Additionally, DuPont scientist [[George Levitt]] was honored with the [[National Medal of Technology|medal]] in 1993 for the development of sulfonylureas—environmentally friendly herbicides for every major food crop in the world. In 1996, DuPont scientist [[Stephanie Kwolek]] was recognized for the discovery and development of [[Kevlar]]. ==Controversies== ===Hemp=== It is often asserted in pro-cannabis publications that DuPont actively supported the criminalization of the production of [[hemp]] in the US in 1937 through private and government intermediates, and alleged that this was done to eliminate hemp as a source of [[fiber]]—one of DuPont's biggest markets at the time. Hemp paper threatened DuPont's monopoly on the necessary chemicals for paper from trees, and Nylon, a synthetic fiber, was patented the same year that hemp was made illegal. The company denies these allegations.<ref>''[Hemp & the Marijuana Conspiracy:] The Emperor Wears No Clothes'' by Jack Herer, various editions.</ref><ref>[http://www.wealth4freedom.com/Elkhorn.html ''The Elkhorn Manifesto: Shadow of the Swastika'' by R. William Davis]</ref> ===Price fixing=== In 1941, an investigation of [[Standard Oil]] Co. and [[IG Farben]] brought evidence concerning complex price and marketing agreements between DuPont, [[U.S. Industrial Alcohol Company]], and their subsidiary [[Cuba Distilling Company]]. The investigation was eventually dropped, like dozens of others in many different kinds of industries, because of the need to enlist industry support in the [[World War II|war]] effort.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Unknown Author| title= DuPont settles toxin case| journal= The Associated Press | year= Wednesday, December 14, 2005| volume= | issue= | pages= | url= http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/14/business/dupont.php}}; {{cite journal |author= Eilperin, Juliet| title= DuPont, EPA Settle Chemical Complaint Firm Didn't Report Risks, Agency Says | journal= Washington Post Business Week| date= [[15 December]] [[2005]] | volume= | issue= | pages= D03| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/14/AR2005121402275.html}}</ref> ===''Behind the Nylon Curtain''=== In 1974, [[Gerard Colby]] Zilg, wrote ''Du Pont: Behind the Nylon Curtain'', a critical account of the role of the DuPont family in American social, political and economic history. The book was nominated for a [[National Book Award]] in 1974. A du Pont family member obtained an advance copy of the manuscript and was “predictably outraged”. A DuPont official contacted The Fortune Book Club and stated that the book was “scurrilous” and “actionable” but produced no evidence to counter the charges. The Fortune Book Club (a subsidiary of the Book of the Month Club) reversed its decision to distribute Zilg's book. The editor-in-chief of the Book of the Month Club declared that the book was “malicious” and had an “objectionable tone”. Prentice-Hall removed several inaccurate passages from the page proofs of the book, and cut the first printing from 15,000 to 10,000 copies, stating that 5,000 copies no longer were needed for the book club distribution. The proposed advertising budget was reduced from $15,000 to $5,000. Zilg sued Prentice-Hall (''Zilg v. Prentice-Hall''), accusing it of reneging on a contract to promote sales. The Federal District Court ruled that [[Prentice Hall]] had "privished" the book (the company conducting an inadequate merchandising effort after concluding that the book did not meet its expectations as to quality or marketability) and breached its obligation to Zilg to use its best efforts in promoting the book because the publisher had no valid business reason for reducing the first printing or the advertising budget. The court also ruled that the DuPont Company had a constitutionally protected interest in discussing its good faith opinion of the merits of Zilg's work with the book clubs and the publisher, and found that the company had not engaged in threats of economic coercion or baseless litigation. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the damages award in September 1983. The court stated that, while DuPont's actions “surely” resulted in the book club's decision not to distribute Zilg's work and also resulted in a change in Prentice-Hall's previously supportive attitude toward the book, DuPont's conduct was not actionable. The court further stated that the contract did not contain an explicit “best efforts” or “promote fully” promise, much less an agreement to make certain specific promotional efforts. Printing and advertising decisions were within Prentice-Hall's discretion. Zilg lost a [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] appeal in April 1984. In 1984 [[Lyle Stuart]] re-released an extended version, ''Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain''.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Unknown Author| title= High Court Rebuffs Author| journal= The New York Times | date= [[17 April]] [[1984]]| volume= | issue= | pages= Section C; Page 16, Column 1| url=}}; {{cite journal |author= Flaherty, Francis J. | title= Authors Fighting for 'Voice in the Process' | journal= The National Law Journal | date= [[2 April]] [[1984]]| volume= | issue= | pages= 26 | url=}}; {{cite journal |author= Unknown Author | title= Federal Court of Appeals reverses award of damages to author Gerard Zilg in his breach of contract action against Prentice-Hall; District Court's dismissal of Zilg's action against E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company for tortious interference with contractual relations is affirmed | journal= Entertainment Law Reporter| year=April 1984 | volume= 5| issue= 11| pages= | url=}}; {{cite journal |author=Slung, Michele | title= "Privish" and Perish| journal= The Washington Post| date=[[9 October]] [[1983]] | volume= | issue= | pages= 15 | url=}}</ref> ===Chlorofluorocarbons=== Along with [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], DuPont was the inventor of CFCs ([[chlorofluorocarbon]]s), and the largest producer of these [[ozone]]-depleting chemicals (used primarily in [[aerosol spray]]s and [[refrigerant]]s) in the world, with a 25% market share in the late 1980s. In 1974, responding to public concern about the safety of CFCs,<ref>[http://refrigerants.dupont.com/Suva/en_US/about/history/history_1970.html DuPont Refrigerants–History Timeline, 1970]. (URL accessed 29 March 2006).</ref> DuPont promised through newspaper advertisements and [[United States Congress|congressional]] testimony to stop production of CFCs should they be proved to be harmful to the ozone layer. On 4 March 1988, [[United States Senator|U.S. Senators]] [[Max Baucus]] ([[United States Democratic Party|D]]-[[Montana|Mont.]]), [[David Durenberger]] ([[United States Republican Party|R]]-[[Minnesota|Minn.]]), and [[Robert T. Stafford]] (R-[[Vermont|Vt.]]) officially wrote to DuPont, in their capacity as the leadership of the Congressional subcommittee on hazardous wastes and toxic substances, asking the company to keep its promise to completely stop CFC production (and to do so for most CFC types within one year) in light of the 1987 international [[Montreal Protocol]] for the global reduction of CFCs (signed for the United States by President [[Ronald Reagan]]). The Senators argued that “DuPont has a unique and special obligation” as the original developer of CFCs and the author of previous public assurances made by the company regarding the safety of CFCs. DuPont's response was that the senatorial demand was more drastic than the scientific evidence warranted, and that alternative chemicals were only in their infancy.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In a dramatic turnaround on [[24 March]] [[1988]], DuPont announced that it would begin leaving the CFC business entirely after a [[15 March]] [[NASA]] announcement that CFCs were not only creating a hole in the ozone layer above [[Antarctica]] but also thinning the layer elsewhere in the world. Lewis du Pont Smith, in an [[April 27]], [[1994]], open letter to shareholders on DuPont’s CFC Policy, warns that DuPont Corporation will be destroyed when a consumer backlash demands a Congressional investigation “regarding the science behind the ozone depletion fraud and the economic forces that pushed for the CFC ban”, which he called “the most massive consumer fraud of this century”, warning that “The cost to consumers of the ban on CFCs will exceed $5 trillion: the consequences on human health will be devastating.” Eight years before, Lewis du Pont Smith had been declared mentally incompetent to handle his affairs after he gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to [[Lyndon LaRouche]].<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/09/29/68098/index.htm Should You Leave It All to the Children? - September 29, 1986<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C0CE2D8103CF93AA15752C0A966958260 Du Pont Millions at Issue In an Heir's Sanity Case - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> DuPont announced that it would stop selling CFCs with a full page ad in the [[27 April]] [[1992]] ''[[New York Times]]'' stating “we will stop selling CFC's as soon as possible, but no later than year end 1995 in the US and other developed countries.”<ref>{{cite journal |author= Unknown Author | title= The World is Phasing Out CFCs, It Won't Be Easy | journal= The New York Times | date= [[27 April]] [[1992]]| volume= | issue= | pages= A7| url= http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Dupont.jpg | format= {{dead link|date=June 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AThe+World+is+Phasing+Out+CFCs%2C+It+Won%27t+Be+Easy&as_publication=The+New+York+Times&as_ylo=27 April 1992&as_yhi=27 April 1992&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> In later years, DuPont would maintain that the company had taken the initiative in phasing out CFCs<ref>[http://refrigerants.dupont.com/Suva/en_US/about/history/history_1980.html DuPont Refrigerants– History Timeline, 1980]. (URL accessed 29 March 2006).</ref> and in replacing CFCs with a new generation of refrigerant chemicals, such as [[HCFC]]s and [[HFC]]s.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ozone/defns.html US EPA: Ozone Depletion Glossary]. (URL accessed 29 March 2006).</ref> In 2003, DuPont was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology]], recognizing the company as the leader in developing CFC replacements. ==See also== * [[DuPont and C-8]] * [[Du Pont family]] * [[Hagley Museum and Library]] * [[Longwood Gardens]] ==References and notes== {{Refbegin}} * Corporate History as presented by the company:{{cite web| url = http://heritage.dupont.com | title = Online Interpretive Exhibit | accessdate = 2006-12-12| date = 2002-06-06 | publisher = E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company }} * {{cite journal |author= EWG Public Affairs | title= EPA Fines Teflon Maker DuPont for Chemical Cover-Up Largest Administrative Fine in Agency's History Shows Seriousness of Polluting Babies' Blood and Drinking Water| journal= Environmental Working Group (EWG)| year= December 14, 2005| volume= | issue= | pages= | url=http://www.ewg.org/issues/pfcs/20051214/index.php | format= {{dead link|date=June 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AEPA+Fines+Teflon+Maker+DuPont+for+Chemical+Cover-Up+Largest+Administrative+Fine+in+Agency%27s+History+Shows+Seriousness+of+Polluting+Babies%27+Blood+and+Drinking+Water&as_publication=Environmental+Working+Group+%28EWG%29&as_ylo=December 14, 2005&as_yhi=December 14, 2005&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}} * {{cite web |publisher= [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] | title= Preliminary Risk Assessment of the Developmental Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid and its Salts| date=[[2005-12-16]] | url=http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/pfoa/pfoafr.htm}} {{Refend}} {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * Arora, Ashish Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, (eds). (2000). ''Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry''. * [[Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.|Chandler, Alfred D.]] (1971). '' Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the modern corporation''. * [[Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.|Chandler, Alfred D.]] (1969). ''Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise''. * du Pont, B.G. (1920). ''E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: A History 1802-1902''. Boston and New York: [[Houghton Mifflin Company]]. - (Kessinger Publishing Rare Reprint. ISBN 1-4179-1685-0). * Haynes, Williams (1983). ''American chemical industry''. * [[David A. Hounshell|Hounshell, David A.]] and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). ''Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902-1980''. Cambridge and New York: [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-32767-9. * Kinnane, Adrian (2002). ''DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science''. Willimington: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ISBN 0-8018-7059-3. * Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007). ''Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America'' * Zilg, Gerard Colby "DuPont: Behind the Nylon Curtain" (Prentice-Hall: 1974) 623 pages. ==External links== * [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/10/10487.html Yahoo company profile: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company] * [http://web.mit.edu/dma/www/ DuPont/MIT Alliance] {{DuPont}} {{DJIA}} {{Philadelphia Corporations}} [[Category:Price fixing convictions]] [[Category:Chemical companies of the United States]] [[Category:Companies based in Delaware]] [[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Category:DuPont|*]] [[Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average]] [[Category:Companies established in 1802]] [[Category:Engineering companies of the United States]] [[Category:Nanotechnology companies]] [[Category:Chemical companies]] [[Category:Wilmington, Delaware]] [[bg:DuPont]] [[cs:DuPont]] [[de:DuPont]] [[es:DuPont]] [[fr:DuPont]] [[id:DuPont]] [[it:DuPont]] [[he:דופונט]] [[nl:DuPont]] [[ja:デュポン]] [[no:DuPont]] [[pl:E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company]] [[pt:DuPont]] [[ro:DuPont]] [[qu:DuPont]] [[ru:DuPont]] [[sk:DuPont]] [[fi:DuPont]] [[sv:DuPont]] [[tr:DuPont]] [[zh:杜邦]]